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NOV  1  3  1906 


J^arbarli  College  librars 


FROM    THK 


BRTGfHT    LKC^ACY. 

Descendants  of  Henry  Bright,  ir.,  who  died  at  Water- 
town,  Mass.,  in  i6S6,  are  entitlnl  to  hold  scholarships  in 
Harvard  College,  established  in  i88o  under  the  will  of 

JONATHAN   BROWN   BRIGHT 

of  Waltham,  Mass.,  with  one  half  the  income  of  this 
Legacy.  Such  descendants  failing,  other  persons  are 
eligiblie  to  the  scholarships.  The  will  requires  that 
this  announcement  shall  be.  made  in  every  book  added 
to  the  Libi^ry  under  its  provisions. 


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TRANSACTIONS 


€^^x  Jit[i:h^0l0j9i([al  ^uriiitg. 


VOL.    IX. 

NEW    SERIES. 


COLCHESTER: 

PUBLISHED  BY   THE    SOCIETY   AT    THE    MUSEUM    IN   THE   CASTLE. 
1906, 


^^il.^ 


0 


WILBS    AND    SON,    "TRINITY    PRINTING    WORKS,      COLCHBSTER. 


CONTENTS. 


VOL.    IX. 

NEW    SERIES. 


PAGE 

I .  An  Extinct  Essex  Family :   Wroth  of  Loughton  Hall,     III. 

By  William  Chapman  Waller,  M.A.,  F.S.A.         i 

II.  The  Parish   Church  of  S,   Mary  the    Virgin,  Kelvedon 

(Easterford),     By  the  Rev.  E.  F.  Hay 15 

III.  Bures  Mount.     By  I.  Chalkley  Gould 20 

IV.  Some  Interesting  Essex  Brasses.     By  Miller  Christy, 

W.  W.  PORTEOUS,  AND  E.  BERTRAM  SmITH     ...         22 

V.  Essex  Field-Names,    Collected  and  arranged  by  William 

Chapman  Waller,  M.A.,  F.S.A.    Part  VIIL— 

The  Hundreds  of  Dunmow  and  Witham    68 

Archaological  Notes loi 

Quarterly  Meeting  and  Excursion,  Thursday,   7th  August,   1902, 

Coggeshall,  Great  Tey,  Little  Tey  and  Kelvedon      105 

Quarterly  Meeting  and  Excursion,  Thursday,  25th  September,  1902, 

Mount  Bures,  Lamar sh,  Alphamstone  and  Pebmarsh  ...     109 

VI.  The  Fifteenth  Century   Vestry  and  Priest's  Chamber  in 

Hatfield  Broad  Oak  Church.     By  the  Rev.  F.  W. 
Galpin,  M.A.,  F.L.S 113 

VII.  An  Account  of  Some  Records  of  Tiliey  Abbey  preserved  at 

Easton  Lodge,    By  William  Chapman  Waller, 
M.A.,  F.S.A 1x8 

VIIL     Roman  Remains  Discovered  in  making  the  Public  Park  at 

Colchester  Castle,     By  Henry  Laver,  F.S.A.   ...     122 

IX.  Taxation  of  Colchester.     By  George  Rickword  ...     126 

X.  Essex  Field  Names,    Collected  and  arranged  by  William 

Chapman  Waller,  M.A.,  F.S.A.     Part  IX.— 

The  Hundred  0}  Chelmsford  1 56 

Archaological  Notes 180 


V.  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Gefural  Meeting  of  the  Essex  A  rchaological  Society ,  held  at  Colchester 

Castle,  on  Thursday,  the  16th  April,  1903 182 

Report  184 

Quarterly  Meeting  and  Excursion,  Monday,  25th  May,  1903         ...     186 

Meeting  held  at  Colchester,  on  Thursday,  25th  Jutie,  1903,  to  celebrate 

the  Jubilee  of  the  Society        187 

Quarterly  Meeting  and  Excursion,  Thursday,  6th  August,  1903     ...  189 

Qtuirterly  Excursion,  Thursday,  24th  September,  1903        ...         ...  189 

Donations  to  the  Society         192 

Balame  Sheet  194 

XI.  Notes  on  the  Discovery  of  Ancient  Vessels  on  a  Roman  Site  at 

Braintree,     By  the  Rev.  J.  W.  Kenworthy     ...     195 

XII.  The    Family  and    Arms   of   Gilbert   of   Colchester.     By 

SiLVANus  P.  Thompson,  F.R.S.  197 

XIII.  A  Note  on  the  Hundred  of  Ongar.    By  William  Chapman 

Waller,  M.A.,  F.S.A 212 

XIV.  Great Chesterford Church.    By  F.  Chancellor,  F.R.I.B.A.    220 

XV.  The  Repell  Ditches,  Saffron  Walden,     By  I.  Chalkley 

Gould        


XVI.  .  The  Chancel  Arch  of  White  Notley  Church,    By  C.  Lynam 

F.S.A 

A  rchaological  Notes  ... 

In  Memoriam — G .  A  Ian  Lowndes     ... 

Getieral  Meeting  of  the  Essex  Archaeological  Society,  held  at  Colchester 
Castle,  on  Thursday,  the  14th  April,  1904 

Quarterly  Meeting  and  Excursion,  Saturday,  14th  May,  1904 

Report  

Donations  to  the  Society 

Balance  Shut i.. 

XVII.  The  Capells  at  Raytte,  1486-1622,     By  William  Minet, 

M.A.,  F.S.A 

XVIII.  Chigwell :  A  Rental  and  some  Place-names.     By  William 

Chapman  Waller,  F.S.A 

XIX.  Inventories  of  Essex  Monasteries  in   1536,      By    R.    C 

Fowler      

Archaological  Notes 


224 

228 
231 
234 

235 
236 

239 
240 
242 

243 

273 

280 
293 


CONTENTS.  V. 

PAGE 

Quarterly  Meeting  and  Excursion,  Thursday ,  4th  August,  1904     ...     295 
Quarterly  Meeting  and  Excursion,  Saturday,  24th  September,  1904     296 

XX.  Pay  cache*  5    House,    Coggeshall,    with   some    Notes   on   the 

Families  of  Paycoche  and  Buxton,    By  Geo.  Fred. 
Beaumont,  F.S.A.  311 

XXI.  A  Field-name  in  Stondon  Massey.     By  William  Chap- 

Waller,  F.S.A 325 

XXII.  The  Rampart,  Berechurch  Park.   By  Henry  Layer,  F.S.A.   327 

XXIII.  Inventories  of  Essex   Monasteries   in    1536.     By    R.   C. 

Fowler      330 

XXIV.  Find  of  Late-Celtic  Pottery  at  Little  Hallingbury,  Essex. 

By  Henry  Layer,  F.S.A.  348 

Archaological  Notes ...     351 

General  Meeting  of  the  Essex  Archaological  Society  held  at  Colchester 
Castle  on  Thursday,  the  27th  April,  1905 

Quarterly  Meeting  and  Excursion,  Thursday,  25th  May,  1905 

Report  

Donations  to  the  Society        

Balance  Shut 


355 
357 
371 
373 
376 

377 


380 
401 
404 


XXV.  Rickling  Mount.     By  I.  Chalkley  Gould 

XXVI.  Inventories  of  Essex  Monasteries  in  1536.     By  R.  C 

Fowler      

XXVII.  A  Deodand  in  the  Hundred  of  Ongar.      By  William 

Chapman  Waller,  F.S.A 

XXVIII.  The  Chapel  of  St.  Elene  at  Wicken  Bonhnnt     By  Henry 

Layer,  F.S.A 

XXIX.  Uphall  Camp:     Notes  on   Aficient    Entrenchments  near 

Barking,  ofi  the  left  bank  of  ilie  river  Roding.     By 
Walter  Crouch,  F.Z.S.,etc. ;  V.P.  Essex  Field 

Club  408 

Arclueological  Notes 41^ 

Mr.  J.  G.  WalUr,  F.S.A 416 

Quarterly  Meeting  and  Excursion,  Saturday,  26th  August,  1905    ...  417 

Quarterly  Meeting  and  Excursion,  Saturday,  30th  September,  1905  424 


VI.  CONTENTS. 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PAGE 

Portrait  of  George  Alan  Lowndes,  Esq Frontispiece 

Hatchments  of  the  family  of  Wroth  (plate  presented  by  Mr.  W. 

C.Waller)        ii 

St.  Mary's  Church,  Kelvedon  (block  lent  by  the  Rev.  E.  F.  Hay)  15 

Corbels  in  roof  of  Kelvedon  Church                    (ditto)  15 

Early  EngHsh  Capitals,  &c.  (block  lent  by  Mr.  A.  B.  Bamford)  18 

Bures  Mount,  Essex  (block  lent  by  Mr.  I.  C.  Gould) 20 

Brass  of  Oswald  Fitch,  Gentleman,  1613,  at  Booking...         ...  23 

Brass  of  Henry  Fortescue,  Esquire,  1576,  at  Faulkbourne  24 

Brass  of  Dame  Mary  Fortescue,  1598,  at  Faulkbourne           ...  26 

Brass  of  Thomas  Hone,  Gentleman,  1604,  at  Hornchurch     ...  28 

Brass  of  George  Stonard,  Esquire,  1558,  at  Loughton             ...  29 

Brass  of  Thomasyn  Badby,  1532,  at  North  Ockenden 31 

Brass  of  a  Civilian  and  three  Wives,  about  1535,  at  Rettendon  33 

Brass  of  Richard  Humfrie,  Gentleman,  1607,  at  Rettendon  ...  34 

Brass  of  Eustace  Sulyard,  Esquire,  1587,  at  Runwell 36 

Brass  of  Rev.  Patrick  Fearne,  1588,  at  Sandon             37 

Brass  of  Arms  of  William  Ha  ris,  Esquire,  1556,  at  Southminster  38 

Brass  of  William  Lathum,  Gentleman,  1622,  at  Stifford         ...  41 

Brass  of  Ann  Lathum,  1627,  at  Stifford 42 

Brass  of  Mistress  Elizabeth  Lathum,  1630,  at  Stifford  43 

Brass  of  Geerardt  D'Ewes,  Esquire,  1591,  at  Upminster        ...  45 

Brass  of  Mistress  Ann  Sackville,  1582,  at  Willingale  Doe      ...  47 

Brass  of  a  Scroll,  about  1420,  formerly  at  Writtle        49 

Brass  of  a  Member  of  the  Bedell  family,  about  1500,  at  Writtle  50 

Brass  of  a  Civilian,  about  1510,  at  Writtle        52 

Brass  of  Mistress  Thomasina  and  others,  1513,  at  Writtle     ...  53 

Brass  of  Miss  Qonstance  Bemers,  1524,  at  Writtle      56 

Brass  of  Shields  on  Tomb  of  Judge  Weston,  1572,  at  Writtle  57 

Brass  of  Shield  of  John  Pinchon,  Esquire,  1573,  at  Writtle  ...  59 


CONTENTS.  Vll. 

PAGE 

Brass  of  Edward  Bell,  Gentleman,  1567,  at  Writtle    60 

Brass  of  William  Pinchon,  Esquire,  and  wife,  1592,  at  Writtle  61 

Brass  of  Edward  Hunt,  Gentleman,  1606,  at  Writtle 62 

Brass  of  Edward  Bowland,  Gentleman,  1609,  at  Writtle        ...  63 

Brass  of  Shields  of  John  Browne,  Esquire,  161 7,  at  Writtle  ...  64 

Brass  of  Richard  Symonds,  Esquire,  1612,  at  Great  Yeldham  66 

Great  Tey  Church,  1829 106 

Great  Tey  Church,  1900  (block  lent  by  Mr.  G.  F.  Beaumont)  107 

Plan  of  Vestry  and  Priest's  Chamber  at  Hatfield  Broad  Oak...  113 

Vestry  and  Priest's  Chamber  at  Hatfield  Broad  Oak 116 

Plan  of  Colchester  Castle  and  Ground 1 22 

Plan  of  the  Roman  Walls  of  Colchester.. 124 

The  Ruins  of  Thoby  Priory          186 

West  End  of  the  Church  of  St.  Lawrence,  Blackmore             ..  186 

Porch  of  the  Church  of  St.  Margaret,  Margaretting    186 

The  Tower  of  Corringham  Church          ...         1 89 

Ancient  Vessels  discovered  at  Braintree 195 

Monument  to  Dr.  Wm.  Gilbert  in  Holy  Trinity  Chnrch        ...  197 

Arms  of  Dr.  Wm.  Gilbert            206 

Key  to  Monument  of  Dr.  Wm.  Gilbert 207 

Great  Chesterford  Church  before  its  Restoration          220 

Plan  of  the  Repell  Ditches,  Saffron  W^alden      225 

The  Chancel  Arch  of  White  Notley  Church      228 

Window  in  the  East  Wall  of  the  Vestry  of  White  Notley  Church  230 

Rayne  Hall,  1904 243 

Rayne  Church,  1904          246 

Arms  of  the  Capell  Family  (1572)           249 

Crest  of  the  Capell  Family  ( 1 572)           249 

Roch  ford  Church 296 

Rochford  Hall         ...         298 

Brasses  to  John  Paycocke,  1533,  and  Thomas  Paycocke,  1580  315 

Carved  Beams  and  Rafters  in  Paycocke's  House,  Coggeshall  315 

Ceiling  in  Paycocke's  House,  Coggeshall           318 

Gateway  of  Paycocke's  I^ouse,  Coggeshall       ,.,         319 


VUl. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Frieze  on  Paycocke's  House,  c,  1 500      321 

Map  of  Supposed  Roman  Way  from  Colchester  to  Mersea    ...  327 

Late-Celtic  Pottery  found  at  Little  Hallingbury,  Essex          ...  348 

Carved  Woodwork  in  Inworth  Church 359 

North  Wall  of  Saxon  Nave  of  Tollesbury  Church       367 

Rickling  Mount      377 

Plan  of  Rickling  Mount 377 

The  Ruined  Chapel  of  St.  Elene,  Wicken  Bonant       404 

Ground  Plan  and  Details  of  Building 407 

Plan  of  Uphall  Camp        408 

The  Mount  at  Uphall,  Ilford        ...         410 

Barking  Pool           410 

Scribbles  in  Chancel  of  Rickling  Church           422 

Old  Vicarage  and  Holy  Rood  Gate,  Barking 427 

Eastbury  House,  Barking 428 


•  V     a 


,  ^  (_ 


A-ro  \'2Jl, 


Free  to  Meift^ra;  Price  tolifon-HHhifbers,  8/-. 


TRANSACTIONS 


OF  THE 


Qssex  Archaeological  Society, 


VOL.  IX.,   PART  I. 

NEW   SERIES. 


3 


COLCHESTER : 

PUBLISHED  BY  THB  SOCIBTY  AT  THE  MUSEUM  IN  THE  CASTLE. 
1903. 


-^^sOe 


CONTENTS    OF    PART   I.,   VOL.    IX. 

PAGB 

I.  An  Extinct  Essex  Family:  Wroth  of  Loughton  HalL    III. 

By  William  Chapman  Waller,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  ...        i 

II.  The  Parish  Church  of   S.  Mary  the  Virgin^   Kelvedon 

(Easterford).     By  the  Rev.  E.  F.  Hay    15 

III.  Bures  Mount,    By  J.  Chalklby  Gould  20 

IV.  Some  Interesting  Essex  Brasses.    By  Miller  Christy, 

W.  W.  PORTEOUS,  AND  E.  BERTRAM  SmITH        ...         22 

V.  Essex  Field-Names.    Collected  and  arranged  by  William 

Chapman  Waller,  M.A.,  F.S.A.    Part  VIII.— The 
Hundreds  of  Dunmow  and  Witham 68 

Archaological  Notes loi 

Quartorly  Muting  and  Excursion,  Thursday,  7ih  August,  1902. 

Coggeshally  Great  Tey,  Little  Tey  and  Kelvedon     X05 

Quarterly  Muting  and  Excursion,  Thursday,  25th  September,  1902. 

Mount  Bures,  Lamarsh,  Alphamstone  and  Pebmarsh         ...     109 


For  Illustrations  su  inside  bach  cover. 


TRANSACTIONS 


OF   THE 


ESSEX  ARCHiEOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 


AN    EXTINCT   COUNTY    FAMILY: 
WROTH  OF  LOUGHTON  HALL. 

III. 

BY  WILLIAM    CHAPMAN    WALLER,    M.A.,    F.S.A. 

J  h  W  th  IV  Baptised  at  Enfield  on  August  19th,  1667,  as  *the 
f^ffr^ffl^  '  son  of  John  Wroth,  esq.,  and  Elizabeth,  his  wife, 
daughter  of  William,  Lord  Maynard,*  John  Wroth  IV. 
was,  at  the  time  of  his  father's  death,  about  forty  years  old  and 
probably  already  married.  ^  He  had,  Roger  Morice  tells  us,  refused 
to  agree  to  his  father's  proposal,  made  some  ten  years  earlier,  to  sell 
the  Loughton  Hall  estate;  and  to  this  he  now  succeeded.*  The 
manor,  then  valued  at  1000/.  a  year,  was,  we  learn  from  him,  by  some 
mistake  never  settled,  but  he  took  it  as  heir-at-law,  and  made  no 
claim  to  the  Alderton  Hall  lands  devised  to  his  younger  step-sisters, 
beyond  asserting  that  they  were,  as  part  of  the  manor,  liable  to  pay 
a  proportional  part  of  the  fee-farm  rent  of  58/.  75.  4^.  reserved  out  of 
the  original  grant.  In  the  course  of  his  long  Answer  to  the  Bill  of 
Complaint  of  his  stepmother,  he  gives  many  details  as  to  Loughton 
Hall.  The  goods  in  *  the  King's  chamber,'  the  dining-room,  the 
drawing-room  above  and  the  drawing-room  below,  and  the  great 
parlour,  were  valued  at  34/.,  10/.,  6/.,  30/.,  and  12/.,  respectively." 


^   Enfield  Par.  Reg.,  and  Chanc.  Proc.— Hamilton,  645  (Answer  of  Dorothy  Moore). 
3  Morice  MSS.  (Dr.  Williams'  Library)— L.  Misc.  Vol.  I. 
*  Chanc.  Proo.— Hamilton,  645  (Answer  of  J.  Wroth,  July  i,  1709). 
[VOL.  IX.      NBW  8BRIBS.] 
A 


2  AN    EXTINCT   COUNTY   FAMILY: 

Elizabeth,  the  wife  of  John  Wroth  IV.,  was  one  of  the  daughters  of 
Sir  Henry  Wroth,  his  great-uncle.  These  daughters,  Roger  Morice 
tells  us,  went  to  Court,  though  they  had  no  fortunes.  Their  father,  he 
says,  succeeded  to  a  noble  estate  but  was  conspicuous  for  wasting  his 
vast  patrimony ;  for  his  debaucheries  and  vices ;  and  for  persecuting 
the  Nonconformists.  The  last  infirmity  ascribed  to  him  perhaps 
accounts  in  some  measure  for  the  general  attack  made  upon  his 
character.*  Another  aspect  of  it  is  revealed  by  Lucy  Hutchinson, 
who,  in  her  memoirs  of  her  husband,  finds  occasion  to  praise  his 
kindness  and  humanity.*  Whatever  their  fortune,  or  lack  of  it, 
Sir  Henry's  daughters  did  not  marry  ill.  Jane,  who  was  baptised 
at  Enfield  on  March  29th,  1659,  became  the  wife  of  a  Dutchman, 
William  Nassau,  lord  of  Zuylestein" ;  Anne,  baptised  on  Nov.  30th, 
1662,  married  Humphrey  Wyrley,  a  member  of  the  long-descended 
Staffordshire  family  of  that  name* ;  and  Elizabeth,  whose  baptism 
falls  under  the  date  Dec.  31st,  1665,  eventually  wedded  the  *cosen 
Wroth'  whose  name  occurs  in  each  of  three  letters  we  have  of  her's.* 
Sons,  too,  there  were,  one  of  whom,  Henry,  was  buried  at  Enfield  in 
June,  i679* ;  and  another,  Robert,  baptised  there  on  Aug.  27th,  1660, 
went  into  the  army  and  died  a  Major-General.  It  is  of  him  that 
Elizabeth  Wroth  speaks  in  her  correspondence,  to  which  we  will 
now  turn. 

Among  the  MSS.  in  the  British  Museum  is  a  volume  of  letters 
addressed  to  the  Rev.  Jonas  Warly,  who  from  1673  to  1706  held  the 
rectory  of  Loughton;  he  was  also  Rector  of  Witham  and  Archdeacon 
of  Colchester. '  Bound  up  in  the  volume  are  three  racy  letters  from 
Elizabeth  Wroth  to  the  Rector's  wife,  with  whom  she  was  evidently 
on  terms  of  intimacy.  She  was  a  good  letter- writer,  and  one  wishes 
that  a  few  more  of  her  communications  had  been  preserved.  It  is 
of  her  that  Morant  says :  "  She  was  a  woman  of  martial  spirit  who 
attended  her  husband  in  K.  William's  campaigns." 


^   Morice,  ut  supra,  p.  i,  note  2. 

>  Mfmoirs  0/  Colonel  Hutchinson,  ii.,  329  (ed.  1885). 

'  The  marriage  took  place  on  Jan.  28, 1681  [Compleie  Peerage :  G.E.C). 

*  In  her  will  (P.C.C,  251,  Aston,)  she  bequeaths  her  mother's  picture  by  Sir  Peter  Lely  to  her 
brother  and  sister,  Wroth,  at  Loughton  Hall. 

*  Morice  MS.  ut  supra,  p.  i,  note  2. 

0  This  son  was,  presumably,  the  '  young  blood '  with  *  a  ruddy  and  £air  round  face  and  small 
black  eyes,'  who,  in  1678,  carried  oflF,  literally  vi  et  artnis  (for  he  "drew  a  pistol  upon  Sir  Robert 
Vyner,"  her  step-fiather),  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Hyde,  elsewhere  called  Bridget  Hyde.  The  story  is  told 
in  The  Vyner  Family  History  (1887) ;  Hist.  MSS.  Rep.  vii.,  4706;  and  Middlesex  County  Records, 
iv.,  122.  The  king  was  very  angry  and  said  that  if  the  law  would  hang  the  culprit,  he  would  not 
meddle.  In  February,  1679,  Lord  Maynard  and  Humphrey  Wyrley  were  each  lx)und  over  in  500/. 
for  his  appearance  at  the  next  goal-delivery  at  Newgate.  The  sequel  to  this  singular  episode  is 
still  to  seek. 

7  Add,  MSS,,  27,997:  Warly  Correspondence. 


WROTH   OF    LOUGHTON    HALJ-.  3 

The  first  letter  is  undated  as  to  the  year,  but  internal  evidence 
enables  us  to  assign  it  conclusively  to  1690,  in  which  year  the  Jane 
Sibella  mentioned  in  it  was  baptised  at  Loughton,  on  Nov.  loth. 
Who  'little  Billy'  was,  is  not  quite  clear.  ' Lud*  and  * Ludikin'  were 
the  writer's  pet  names  for  Mrs.  Warly ;  perhaps  the  former  also  refers 
to  her  husband.  The  *  sister'  was  her  sister-in-law,  Knightly,  who, 
herself  a  Wyrley,  had  married,  as  his  second  wife,  Elizabeth  Wroth's 
brother,  Robert.  *  Hamstead  Hall  was  the  seat  of  the  former  family. 
The  *aunt,*  of  whom  Elizabeth  went  to  take  leave  at  Loughton,  was 
Dorothy,  the  wife  of  her  first  cousin,  John  Wroth  III.,  whom  she 
calls  *  uncle  * — he  was  nearly  twenty  years  her  senior  and  the  father  of 
*cosen  Wroth.'  He  appears  to  have  disapproved  of  an  attachment 
which  he,  not  apparently  without  reason,  believed  to  exist,  but  which 
the  lady  was  at  some  pains  to  disavow.  Sir  John  Cowper,  who  acted 
as  godfather,  was  the  son  of  Elizabeth's  first  cousin,  Anne  Cowper 
or  Cooper,  afterwards  Anne  Howard,  who  was  the  sister  of  John 
Wroth  HI."  Nan  Tuson  was,  I  conjecture,  one  of  the  two  daughters 
of  Thomas  Tuson,  citizen  and  draper,  who  in  1681  acquired  a 
considerable  copyhold  estate  in  Loughton.  He  died  in  i69i,and  in 
the  upshot  the  estate  vested  in  his  daughter,  Ann,  who,  as  the  widow 
of  Richard  Stace,  surrendered  it  in  171 7.  Nan,  with  her  10,000/, 
may  have  been  regarded  as  an  eligible  wife  for  *  cosen  Wroth,' 
which  would  account  for  the  slightly  acidulated  tone  of  Elizabeth's 
comments  on  her.'  The  details  as  to  Irish  living  contained  in  the 
letter  are  interesting,  and  the  theory  that  the  absence  of  well-brewed 
ale  caused  the  unhealthiness  of  the  country,  reveals  the  deep-rooted 
faith  of  our  ancestors  in  the  virtues  of  good  beer. 

The  allusion  to  the  advance  of  the  rebels  beyond  the  Shannon 
affords  further  confirmation  as  to  the  date  of  the  letter,  for  the  London 
Gazette  (2617)  Dec.  8-1 1,  1690,  refers  to  that  incident,  which  was 

^   Shaw's  Staffordshirs,  11.,  115. 

*  In  1689  her  husband,  the  Hon.  George  Howard,  succeeded  as  12th  Earl  of  Sufiolk,  and  in  1691 
he  died.  His  widow's  will  was  proved  in  1710  {P.C.C,  169,  Smith),  G.E.C,  from  whom  one  difiers 
with  circumspection,  is  wrong  (Complete  Peerage,  s.  v.  Sufiolk)  in  making  Anne  a  daughter  of  John 
Wroth,  III.,  by  Elizabeth  Maynard,  his  first  wife.  She  was  his  sister,  being  issue  of  John  Wroth  II.'s 
marriage  with  Anne  Gallard,  as  appears  from  the  latter's  will,  recited  in  the  Chancery  proceedings 
of  the  year  1676,  already  cited  (p.  349  ante).  In  this  Anne  Wroth  mentions  her  son-in-law,  James 
Cowper,  and  Anne  his  wife.  In  1686  George  Howard,  in  the  right  of  his  wife,  the  widow  of 
James  Cowper  and  daughter  of  John  Wroth,  was  holding  a  a  watercourse,  lately  in  the  possession 
of  Anne  Wroth  relict  of  John  Wroth  (Enfield  Survey:  D.  Lane,  xviii,,  13).  In  the  Chanc.  Proc. 
Hamilton,  645,  John  Wroth,  IV.,  is  stated  totidsm  verbis  to  be  John  Wroth's  "son  and  heir  and 
only  child  by  Elixabeth,  his  first  wife."  Anne,  the  daughter  of  Sir  Henry  Wroth,  is  probably  to  be 
identified  with  a  spinster  of  that  name  who,  on  Nov.  14th,  1709,  bad  a  Commission  to  administer  to 
Lord  Rochford's  goods. 

s  Will  df  ThoniM  Tuson,  P.C.C,  i79>  V^'- 


4  AN    EXTINCT   COUNTY    FAMILY: 

attributed  to  their  great  distress  for  want  of  many  necessaries.  An 
account  of  their  miserable  condition  occurs  in  the  number  (2625)  for 
Jan.  5-8,  1690- 1. 

Elizabeth  Wroth  to  M^-  Warly. 

Dublin.     Desemb.  y*  11***  [1690]. 

Deare  M"*  Worly, 

If  you  have  not  yet  heard  of  my  coming  to  Ireland  you 
will  be  much  sirpris'd  at  this  forign  letter.  Had  I  not  left  England 
in  y*  greatest  hurry  imaginable  I  shou'd  not  have  bin  soe  base  to 
any  of  my  perticuler  friends  (in  which  number  I  shall  always  esteem 
your  dear  self  and  good  M''  Worly)  as  to  come  away  without  writing 
to  those  it  was  not  in  my  power  to  take  my  leave  off.  I  had  some 
thought  of  this  voyage  y"  last  time  I  saw  Lud  :  but  afterwards  we 
had  hopes  of  my  brothers  coming  to  us.  But  his  affaires  would  not 
give  him  leave  without  great  injury  to  himself,  which  was  reason 
enough  for  his  wife  and  myself  to  goe  through  y*  fatigue  of  such  a 
journey  in  winter  to  come  and  see  him.  My  sister  was  more  than 
half  way  by  land,  by  being  at  my  brother  Wyrley's,  which  made  me 
make  no  delay  in  going  to  her,  knowing  y*  impatiency  it  wou'd  be 
to  her  y*  staying  8  or  10  days  for  me,  and  that  was  y*  soonest  it  was 
possible  for  me  to  get  to  her  after  she  wrote  y'  newes  to  me  of  her 
being  sent  for.  It  was  on  y*  Friday  I  rec*d  her  letter  and  I  was  then 
in  town,  and  went  y*  next  day  to  Lough  ton  to  take  my  leave.  And 
indeed  it  was  not  without  a  great  deal  of  regret  I  parted  with  my  dear 
Aunt,  she  being  within  a  week  of  her  reckoning.  However  y'  desire 
of  seeing  an  only  brother  (thats  so  very  dear  to  me)  after  more  than  a 
year  an  halfs  absence,  overcame  all  difficulty  to  y*  contrary.  I  can't 
tell  you  I  left  my  uncle  in  perfect  charity  with  me,  for  he  wanted 
faith  to  believe  my  kindness  for  my  brother  was  y'  only  inducement, 
which  is  an  injustice  I  can't  but  dispise  in  anybody. 

Before  I  got  to  y*  end  of  my  journey  by  land  I  had  y*  sattisfaction 
of  hearing  my  Aunt  was  safely  deliver'd  of  a  daughter,  and  to  make 
her  peace  with  me  they  tell  me  she  is  mighty  like  little  Billy*:  her 
name  is  Jane  Sibella;  my  sister  Zuyles:*  and  Mrs.  Browne  were 
godmothers,  and  Sir  John  Cowper,  godfather.*^ 


^   '  Little  Billy '  may  have  been  a  brother  of  Jane  SibelLi's— 5«*  note  5,  p.  350  tuUe, 
2   Sc.  Jane,  wife  of  William  Henry  Nassau  de  Zuylestein,  raised  to  the  jiecragc  in  1695. 
•  This  Sir  John  Cowper  was  Anne  Cowper's  son— srr  note  2,  p.  3  a«/«;  and  her  will,  P.C.C., 
169,  Smith- 


WROTH    OF    LOUGHTON    HALL.  5 

[The  writer  goes  on  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  a  letter  from 
Mrs.  Worly,  while  waiting  for  a  fair  wind,  and  wishes  *  Mr.  Bullock 
much  joy,  or  rather  his  Bride,*  being  glad  that  *  that  there  is  won  of 
our  sex  so  perfect  to  please  soe  curious  a  father  an  a  son.*] 

I'm  glad  Nan  Tuson  made  so  agreable  a  figure  in  your  countrey. 
I  don't  know  whether  she  left  her  heart  behind  her,  but  she  had  a 
most  severe  fitt  of  sickness  at  her  return  home.  When  I  came  away 
she  had  not  recover'd  her  good  lookes.  I  don't  know  whether  'tis  y' 
effects  of  love,  but  you  know  thats  y'  common  judgment  of  y'  world. 
I  cant  imagine  what  she  meant  by  saying  I  was  often  at  Court  with 
my  nephew,  without  she  thought  I  was  his  maid.  If  soe  she  may 
now  say  I  have  got  a  new  place  an  am  gone  into  Ireland  to  wait  of 
my  neice ;  for  my  sister  has  brought  her  eldest  girle  along  with  her. 
All  such  an  inconsiderable  person  can  say  of  me,  is  a  mighty  jest  to 
me,  instead  of  being  a  concern.  Therefore  never  suffer  your  lord 
to  chide  you  for  telling  me  anything,  for  that  I  can't  allow  in  him. 
I  can't  be  soe  vain  as  to  fancy  y'  conversing  so  long  with  10,000/.  has 
not  quite  blotted  me  out  of  y*  memory  of  y*  widower,  *  els  I  wou'd 
present  my  service  to  him,  for  indeed  y*  great  compliments  he  has 
bestowed  on  me  deserve  it. 

At  our  first  landing  at  Dublin,  which  was  y"  29***  of  Novemb:,  people 
were  much  alarmed  with  Sarsfields  coming  on  this  side  y*  Shannon, 
upon  which  ther  is  a  strong  detachment  out  of  y*  whole  Army  sent 
against  him,  and  'tis  believ'd  we  shall  doe  something  of  consequence 
before  they  return ;  for  our  Army  migh[tily]  despices  y*  enimy,  believing 
they  have  not  more  courage  than  they  had,  but  only  come  to  fatigue 
our  Army  out  of  their  winter  quarters.  We  have  yet  no  accounts 
what  they  have  done.  Soe  soone  as  this  expedition  is  over  (it  can't 
last  long)  we  are  to  goe  into  y'  country  to  my  brothers  quarters ;  'tis 
about  26  miles  from  this  city.     We  are  now  in  lodgings. 

This  town  is  mighty  like  London  and  this  war  has  made  all 
provitions  as  dere,  only  beefe  and  mutton :  y"  first  is  but  a  penny 
a  pound,  and  y*  last  twopence.  Here  is  extrodinary  good  wine  and 
bread,  and  y*  butter  is  as  good  now  as  y*  best  May  butter  is  in 
England.  But  malt  drink,  for  want  of  good  brewing,  is  not  to  be 
drunk  by  anybody  that  values  their  health.  I  dare  say  thats  it 
makes  y'  countrey  so  unhealthy. 

I  have  not  yet  seene  my  cosen  Wroth,  for  when  we  came  he  was 
sick  of  a  feavor  at  his  quarters  40  miles  from  hence.  I  hear  he  is 
recovering,  but  has  not  yet  strength  enough  to  goe  abroad. 


Tbere  to  nothing  to  shew  to  whom  this  refers. 


6  AN    EXTINCT   COUNTY    FAMILY: 

You  must  excuse  this  long  scrole  because  I  shall  not  write  often, 
for  I'm  sure  this  countrey  will  not  afford  anything  deverting  enough 
to  be  worth  y*  money  my  letters  will  cost  you.  However  I  desire  it 
may  not  be  a  reason  to  keep  you  from  writing,  for  I  can't  propose 
hearing  from  you  any  other  way,  an  I  shall  think  I  purchace  the 
sattisfaction  at  a  very  cheap  rate,  if  you  don't  think  it  too  great  a 
trouble.  Pray  remember  to  write  word  if  Mrs.  Leech  has  [hope  of 
offspring].  You  must  not  direct  for  me,  but  for  Cap.  Wroth,  to  be 
left  at  y*  Dukes  head  in  Damask  Street  in  Dublin.     Adieu. 

Yrs.  most  faithfully, 

E.  W. 

[Endorsed']  Servise  to  Lud.  Don't  dare  to  send  me  a  short  letter, 
but  write  anything  you  think  of,  let  Lud  say  what  he  will,  for  I  hate 
you  should  be  such  an  humble  titt ;  soe  wonce  more.  Adieu. 

For  Mrs.  Worley  at  her  house  in  Witham  in  Essex.  First  to 
London. 


The  next  letter,  dated  from  Hamstead,  gives  a  lively  account  of  the 
return  journey  from  Ireland.  The  infant,  Henry,  was  later  on  (in 
1 717)  a  Lieutenant  in  the  Royal  Regiment  of  Horse  Guards,  but  did 
not  live  to  benefit  by  the  limitations  of  his  uncle's  will,  under  which 
he  would  have  come  into  possession  of  the  manor  of  Loughton. 

Elizabeth  Wroth  to  M«-  Warly. 

Hamsted,  Novemb :  y*  n  /91. 

Dear  M"-  Warly, 

Tho'  I  wou'd  not  put  you  to  y*  charge  of  Irish  letters  now 
I'm  come  into  Dear  England  againe  I  can't  forbear  desiring  you  will 
let  me  know  how  good  Mr.  Warly  and  his  Dear  Lud  do's  for  time 
can  never  wear  my  friends  out  of  memory 

I  left  Ireland  (with  my  dear  Brother  and  his  family)  this  day 
fortnight.  We  intended  for  Chester,  but  ye  wind  proved  soe  contrary 
we  were  glad  to  get  into  Holly  head  where  we  landed  y*  Friday  after. 
From  thence  we  went  on  horseback  to  Chester,  which  is  a  journey 
few  women  and  chilldren  undertake.  However  both  y*"  ways  and 
weather  prov'd  soe  good  that  y*  fatigue  was  not  soe  great  as  we 
expected.  We  got  to  Chester  in  three  days,  where  we  hired  a  coach, 
and  in  three  more  we  came  to  Hamsted  [obliterated  in  origi]  my  brother 
Wyrley's,  where  I  believe  we  shall  all  stay  this  winter. 

I  bless  God  Ireland  has  not  been  a  fatal  place  to  our  family,  but 
y*  contrary ;    for  all  my  friends  are  come  very  well  from  thence,  and 


WROTH    OF    LOUGHTON    HALL.  7 

my  sister  Wroth  has  had  a  son  ther,  and  we  have  brought  him  this 
tedious  journey  tho'  he  is  but  eleven  weeks  old :  his  name  is  Henry. 
My  cosen  Wroth  is  come  over  with  us  and  is  now  here.  I  believe 
he  will  leave  us  very  quickly  for  we  hear  the  three  troops  of  my  Lord 
Oxfords  Regimt.  will  be  raised  again  and  he  has  reason  to  expect 
y*  commission  he  had,  if  not  a  better.  I  suppose  'tis  no  news  to  tell 
'twas  his  ill  fortune  to  [be]  broke  in  one  of  those  troops  last  spring, 
and  this  campaign  he  served  a  volunteer.  I  will  not  pretend  to  tell 
you  any  publike  news  of  what  has  been  done  in  Ireland  this  great 
campaign,  for  I  know  Mr.  Warly  constantly  hears  it  all.  I  wish  with 
all  my  soule  y*  King  may  have  as  good  success  next  year  among  all 
his  forses. 

Y*  Irish  air  has  not  agreed  soe  well  with  me  as  y*  rest  of  my 
friends,  for  none  of  'em  has  been  sick  but  my  self  and  I  had,  soon 
after  I  went  over,  a  violent  fitt  of  y*  yellow  jaundice,  and  y*  summer 
I  was  dangerously  ill  of  a  feavar  and  y*  disease  of  y'  countrey,  but 
now,  I  thank  God,  Tm  very  well,  and  have  bin  for  some  time,  and 
am  afraid  nothing  but  old  age  will  kill  me.  I  expect  a  mighty  long 
letter  from  dear  Lud,  with  a  full  account  what  is  become  of  all  your 
friends  and  neighbours  that  I  knew,  especially  your  neice.  My  cosen 
W.  is  your  servant,  and  pray  give  both  his  and  my  faithful  service  to 
Mr.  Warly ;  and  to  your  dear  self  all  true  affection  from  your 
Most  sincerely  affectionate  servant 

E.  W. 

[Endorsed']  To  Mrs.  Warly  at  her  house  in  Witham  in  Essex. 
First  to  London. 

The  year  in  which  the  third  and  last  letter  was  written  is  not 
set  down,  but,  as  in  the  case  of  the  first,  it  can  be  fixed  by  an 
event  mentioned  in  it.  The  London  Gazette  for  Mar.- Apr.,  1693,  ^^^^s 
us  that  on  March  24th  [Friday]  the  King  left  Kensington  very 
early  for  Harwich,  intending  to  embark  for  Holland.  On  Monday 
[March  27th],  the  wind  continuing  contrary,  he  left  Harwich,  and 
the  yachts  were  ordered  to  Gravesend.  On  Friday  [March  31st] 
he  left  Whitehall  at  11  a.w.,  for  Gravesend,  with  a  fair  wind  for 
Holland.  On  April  5th  an  express  from  Admiral  Mitchell  dated 
[Tuesday]  the  4th,  came  reporting  that  the  King  had  probably 
landed  at  Brill.  These  incidents  fit  in  exactly  with  those  in  the 
letter,  which  is  dated  from  Whitehall,  where  the  writer  was  possibly 
the  guest  of  her  sister  Zuylestein.  William,  lord  of  Zuylestein,  was 
the  trusted  friend  and  in  some  sort  the  kinsman  of  William  III., 
by  whom,  two  years  later,  he  was  created  Baron  Enfield,  Viscount 
Tunbridge,  and  Earl  of  Rochford.     We  are  told  why  the  lady  was 


8  AN    EXTINCT   COUNTY   FAMILY  I 

there ;  it  was  "  to  take  leave  of  mon :  lug :  who  is  gone  with  the 
King."  One  inclines  to  think  that  these  mystic  words  indicate 
*Cosen  Wroth/  whose  *  jack-boots  in  a  baskett'  were  sent  to  Harwich, 
'supposing  they  would  find  him  there.'  But  an  allusion  at  the  end 
of  the  letter  to  *cosen  W*s'  being  in  town,  makes  it  doubtful  whether, 
after  all,  he  did  go  to  Holland,  even  if  he  went  to  Harwich.  In  any 
case  we  may  fairly  assume  that  the  young  people — he  was  about  six 
and  twenty  and  she  a  couple  of  years  older, — were  now  engaged,  and 
Mrs.  Warly  was  their  sympathetic  friend.  The  *  dear  Aunt  *  of  an 
earlier  letter  has  fallen  into  disfavour,  her  demeanour  as  a  stepmother 
not  approving  itself  to  a  loving  cousin.  Dorothy  Wroth  died  less 
than  two  months  afterwards,  and  was  buried  at  Loughton  on  June 
5th,  1692,  being  then  not  much  more  than  forty  years  old.  The  boy, 
Joe,  was  probably  her  son,  Joshua,  who  was  baptized  at  Loughton, 
on  Feb.  17th,  1676,  and  was  at  any  rate  over  seventeen  at  the  time 
the  letter  was  written.  He  probably  died  young,  as  no  more  is 
heard  of  him. 

Elizabeth  Wroth  to  M^'-  Warly. 

Whitehall.     April  y"  first.  [1693] 

Dear  M"*  Warly, 

Tm  very  base  both  to  you  and  your  good  husband  in 
not  writing  oftner  to  you.  I'm  sure  'tis  not  forgetfulness,  for  I  have 
designed  it  many,  many  times  and  my  cosen  Wroth  has  often  said 
he  would  write,  but  he  is  soe  apt  to  defer  writing  to  his  friends  that 
I'm  resolv'd  to  wait  no  longer  for  his  doing  it.  I  can  now  tell  you  he 
has  his  commission  for  L**  again.  I'm  sure  both  you  and  I  wish  him 
better.  However  his  circumstances  are  soe  it  makes  him  glad  of  it ; 
and  then  he  has  it  to  reconcile  it  to  his  honour  that  he  has  all  that 
right  cou'd  give  him  in  that  Regiment,  for  ther  is  no  strainger  put, 
nor  no  younger  officer  put  over  his  head ;  for  y*  three  Capts.  are  one 
y*  was  capt.  when  broke,  and  y*  two  eldest  Leiut'* ;  he  was  y  forth 
L**  when  broke,  and  now  is  y*  eldest  but  won :  soe  'tis  to  be  expected 
a  little  time  of  course  must  give  him  a  troop,  and  'tis  better  being 
what  he  is  in  that  Regiment  than  having  a  troop  in  any  of  the  younger 
Regiments. 

He  has  got  but  won  poore  ten  pounds  of  his  fa[ther  j  since  he  came 
for  England,  and  I  fear  'tis  all  he  will  get,  notwithstanding  y*  necessity 
he  is  in  for  money  to  equip  him  now.  I  can't  but  think  her  very 
imprudent  as  well  as  unreasonable  covetous  towards  him,  for  he  met 
with  a  horse  in  y*  countrey  fitt  for  a  servant  of  about  15  It,  price,  and 
he  beg'd  his  fa[ther]  to  give  it  him,  which  he  was  very  inclinable  too, 
and  told  her  before  his  face,  that  if  she  was  willing,  he  would  give  him 


WROTH    OF    LOUGHTON    HALL.  9 

the  horse,  which  made  her  look  extreamly  out  of  humer.  He  then 
bid  her  make  him  a  present  of  it.  She  said,  not  she.  Soe,  in  short, 
he  had  not  y*  horse.  Y*  Regiment  still  doing  duty  at  Whitehall,  he 
hopes  they  will  give  him  and  a  servant  and  couple  of  horses  their 
keeping  when  he  is  not  obliged  to  be  in  town.  But  I  don't  know 
whether  she  will  suffer  it  or  no,  for  his  fa[ther  J  told  him  that  she 
wondered  what  he  meant  by  keeping  his  horses  and  servents  ther. 
Well,  no  more  of  this.  I  pray  God  forgive  her  and  grant  her  own 
may  deserve  more  kindness  than  he  has  mett  with,  tho'  ther's  little 
hopes  of  it  yet,  for  Joe  is  as  bad  and  wicked  as  'tis  possible. 

I  have  been  in  Town  sometime  to  take  my  leave  of  mon :  lug : 
who  is  gone  with  y*  King.  They  had  a  sad  journey  to  Harwich  and 
back  againe ;  but  yesterday  noone  they  went  againe  to  Gravesend 
and  y*  wind  has  been  soe  fair  since  that  I  hope  in  God  by  this  time 
they  are  safe  landed  in  Holland.  Lord  Jesus  preserve  our  King  and 
bring  him  safe  back  againe,  and  give  him  good  success.  I  fear  ther's 
some  mischeif  hatching  against  y"  present  Government,  but  I  hope 
God  Almighty  will  [con]found  all  their  designs,  I  can  tell  you  no 
newes  but  what  you  see  in  y'  Gazette  and  newes  letters.  I  should 
be  mighty  glad  to  hear  from  you  before  I  goe  out  of  town,  which  will 
not  be  before  next  Thursday.  Pray,  if  Mr,  Warly  hears  anything  of 
my  cosen's  boots,  let  me  know  it,  for  he  wants  em  extreamly.  I  fear 
iher  lost,  for  they  were  sent  to  y*  brik  [?  brig],  supposing  they  wou'd 
find  him  there.  As  soon  as  he  heard  of  it  he  wrote  to  y'  post  master 
and  desir'd  him  to  send  em  in  y*  pacquet  boate  directed  for  Mr.  Warly 
to  be  left  at  y*  post  house,  for  I  thought  they  wou'd  be  more  careful 
of  'em  upon  Mr.  Warly's  account;  but  hearing  nothing  of  'em  I  fancy 
they  were  sent  from  y*  Brick  before  his  letter  got  thether,  and,  if  so, 
I  suppose  they  were  directed  for  Mr.  Wroth,  and  where  left  I  can't 
tell.  Beg  Mr.  Warly  will  be  soe  kind  to  write  wonce  more  about 
'em  and  desire  his  friend  to  enquire  after  'em  in  Harwich  and  of  y* 
pacquet  Boates.     They  are  Jack  boots  pack'd  up  in  a  baskett. 

If  your  occatidns  brings  you  to  town  this  year  I  hope  I  shall  know 
y*  time  that  I  may,  if  possible,  have  y*  sattisfaction  of  seeing  you. 
My  cosen  W.  is  now  in  town :  if  he  were  with  me  I  shou'd  make 
him  tell  you  himself  how  much  he  is  yours  and  Mr.  Warly's  humble 
servant,  as  is,  dear  Ludikin, 

Y'  most  affectionate 
and  faithfuU  Debtor 

E.  Wroth. 

[_Endor5id^  I  have  a  sad  pen  and  being  a  worse  scribe  I  fear  you 
can  hardly  read  this.     Adieu. 

For  Mrs.  Warly  at  her  house  in  Witham  in  Essex. 


lO  AN    EXTINCT   COUNTY    FAMILY: 

Of  the  married  life  of  John  Wroth  IV.  and  Elizabeth,  his  wife, 
there  is,  unfortunately,  not  much  to  record.  On  the  death  of  his 
father  they  seem  to  have  settled  at  Loughton  Hall.  Mr.  Wroth, 
doubtless  himself  a  sportsman,  took  part  in  the  management  of  the 
Forest,  in  1709,  as  a  Ranger,  and  from  171 3  until  his  death,  as  a 
Verderer.*  There  can  be  little  doubt  that  he  was  a  justice  of  the 
peace,  and  certain  documents  still  extant  remain  to  show  that  he 
acted  as  Receiver  General  within  the  county  of  Essex  of  the  new 
duty  on  Houses,  which  was  imposed  in  1 710  on  those  having  twenty 
windows  or  more,  and  also  of  the  Land  Tax  imposed  in  1716,  being 
first  bound  over  in  the  sums  of  6,000/.  and  33,000/.  for  the  due 
fulfilment  of  his  office.  A  single  letter  from  him  to  Dr.  Warly 
is  included  in  the  latter's  correspondence  and  indicates  that  the 
friendship  existing  in  1693  was  still  warm  in  1710. 

John  Wroth  to  Dr.  Warly. ^ 

Loughton  Hall,  Novemb'  y*  12^,  1710. 
Dear  Sir, 

I  reced  yo"  this  day  and  on  Wednesday  next  my  Wife  and 
I  sett  out  for  Suffolke  to  meet  Lord  Rochford  who  is  come  thither, 
soe  wee  designe  troubling  you  with  our  Companies  y*  night  and  begg 
youUl  lett  yo'  man  ord'  a  stable  at  y*  Inn  by  you  for  our  horses. 
Wee  hope  to  be  with  you  by  4  in  y*  afternoon. 

Yo'  Most  Humble 
Servant 

J.  Wroth. 

We  shall  have  7  or  8  horses,  soe  pray  lett  yo'  man  ord'  good  store 
of  litter,  etc. 

[Endorsed']  ffor  The  Reverend  Doctor  Warly,  Archdeacon  of 
Colchester,  att  Witham,  Essex. 

Less  than  eight  years  after  this  letter  was  written  John  Wroth  IV., 
being  then  in  his  51st  year,  was  buried  at  Loughton,  on  April  5th, 
1 718,  but  the  only  visible  traces  of  his  having  lived  there  are  an  entry 
in  I  he  Parish  Registers,  and  a  pair  of  wrought  iron  gates,  on  which 
his  initials,  interwoven  with  those  of  his  wife,  are  surmounted  by  the 
leopard's  head  crowned,  which  also  appears  on  the  seal  of  his  letter  to 
Dr.  Warly.  These  gates,  which  stood  on  the  river-side  of  the  old  Hall, 
now  form  on  the  otherside  an  entrance  to  the  pleasaunce  of  the  new  one.' 

»    Fisher's  Forest  of  Essex;  and  St.  James'  Evening  Post,  Apr.  5-8,  1718. 

»   B.M.,  Add.  MS.,  27.  997,  fo.  94. 

»  These  gates  are  figured  in  a  full-page  plate  in  Ebbett's  Wrought  Ironwork  of  the  I7th  and  18th 
Century  ^  where  they  are  assigned  to  1680  circa  (ex.  inform .  I .  C.  G . ).  The  leaden  sUgs  now  surmounting 
the  flanking  pillars,  were  brought  from  Woodford  Hall.  The  road  which  passed  the  gates,  skirting  the 
southern  boundary-wall  of  the  churchyard  of  St.  Nicholas,  was  diverted  to  its  present  course  in  1879. 


'THANe.      ■••■X    *ROM«Ot..      SOO.  ,     VOL.      IX.,     TO    PAOM     ».     11. 
■  '      J^il  If      ■    I       ■!  Ml       I    ■ 


1 


:  ) 


Hatchments  of  the  eminent  family  of  Wroth  against  the  walls 

OF  the  south  side  of  the  chancel  in  Loughton  Church — A**  1790, 

(Brit.  Mus.  Add.  MS.,  17,  460.) 


WROTH    OF   LOUGHTON    HALL.  II 

The  absence  of  memorials  of  any  kind,  both  at  Loughton  and  at 
Enfield,  in  the  case  of  a  family  of  such  standing  in  the  two  counties, 
might  lead  one  to  suppose  that  monuments  and  inscriptions  had,  in 
the  course  of  time,  been  ruthlessly  destroyed.  But  such  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  the  case.  In  a  succinct  account  of  the  ancient 
church  of  St.  Nicholas  the  Rev.  David  Thomas  Powell,  writing  in 
1790,  says:  "In  the  chapel  on  the  north  side  of  the  chancel  (which 
now  belongs  to  Miss  Whitacre,  the  Lady  of  the  Manor,)  against  the 
walls  are  several  Hatchments  of  the  eminent  family  of  Wroth,  which 
are  here  drawn.*  Their  burial  place  is  here,  but  there  is  no  memorial 
or  inscription  whatsoever  to  them — not  even  the  name — except  these 
hatchments,  some  of  which,  decayed  by  age,  have  lately  been  taken 
down.  The  vault  is  only  distinguished  by  an  iron  railing  enclosing 
a  small  space  on  the  north  side." 

I  have  not  been  able  to  identify  all  the  many  quarterings  in  the 
various  shields  so  deftly  drawn  by  Mr.  Powell,  who  was  a  skilful 
artist  as  well  as  an  able  antiquary,  but  as  some  one  with  more  skill 
in  heraldry  may  hereafter  find  entertainment  in  doing  so,  I  append 
the  blasons  in  a  note. 

Of  the  Hall,  a  sketch  of  which  Mr.  Powell  made,  he  writes  that  "it 
is  a  large  building  of  brick  edged  with  stone,  having  several  stone 
pillars  of  the  Grecian  order  attached  to  the  front.  I  have  heard  that 
Inigo  Jones  built  it.  There  is  an  extensive  forecourt  with  brick  walls, 
the  entrance  to  which  is  by  a  large,  handsome,  open  iron  gate,  having 
above  it  the  cipher  doubled  of  J.  Wroth  and  the  crest  of  Wroth."* 

John  Wroth  IV.  left  no  issue,  but  his  will  furnishes  particulars 
as  to  several  of  his  relatives.'  The  manor  of  Loughton,  with  the 
advowson  of  the  Rectory,  he  devised  to  his  'dear  wife'  for  her  life, 
with  successive  remainders  over  to  his  nephews,  Henry  and  Robert 
(sons  of  his  wife's  brother),  and  to  the  then  Earl  of  Rochford  (son 
of  her  sister,  Jane),  and  the  heirs  male  of  his  body,  lawfully  issuing. 
He  made  special  provision  for  the  up-keep  of  the  Hall,  directing  that. 


>    See  the  accompanying  illustration. 

*  The  large  shield,  impaling  Maynard  with  three  quarterings,  contains  in  the  xst  and  6th,  ar.  on 
a  bend  sa.  3  lion's  heads  er.  ar.  crowned  or  [Wroth) ;  2 — ar.  a  chevron  az.  betw.  three  bugle-homs 
(Durant) ;  3— or  a  cross  engr.  gu.  {HawUy,  HawU) ;  4— per  pale  az.  and  gu.  a  lion  ramp.  erm.  {de 
Norwich)  \  5— per  fesse  sa.  and  or  a  pale  engr.  counterchanged,  three  eagles  displayed  or  {SUmard). 
The  shield  surmounted  by  the  Wroth  crest— a  lion's  head  er.  ar.  crowned  or, — contains,  in  the  2nd 
quarter,  sa.  a  cross  croslet  erm.  [Durant,  1731) ;   3 — ^ar.  six  annulets  gu.  (Avenell  or  de  Plessis)-, 

4 — ar.  a  bar  az.  [or  sa.J  ;  5— gu.  on  a  cross  ar.  seven  eagles  displayed  sa ;  6— Stonard  as 

above.  The  small  shields  from  left  to  right  exhibit  ar.  a  cheveron  su.  between  three  dexter  hands 
gu.  (Maynard) ',  Wroth  and  Stonard  quarterly,  impaling  Wroth;  Wroth  and  Stonard  quarterly; 
Wroth  impaling  gu.  on  a  canton  erm.  a  lion  rampant  sa.  within  a  bordure ;  an  annulet  in  chief  or 
{WhU4,  1553);  Wroth  impaling  quarterly  or  and  ar.  gutt6  de  sang,  over  all  a  bend  sa.  engr. 
charged  with  five  cinquefoils ;  Wroth  impaling  sa.  a  roundel  or  between  three  hammers  ar.  Add. 
A/S.,  X7.46O|/0.a34. 

*  P.C.C,  91,  Ttnison. 


12  AN    EXTINCT   COUNTY    FAMILY  I 

in  the  event  of  his  wife's  death,  it  should  be  let  to  some  merchant 
or  gentleman  of  reputation.  Of  his  many  half-brothers  one  only, 
Charles,  was  living  at  the  time  the  will  was  made.^  He  was  in 
the  army,  but  had  **been  found  very  imprudent  in  the  management 
of  his  own  affairs,  and  an  affiuence  of  fortune  would  rather  be  a 
prejudice  than  a  benefit  to  him."  However,  "to  secure  him  in  some 
measure  the  common  necessaries  of  life,"  the  testator  made  a  small 
and  carefully  safeguarded  provision,  to  take  effect  if  his  brother 
were  turned  out,  broke,  or  lost  his  Commission.  To  his  half-sister, 
Dorothy  he  bequeathed  an  annuity  of  15/.,  to  include  5/.  charged 
on  the  Alderton  Hall  lands  by  his  father,  which  land  he  had  lately 
purchased  from  his  half-sisters,  Mary  and  Jane  Sibella."  The 
residue  of  his  estate,  after  payment  of  a  small  legacy  to  the  Rector 
of  Loughton,  he  left  to  his  wife  and  sole  executrix. 

Charles  Wroth,  who  was  buried  at  Loughton  on  June  26th,  1721, 
seems  to  have  made  an  unfortunate  marriage,  for  almost  the  only 
document  in  the  church-chest  in  which  the  family-name  occurs,  is 
the  copy  of  an  Order,  made  in  171 2,  on  a  successful  appeal  against 
Aldgate,  for  the  removal  from  Loughton  of  his  wife,  Margaret  Wroth, 
illegally  sent  thither  by  an  order  of  two  Middlesex  Justices.  In  1707 
and  1 708  other  orders  seem  to  have  brought  her  to  Loughton  whence 
she  was  removed  on  appeal.*  She  lived  on  until  1738,  when  leave  to 
administer  her  goods  was  granted  to  John  Moore,  a  creditor. 

Elizabeth  Wroth,  after  her  husband's  death,  continued  to  live  at 
Loughton,  but  not  always,  I  think,  at  the  Hall,  which  seems  to  have 
been  occupied  by  a  wealthy  foreign  family,  named  Suasso  da  Costa. 
In  1723  Baron  Suasso's  name  occurs  in  a  list  of  Riding  Foresters,* 
and  the  Parish  Register  records,  under  the  dates  1732  and  1733,  the 
burial  of  *  the  Baron's  butler,'  and  *  Lady  Suasso's  maid.'  They  were 
not  improbably  Jews,  and  a  small  roll,  covered  with  texts  of  Scripture 
in  Hebrew  character,  which  was  discovered  in  1833  over  the  door  of 
a  room  next  the  library  in  the  old  Hall,  may  have  been  placed  there  by 
them.*     In  1745  it  was  in  the  occupation  of  *  Hugh  Roberts,  esquire.'* 


^  Jane  Wroth,  in  her  Bill  of  Complaint  '1709],  speaks  of  Charles  as  being  ihe  only  son  of  John 
Wroth  by  Dorothy,  his  second  wife, — 'only  surviving  son',  would  have  been  more  corrtjct.  Of  the 
daughters,  Dorothy  [Moore],  Elizabeth  [Palmer],  Anna  Maria  [Sterne],  Mary,  and  Jane  Sibella, 
survived  their  father,  but  EUzabeth  had  already  deceased  when  the  Bill  was  drawn  (Chanc. 
Ptoc.— Hamilton,  64.5). 

'^  Certain  documents  relating  to  this  estate  still  exist  ( penes  Jom.),  recording  proceedings  to  which 
Mary  (1709)  and  Jane  Sibella  (1711  ],  with  their  respective  husbands,  John  Gough  and  William  Hills, 
were  parties.   The  ultimate  sale,  however,  seems  to  have  been  effected  by  mortgagees  in  1716-17. 

^   Document  in  the  chest  in  Loughton  church-tower. 

■*   Fisher's  Forest  of  Essex. 

^  The  roll,  which  is  enclosed  in  a  small  cylinder,  is  in  the  possession  of  the  Rev.  J.  Whitaker 
Maitland. 

•  Lord  Rochford  to  W.  Whitaker,  1745  (penes  dom.). 


WROTH    OF    LOUGHTON    HALL.  1 3 

Mrs.  Wroth  probably  rented  a  house  on  Golding's  Hill,  the  copyhold 
estate  in  which  she  acquired,  through  trustees,  in  1729.^  This  house, 
after  passing  through  several  hands  and  being  much  altered,  was  down 
to  1 89 1  occupied  by  Mrs.  W.  W.  Maitland,  the  widow  of  a  subsequent 
lord  of  the  manor,  who  had  bought  it  somewhere  about  1842. 

*  Madam  W  roth  *  rarely  failed  to  attend  the  Vestry  Meetings,  as 
her  signatures  in  a  volume  containing  a  record  of  the  proceedings 
thereat  between  1720  and  1741,  abundantly  prove.*  In  1721  she 
served  as  Overseer  of  the  Poor,  and  the  Epping  Justices  disallowed 
4/.  75.  2d.  charged  in  her  account,  for  putting  posts  and  rails  round  a 
pond  by  the  highway.  The  incriminated  item  seems,  however,  to 
have  been  allowed  to  pass  in  the  account  for  1722. 

To  judge  from  the  wills  of  her  relatives  and  her  own,  Elizabeth 
Wroth  was  on  terms  of  intimate  friendship  with  most  of  them. 
Many  she  outlived.  In  1720  her  brother,  Robert,  Major-General 
and  Clerk  Comptroller  of  H.  M.  Board  of  Green  Cloth,'  and  her 
nephew,  Maurice,  brother  of  Frederick,  third  Earl  of  Rochford,  were 
buried  at  Loughton.  And  in  1723  Robert  was  followed  thither  by 
his  widow.*  Mrs.  Wroth  herself  lived  to  be  seventy-three  years 
old;  but  her  turn  also  came,  and,  on  December  12th,  1738,  Elizabeth 
Wroth,  *  Lady  of  this  Manor,*  and  the  last  of  the  name  to  possess 
it,  was  borne  to  her  unmarked  resting-place  in  the  little  churchyard 
attached  to  the  vanished  parish  church  of  St.  Nicholas.*  Her  will 
is  a  long  and  interesting  document.*  Her  *  black  velvet  suit*  she 
desired  to  have  made  into  a  pall,  which  she  bequeathed  to  a  man  and 
his  wife  for  life,  they  to  let  the  same  out  for  hire,  not  taking  more 
than  ten,  nor  less  than  five,  shillings  for  one  funeral ;  on  the  death  of 
these  life-tenants,  the  pall  was  bequeathed  for  life  to  such  person  as 
the  Vestry  should  nominate  "to  be  the  poorest  person  in  the  parish  of 
Loughton  " ;  "  and  so  for  ever,  as  long  as  the  pall  shall  last.  Her  *  large 
Church  Bible '  she  gave  to  Henry  Alexander  Gough  *  now  at  Cambridge 
and  whom  I  brought  up,'  with  20/.  a  year,  until  Church  preferment 
provided  him  with  a  living,  or  livings,  of  the  annual  value  of  100/. ' 


1   Court  Roll,  April  29th,  1729.  >   His  will  is  registered  P.C.C.,  97,  Shaller, 

•  Minutesof  Loughton  Vestry— 1 720-1 74 1.  «  Her  will  Is  registered  P.C.C,  158,  i?»cAmofMf. 

•  The  ancient  church  (figured  in  Th4  Church  0/  England  Ataganne  for  May,  6th  1854.)  was 
demoUsbed  about  1843,  when  the  new  church,  dedicated  to  St.  John  Baptist,  was  erected  on  a 
new  site.  Such  an  act  of  Vandalism  would,  we  venture  to  hope,  be  impossible  nowadays. 
Other  illustrations  of  it  also  exist,  in  addition  to  Mr.  Powell's  sketches  in  the  Add.  MS.,  17, 460. 

•  P.C.C.  300,  Brodrepp, 

'  The  Rev.  H.  A.  Gough,  who  graduated  from  Clare  College,  Cambridge,  in  1739,  was  her 
nephew,  being  a  son  of  her  husband's  half-sister,  Mary,  wife  of  John  Gough.  He  was  Vicar  of 
Tborp-le-Soken  In  1745,  and  married  Catherine  Canham,  who  was  there  baptised  February  zith, 
1720,  and  there  buried  July  9th,  1752.  A  romancing  account  of  her  history  is  given  in  Temple  Bar, 
Vol.  59,  p.  34Z  (1880);  and  it  is  noticed  in  Beckett's  Romantic  Essex,  p.  6s  (1900).  See  also 
O.B'C.'t  Compltte  Peerage,  s.v.  Rosebery. 


14  AN    BXTINCT   COUNTY   FAMILY: 

Under  the  limitations  created  by  her  husband's  will  the  manor  and 
advowson  passed  to  Mrs.  Wroth's  great-nephew,  .William  Henry, 
fourth  and  last  Earl  of  Rochford.  In  1745  both  were  purchased 
from  him  by  Alderman  William  Whitaker,  in  great  part  with  the 
fortune  of  his  second  wife,  Anne,  whom  he  had  married  in  1739,  and 
on  whom  the  estate  was  settled  for  life,  with  remainder  over  to  her 
issue.  ^  Alderman  Whitaker  died  in  or  about  August,  1752,  and  his 
widow,  Anne,  on  Sep.  24th,  I'j'jo,*  To  her  succeeded  her  daughter, 
also  named  Anne,  who  lived  to  be  eighty-four  years  old  and  died 
unmarried  on  Nov.  24th,  1825.'  By  her  the  manor  and  advowson 
were  devised  to  a  stranger  in  birth,  John  Maitland,  of  Woodford 
Hall.*  He  was  succeeded  by  his  son  William  Whitaker  Maitland, 
who,  after  expending  a  large  sum  on  the  renovation  of  Loughton  Hall, 
an  illustration  of  which  accompanied  a  preceding  part  of  this  paper, 
had  the  misfortune  to  see  it  perish  in  the  flames  on  Sunday,  December 
I  ith,  1836.*  A  new  house  was  erected  on  the  ancient  site  in  1879,  by 
his  third  son  and  successor,  the  Rev.  John  Whitaker  Maitland.* 

Note. — The  wills  cited  in  the  foregoing  paper,  with  further  details 
germane  to  its  subject,  will  be  found  in  a  privately- printed  book 
entitled  Loughton  in  Essex,  a  copy  of  which  (one  of  twelve)  has  been 
deposited  at  the  British  Museum.  Another  copy  may  be  consulted 
at  the  Guildhall  Library  of  the  Corporation  of  London. 


*  Documents  penes  scriptorem. 

*  His  vkill  (ccxlicil)  dated  July  29th,  1752,  was  proved  on  Dec.  ist  (312,  Betttsworth).  Her  will, 
385,  Jenner,  and  an  eniry  in  Loughton  Parish  Register.  The  London  Evening  Post,  Aug.  13-15, 1752, 
records  that  on  "Thursday  Night,  about  Seven  o'Clock,  the  Corpse  of  William  Whitaker,  Esq., 
was,  after  Ijnng  in  State  at  Clothworkers  Hall,  carried  in  Funeral  Pomp  from  thence,  and  interred 
at  St.  Botolph's,  Aldersgate."    His  monument  has  vanished. 

•■'  Mon.  Inscription  in  Loughton  (old)  churchyard.  Mr.  D.T.  Powell,  in  his  account  of  Loughton 
(Add.  MS.  17,460),  has  the  following  note  on  Miss  Whitaker.  **  Miss  Whiteacre  occasionally  resided 
at  Loughton  Hall  and  kept  it  exactly  in  the  state  it  was  in  Captain  Wroth's  time,  but  she  principally 
lived  at  Kensington,  where  she  was  a  very  formall  etequette  Lady  of  the  old  school  or  court,  and 
reconn'd  very  rich,  living  in  good  style.  She  had  been  sought  in  marriage  when  young  by  some 
even  of  rank  and  title,  but  ever  avoided  It.  She  died  at  Kensington  and  was  hpre  [i.«.  at  Loughton] 
interred." 

It  would  appoar  that  when  Lord  Rochford  sold  the  estate,  all  the  furniture,  books,  and  MSS., 
accumulated  by  generations  of  the  Wroth  family,  passed  with  it.  If  this  was  so,  it  would  indeed 
be  hard  to  overestimate  the  loss  involved  in  the  disastrous  fire  of  1836. 

*  Epping  Forest— Proc.  of  Commissioners,  III.,  p.  2099  (1872-3). 

^  Essex  Herald t  Dec.  13th,  1836;  and  Essex  Standard,  Dec.  16,  23,  30,  1836. 
«  John,  son  of  William  Whitaker  and  Anne  Maitland,  was  bom,  baptised,  and  died,  November 
24th,  1823.-7**  Maitland  Family:  G.  R.  Harrison  (1869). 


TRANO.      KaaiX    *NOH«OI..      SOe..     vol.      IX    ,     TO    rACI     ^.     IS. 


X 
X 

u 


H 
C/) 


THE  PARISH  CHURCH  OF  S.  MARY  THE 
VIRGIN,  KELVEDON  (EASTERFORD). 

BY   THE    REV    E.    F.    HAY. 

In  the  year  1066,  we  find  Agelricus,  a  Saxon  noble,  giving,  with  other 
lands,  what  has  since  become  known  as  the  manor  of  Church  Hall, 
to  St.  Peter's,  Westminster,  Edward  the  Confessor  confirming  the 
gift  a  few  days  before  his  death.  The  patronage  of  the  benefice 
remained  with  the  monastery  until  the  suppression.  The  rectory 
then  was  presented  to  the  bishop  of  London,  and  the  gift  of  the 
vicarage  now  belongs  to  the  bishop  of  the  diocese.  An  old  terrier 
is  extant,  dated  1356,  describing  the  tithe,  glebe,  and  vicarage  house, 
which  the  "religious  men"  apportioned  to  the  vicar.  Dr.  Cutts,  in 
his  book  entitled  The  Middle  Ages,  has  drawn  a  conjectural  plan  of 
this  rectory  (vicarage)  house  and  appended  a  description. 

This  church  originally  consisted  of  a  nave  with  north  and  south 
aisles,  a  chancel  without  aisles,  and  a  spireless  tower  at  the  west  end 
of  the  nave,  the  nave  and  chancel  having  a  high-pitched  roof.  The 
church  was  probably  built  at  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century.  Some 
two  hundred  years  later  the  nave  roof  was  raised  and  the  clerestory 
and  the  beautiful  oak  roof  added.  At  some  time  or  other  (perhaps 
in  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century)  a  flat  ceiling  was  put  up, 
hiding  the  carved  figures  and  the  oak  beams  until  1844,  when  it  was 
removed  and  the  roof  exposed  and  repaired.  The  spire  was,  no 
doubt,  added  when  the  clerestory  was  built,  in  order  to  preserve  the 
proportions  of  the  church. 

In  the  roof  are  four  pairs  of  half-length  figures,  lifesize : — 
(i)     Bears  a  shield. 

(2)  Holds  a  coronet  and  wears  a  cap. 

(3)  Plays  upon  a  pipe  and  wears  a  cap  with  a  cross  in  front  of  it. 

(4)  Holds  a  book  in  the  left  hand. 

The  four  others  on  the  opposite  side  correspond. 

Round  ornamental  bosses  depend  from  the  ridge  piece :  the  ties, 
rafters  and  purlins  are  all  moulded. 

The  pavement  was  formerly  of  square  red  tiles  incised  with 
geometrical  figures ;  one  or  two,  of  the  Decorated  period,  and 
composed  of  white  clay  having  ivy  leaves  painted  on  them,  have 
been  found. 


l6  THE  PARISH  CHURCH  OF  S.  MARY  THE  VIRGIN,  KELVEDON. 

A  small  brick  newel  stair,  leading  up  to  an  archway  in  the  tower, 
till  recently  existed  in  the  west  end  of  the  south  aisle,  whence,  by 
an  oak  staircase,  the  bell-chamber  was  reached. 

It  must  have  been  about  the  year  1500  that  the  brick  north 
chancel  chapel  was  built  by  a  London  merchant,  whose  name  is 
forgotten.  His  will  was  once  traced,  but  has  since  been  lost  sight  of. 
It  is  known,  however,  that  he  ordered  his  body  to  be  buried  before 
the  image  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary :  the  niche  which  still  remains 
was  so  placed  that  the  chamfers  of  the  arch  allowed  the  worshippers 
to  see  the  image  as  they  entered  the  principal  door  of  the  church. 

Fifty  years  ago  there  were  traces  of  texts  in  this  chapel  taken 
from  an  early  version  of  the  Bible,  enclosed  in  Elizabethan  scroll- 
work borders.  One  of  the  texts  was  "Who  shall  lay  anything  to 
the  charge  of  God*s  elect  ? " 

The  Rev.  Chas.  Dalton  had  the  south  chancel  aisle  built  about 
the  time  the  nave  roof  was  unceiled,  brick  and  stucco  being  used 
and  looking  like  the  rest  of  the  church  outside.  Since  then  the 
plaster  on  the  walls  has  been  removed  and  the  surface  faced  with 
flints,  all  except  the  south-east  corner.  The  east  window  of  this 
aisle  was  new,  as  there  was  none  in  the  east  wall  of  the  south 
nave  aisle ;  the  two  windows  formerly  in  the  south  wall  of  the 
chancel  were  inserted  in  the  new  south  wall,  and  an  arcade  made 
where  the  old  south  wall  had  stood  ;  the  piscina  being  in  the  way,  it 
was  placed  in  the  new  east  wall ;  a  low  wall,  breast  high,  divided 
the  south  chancel  aisle  from  the  nave  aisle. 

No  remnant  of  the  rood  screen  is  left,  only  the  traces  of  the  openings 
in  the  wall  for  the  stairway.  There  is  a  story,  true  or  untrue,  of  its 
destructira  as  late  as  1836  when,  instead  of  the  rood  surmounting  the 
screen,  there  were  the  royal  arms  of  queen  Anne,  1709.  The  rood  was 
there  in  the  fifteenth  century,  for  the  Marler  family  direct  that  their 
bodies  should  be  buried  in  front  of  it.  It  was  John  Marler  who  left 
the  alms  houses  and  the  village  well  to  the  parishioners  and  a  small 
endowment  for  their  maintenance.  Another  member  of  that  family, 
Thos.  Marler,  >  in  1474,  left,  among  other  legacies,  20/-  for  the  making 
of  a  buttress  on  the  south  side  of  the  church  next  to  the  chancel  door. 
A  sketch,  made  in  1837,  does  not  show  the  buttress. 

A  more  complete  restoration  followed  in  1877.  The  square  pews 
were  swept  away,  disclosing  two  hagioscopes,  and  a  window  was 
found  and  opened  out  between  the  sanctuary  and  vestry ;  the  door- 
way from  the  chancel  into  the  vestry  and  north  chapel  was  discovered 
to  have  been  made  out  of  a  stone  window  frame. 


See  Society's  Transactions,  0.S„  Vol.  i.,  p.  151. 


T«A««.    ■••■!(   ANOMAOL.    SOC. ,    VOL.    IX.,    TO   FACK   P.    1*. 


Kelvedon  Church 
Corbels  of  Demi-Figures  in  the  nave  roof 


l8  THE  PARISH  ClfURCH  OF  S.  MARY  THE  VIRGIN,  KBLVEDON. 

foliage ;  the  mutilation  of  the  pillar  and  arch  is  due  to  the  pulpit 
having  been  attached  to  it  and  then  removed.  Half  an  original 
Early- English  respond  remains  supporting  the  easternmost  arch  of 
the  north  nave  arcade.  On  one  of  the  south  pillars  is  a  carved 
stone  shield  let  into  the  moulding  of  the  arch  and  bearing  the 
arms  of  England  (ist  and  4th)  and  France,  modern,  (2nd  and  3rd), 
quarterly.  * 

A  few  fragments  of  old  glass  have  been  collected  and  inserted  in 
the  head  of  one  of  the  north  aisle  windows.  Alas !  only  fragments 
of  ornamentation — a.  sun,  a  bit  of  a  belt,  etc. 

In  1859,  after  the  death  of  the  Rev.  Chas.  Dalton,  vicar  since 
1804,  a  window,  by  Clayton  and  Bell,  of  two  lights,  representiiig 
St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  was  put  up  to  his  memory.  Near  it,  is 
the  Annunciation  window  erected  recently  to  commemorate  two  of 
Mr.  Dalton's  daughters,  Mrs.  Frere  and  Miss  Marianne  Dalton. 
Messrs.  Powell  made  the  glass  from  the  design  of  Mr.  Louis  Davis. 
The  east  window  was  filled  with  stained  glass  by  Burlisson  and  Gryll 
and  is  in  memory  of  some  of  the  Western  family,  the  crucifixion 
being  the  central  scene  ;  while  the  window  in  the  tower  was  erected 
to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  the  last  vicar,  Rev.  G.  P.  Bennett, 
and  his  wife.  Messrs.  Laver  and  Westlake  designed  the  glass,  the 
subjects  being  St.  Peter  and  Dorcas. 


^  There  is  a  good  deal  of  uncertainty  as  to  whose  arms  these  are,  and  as  to  when  they  were 
placed  In  their  present  position.  Holman,  in  his  manuscripts  in  the  Colchester  Museum, 
says :  "  Affixed  to  a  pillar  of  the  south  aisle  of  the  church  is  an  escutcheon  containing  the  arms  of 
England  and  France,  a  label  of  three  points,  at  the  top  a  ducal  coronet."  Mr.  H.  W.  King,  our  late 
honorary  secretary,  must,  I  think,  have  trusted  to  someone  else,  for  the  description  of  details,  for  he 
says,  in  leference  to  the  arms. — "  Over  the  easternmost  pillar  on  the  south  side,  are  carved  the  arms 
of  France  (ancient)  and  England  quarterly,  with  a  label  of  3  points :  over  the  shield  is  a  coronet 
composed  of  fleurs-de-lis.  These  can,  I  think,  be  none  other  than  the  arms  of  John  of  Gaunt,  Duke 
of  Lancaster,  or  those  of  his  son  Henry  of  Bolingbroke  who  each  bore  their  arms  with  a  label, 
ermine,  though  the  ermine  is  not  apparent.  The  arms  are  therefore  of  later  date  than  the  column, 
and  point  to  the  period  of  the  Edwardian  work."  Now,  from  the  illustration  of  the  arms  in  this 
paper,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  shield  bears  England  and  France  (modern)  quarterly  with  a  label  of 
three  points,  surmounted  by,  what  appears  to  be,  a  ducal  coronet,  for  the  ornamentation  more  nearly 
resembles  strawberry  leaves  than  fleurs-de-lis.  John  of  Gaunt's  arms  were  France  (ancient)  and 
England,  quarterly,  with  a  label  of  three  points  of  France  (three  fleurs-de-lis  on  each).  His  son, 
Henry  of  Bolingbroke,  bore,  before  his  accession  as  Henry  IV.,  France  (ancient)  and  England, 
quarterly,  with  a  label  of  five  points  of  Brittany  and  France ;  points  i  and  2  ermine  (three  spots 
on  each)  3, 4, 5,  of  France  (three  fleurs-de-lis  on  each).  After  his  accession,  Henry  IV.  bore  France 
(modern)  (3  fleurs-de-lis  only)  and  England,  quarterly.  Charles  V.  of  France  had  reduced  the 
number  of  fleurs-de-lis  to  three  about  the  year  1365  and  Henry,  when  King,  adopted  this.  The  arms 
of  Henry  V.,  as  Prince  of  Wales,  more  nearly  lesemble  the  arms  in  the  church  than  any  of  tliose 
previously  mentioned,  being— France  (modem)  and  England,  quarterly,  with  a  label  of  three  points, 
only  the  arms  in  the  church  are  England  (ist  and  4th)  and  Fiance  (and  and  3rd),  but  this  may  be 
an  error  on  the  part  of  the  sculptor.  It  would  be  interesting  if  we  could  find  sufficient  proof  to 
associate  these  arms  with  the  beautiful  oak  roof,  which  was  evidently  added  during  the  reign  either 
of  Richard  II.  or  Henry  IV.,  probably  the  latter,  as  one  of  the  demi-figures  on  the  hammer-beams 
(see  illustration)  holds  in  his  hand  a  crown,  very  similar  to  the  one  worn  by  the  effigy  of  Henry  IV. 
on  his  tomb  in  Canterbury  Cathedral.  Perhaps  some  members  of  the  Society  can  throw  more 
light  on  the  subject.    [Note  by  Mr.  A.  B.  Bamford.] 


T«A«m.    •••■X   ANCMAOI..    aOC.,    VOL.    IX.,    TO  FAOI   ^     *m- 


Kelvedon   Church. 

Nos.  I,  2,  3,  Early  English  Capitals  and  Corbel,  North  Arcade. 
No.  4,  Carved  Coat  of  Arms  "over  Easternmost  Capital,  South  Arcade. 


THB  PARISH  CHURCH  OF  S.  MARY  THE  VIRGIN,  KELVEDON.  1 7 

Added  to  this,  the  chancel  roof  was  raised  and  in  place  of  the  old 
three-light  east  window,  Sir  Arthur  Blomfieid  inserted  a  five-light 
window,  the  sill  being  considerably  raised.  On  the  south  side  of  the 
chancel  the  arcading,  made  in  1844  when  the  south  chancel  aisle 
was  built,  was  improved,  while  a  large  portion  of  the  outside  walls 
was  stripped  of  its  plaster  and  faced  with  flints.  The  galleries  were 
also  removed,  bringing  to  view  the  beautiful  arch  and  window  in 
the  tower,  in  which  are  six  bells.  The  two  heaviest  were  made  by 
Miles  Gray  1608,  161 5,  two  others  re-cast  by  John  Briant,  1803, 
another  by  J.  Pleasant,  1705,  the  treble,  a  new  one,  by  Messrs.  Mears 
and  Stainbank,  1895. 

Of  the  various  marble  tablets  on  the  walls  the  most  noticeable 
is  one  to  Thomas  Crane  who  died  1654 :  it  has  some  Latin  lines 
in  which  the  four  seasons  of  the  year  are  mentioned  : — 

Hie  infra 

Secure  quiescit 

Cinis  Thomae  Cranii 

Nuper  de  Kelvedonia  Generosi 

Qui  cana  jam  ineunte  Hyeme 

In  roseo  vero  aetatis  Junio 

Et  pleno  felicitatis  Augusto 

Ad  perfruendum  perpetuo  vere 

Hinc 

Multum  undique  ploratus 

Decessit 

iEtatis  anno  .  .  . 
Novemb.  die  16 
Anno  Dni   1654 

See  here  thy  state,  frail  man,  as  in  a  glass 
Ev*n  as  thou  art  (be  what  thou  wilt)  I  was. 

This  tablet,  as  well  as  some  others,  has  been  sketched  in  pen  and 
ink  form  by  Mr.  A.  Bennett  Bamford. 

There  are  tablets  also  to  the  Abdy  family. 

No  old  brasses  are  visible  now.  Mr.  King  noted  some  indents 
when  he  visited  the  church  in  1863,  and  there  are  records  of  some 
inscriptions  which  have  now  disappeared  from  view.  The  most 
important,  probably,  was  a  slab  with  a  brass  effigy  of  a  man  in  civil 
costume  circ.  temp.  Henry  VH.  and  an  inscription  plate. 

The  pillars  of  the  church  are  of  different  date,  the  oldest  being  the 
westernmost  of  the  north  side,  recently  repaired.  The  capital  of 
the  Early- English  pillar  next  to  it  is  a  good  example  of  stiff  leaved 
B 


BURES    MOUNT. 


BY  I.  CHALKLEY  GOULD. 

This  ancient  fortress  is  of  the  most  simple  type — ^just  a  high  mound 
with  an  encircling  fosse  or  moat,  but  its  simplicity  renders  it  of  special 
interest — it  is  unique  in  Essex. 

We  have  low  mounds,  banked  round  their  crests,  as  at  Elmdon  and 
Berden,  and  high  mounts  with  the  typical  bailey  attachment  at  Ongar, 
Pleshey,  Canfield,  and  elsewhere,  but  no  other  high  mount  than  this, 
stands  unfurnished  with  projecting  works,  bailey  or  basecourt.     Nor 


1 


6^. 


BURES    MOUNT.    ESSEX. 

A.     Bank  destroyed  by  excavations. 
E.     Bank  removed  by  cultivation. 

can  I  see  traces  of  any  contemporary  earthworks  near,  unless  it  be  a 
guarded  way  to  the  water  supply,  the  little  brook  below  on  the  west. 

Morant,  writing  in  1768,  says  the  mount  "is  now  about  80  feet 
perpendicular,  but  it  has  been  much  higher,  part  of  it  having  been 
cut  away  and  thrown  down,  ...  it  could  not  be  less  than  loo  feet 
high,  from  the  bottom  of  the  dry  moat," 


BURES   MOUNT.  21 

I  fear  Morant  must  have  sadly  exaggerated,  for  its  height  is  now 
but  48  to  50  feet,  and  could  never  have  been  greatly  more,  though, 
of  course,  the  filling  of  the  moat,  which  goes  on  gradually  and  always, 
would  account  for  some  lessening  of  the  comparative  altitude. 

Measurement  of  the  summit  shows  the  present  area  to  be  about  56 
feet  from  north  to  south,  and  42  feet  from  east  to  west;  a  lesser  space 
than  this  would  have  been  insufficient  for  a  defensive  building  of  any 
useful  dimensions,  therefore  it  is  probable  that  the  summit  has  not  been 
much,  if  to  any  extent,  lowered,  since  the  mount  was  constructed. 

The  large  area  of  ground  covered  by  the  mount,  and  its  great 
height,  show  that  immense  labour  must  have  been  involved  in  its 
construction.  There  is  no  indication  of  the  use  of  stone  about  the 
place,  and  it  may  be  that  this,  like  many  other  fortresses,  was 
furnished  only  with  timber-built  defences.  That  timber  defences, 
suitably  constructed,  formed  efficient  protection,  may  be  judged  firom 
the  pictiu'es  the  Bayeux  Tapestry  gives  of  such  forts  in  Brittany 
in  the  eleventh  century. 

Fifty  years  ago  most  antiquaries  would  have  claimed  ancient 
British  origin  for  this  mount,  or  at  least  Roman  creation ;  twenty 
years  since  we  should  have  said  Saxon  or  Danish,  but  the  researches 
of  recent  years  have  shown  that  most  moated  mounts  (especially 
those  with  base  courts)  are  of  Norman  days,  some  of  the  time  of 
the  Conquest,  others,  may  be  so  late  as  the  days  of  anarchy,  when 
Stephen  was  reigning,  but  not  ruling.  Whether  the  simple  character 
of  this  fort  may  not  indicate  much  earlier  date,  I  am  not  prepared 
to  say;  possibly  a  careful  examination  by  excavation  might  give  us 
certainty  in  place  of  speculation. 

Whatever  its  date  of  origin,  we  have  fairly  good  evidence  of  its 
occupation.  Finding  Morant  inaccurate  in  his  measurement,  I 
thought  his  history  might  be  equally  imreliable,  and  wrote  Mr.  J, 
Horace  Round,  who  has  been  studying  the  Domesday  evidence  for 
the  forthcoming  "Victoria  History  of  Essex."  This  is  the  reply 
he  was  good  enough  to  send : — 

"  Morant  does  muddle  the  history  a  little,  but  not  much.  Roger  of  Poitou  had 
Bures  and  Bergholt  in  Domesday.  His  Honour  passed,  under  Henry  I.,  into  the 
hands  of  Stephen,  afterwards  King.  Stephen  also  obtained  the  Malet  Honour  of 
Eye.  This  led,  as  often,  to  a  confusion,  by  which  Bures  and  Bergholt  were  said 
to  be  held  of  the  Honour  of  Eye. 

Anyway,  the  Sackvilles  got  the  joint  estate,  as  under-tenants,  under  Henry  I., 
and  the  manors  were  theirs  for  some  centuries.  They  were  people  of  some 
importance,  and,  under  Stephen,  were  closely  connected  with  the  '  Anesti '  family, 
whose  castle  at  Anstey,  Herts,  was  a  moated  mound. 

I  have  been  disposed  to  think  that  Mount  Bures  may  have  been  the  castle  of 
the  Sackvilles,  raised  perhaps  in  the  anarchy  under  Stephen,  or  possibly  under 
Henry  I." 


SOME   INTERESTING   ESSEX   BRASSES. 

BY  MILLER  CHRISTY,  W.  W.  PORTBOUS,  AND  E.  BERTRAM  SMITH. 
(CoHtinutd  from  vol.  viii.t  p.  285.^ 

The  Essex  Brasses  treated  by  us  in  the  following  pages  form,  for 
the  most  part,  a  somewhat  miscellaneous,  though  interesting,  series. 
They  include,  however,  the  entire  series  to  be  found  at  Writtle. 

We  shall  be  grateful  for  any  additional  information  which  our 
readers  may  be  able  to  supply  us  with. 

For  help  and  information,  we  are  indebted  to  many  friends  and 
correspondents.  Chief  among  these  is  the  Rev.  H.  L.  Elliot,  of 
Gosfield,  whose  knowledge  of  the  heraldry  of  Essex  Monuments  is 
unrivalled.  Without  his  assistance,  we  should  have  been  unable 
to  solve  many  difficult  heraldic  points.  We  have  to  thank  also 
Mr.  Mill  Stephenson,  F.S.A. ;  the  Rev.  T.  L.  Papillon,  vicar 
of  Writtle ;  and  the  Rev.  Benjamin  Wright,  rector  of  Sandon. 
We  are  indebted  also  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  for  permission 
to  reproduce,  from  old  rubbings  in  the  Society's  Collection,  several 
portions  of  brasses  which  are  now  lost. 

BocKiNG.— £^^  of  Oswald  Fitch,  Gentleman,  with  Foot -legend, 
DaU  1613. 

This  brass,  though  of  common  type,  is  an  unusually  excellent  and 
well-engraved  example  of  its  kind.     It  lies  in  the  chancel. 

The  effigy  (25J  inches  high)  represents  the  man  standing  full-faced 
and  wearing  neck-rufF,  doublet,  breeches,  hose,  shoes  tied  with  bows, 
and  a  long  civilian  over-gown  with  false-sleeves.  The  expression  of 
his  face  and  the  long  pointed  beard  indicate  that  he  reached  a  very 
advanced  age.    The  figure  is  intended,  without  doubt,  as  a  portrait. 

The  inscription  (8  by  21  inches)  is  in  Latin.  Translated,  it 
reads : — 

Here  lies  the  body  of  Oswald  Fitch,  Gentleman,  who,  during  life,  lived  at 
Booking,  in  the  County  of  Essex ;  who  died  the  28th  day  of  February  in  the  year 
of  Our  Lord  i6i2[-i3]  and  in  the  tenth  year  of  the  reign  of  King  James.  Edward 
Jekill,  Gentleman,  his  most  sorrowful  servant  and  one  of  his  executors,  as  a  token 
of  the  love  which  he  always  bore  to  the  said  Oswald,  erected  this  monument  on 
the  3rd  day  of  June  1613. 


SOME    ESSEX   BRASSES. 


23 


Hk  lacET  coiip'osmLDf  Fitch  nvper  dvm  vixjt 

DEBOCMNG  in  COMITXTV  ESSEXr^. CtNEROSI^^VI 
OBIJT  aS'^'DlE  FtbRV.\RJl  AnO  DSirHSllANtXjftECNI 

ImTOBI  RfJGlSDiCr^lOrEDmRO^'S  iF.KILLGtN^SWS 
MOL^TliSIMVS  SLRVVS  AC  VWS  EXECVTORVM  SVDRVM 
4M0ft!^SV|  PJGN0Ht(3^F.(H  ERCA  DICTVM  OSWALDVN 
StMFtH  CfcRlLB\T,HOC  -TONVfly^fv  POSVIT  \  DIElVMJl6T5 


Oswald  Fitch,  Gentleman.  1613,  at  Bocking. 


According  to  Morant,  * 
John  Fitch,  Esquire, 
purchased  the  manors  of 
Boones  and  of  Lyons, 
both  in  Bocking,  from 
Thomas  Goodwin,  son 
of  William  Goodwin. 
He  died  on  12th  October 
1569,  aged  26,  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  brother, 
Oswald  Fitch,  whom  this 
brass  commemorates.  He 
resided  at  Lyons  and 
died,  as  stated,  in  161 3, 
when  he  was  succeed- 
ed by  another  brother, 
Stephen.  Edward  Jekyll, 
Gentleman,  who  erected 
this  brass,  was  prob- 
ably the  person  of  that 
name,  described  as  "of 
London,"*  who  married 
Martha,  daughter  and 
heir  of  the  Rev.  James 
Fitch,  D.D.,  Prebend 
of  Rochester.  He  was 
therefore,  probably  a  re- 
lative of  Oswald  Fitch, 
as  well  as  his  friend  and 
executor. 


Faulkbourne. — Effigies  of  Henry  FortesctUy  Esquire,  in  Armoury  four 
Sons  and  five  Daughters  (by  his  first  wife),  and  one  Son  (by  his  second  wife), 
with  Marginal  Inscription  and  four  Shields.     Date  1576. 

This  composition  is  still  quite  perfect  and  in  good  condition.  It 
lies  in  the  chancel.^ 

The  principal  effigy  (36  inches  high)  is  full-faced  and  in  full 
armour,  with  his  head  resting  on  his  helmet.  He  wears  moustache 
and  short  beard.  His  armour  is  of  the  usual  Elizabethan  type,  the 
most  striking  feature  of  which  is  the  skirt  of  mail,  over  which  are 


^  Hist.  0/ Bsux,  a.  p.  3fi7.  >   Visitations  of  Essex,  p.  ^28. 

'  It  is  figured  admirably  in  Lord  Clermont's  History  of  the  Family  of  Fortescue  (London,  second 
ed.,  privately  printed,  x88o>,  pi.  facing  p.  250. 


24 


SOME    ESSEX   BRASSES. 


broad  tassets,  consisting 
of  five  pieces,  the  upper- 
most of  which  is  buckled 
to  the  lower  edge  of  the 
cuirass. 

The  five  sons  (in  a 
group  of  four  and  a  single 
one)  are  all  attired  alike 
in  the  long  civilian  gown 
of  the  period,  with  large 
false  -  sleeves.  Their 
gowns  have,  however, 
higher  collars  than  is 
usual,  and  that  of  the 
single  son  is  fur -lined, 
which  is  not  usual  in  the 
case  of  sons.  All  have 
small  ruffs  at  neck  and 
wrists. 

The  five  daughters 
(in  one  group)  are  all 
dressed  alike.  They  wear 
plain  gowns,  very  high 
at  the  neck,  and  with 
spirally-striped  sleeves ; 
also  sleeveless  over  - 
gowns  confined  at  the 
waist  by  a  sash  tied  in 
a  bow,  large  bonnets, 
and  small  ruffs  at  neck 
and  wrists. 

The  inscription  (on  a 
fillet  2  inches  broad) 
sets  forth  that  Henry 
Fortescue,one  of  the  four 
Esquires  for  the  Body 
to  Queen  Elizabeth,  * 
lord  of  the  manor  and 
patron  of  the  living  of 
Faulkbourne,     married. 


1  Their  duty  was  to  watch  the  door 
of  the  Sovereign's  bed-chamber 
while  he  or  she  slept 


Henry  Fortescue,  Esquire,  1576, 
AT  Faulkbourne. 


SOME    ESSEX   BRASSES.  25 

first,  Elizabeth   Stafford  [daughter  of  Stafford,  Esquire,  of 

Broadfield,  Berks]  (by  whom  he  had  four  sons  and  five  daughters), 

and,  secondly,  **  Dame  Mary  Darrell "  [a  daughter  of Daniel, 

Esquire,  first  wife  of  Sir  Edward  Darrell,  and  afterwards  married  to 
Philip  Maunseil,  Esquire]  (by  whom  he  had  one  son),  and  that  he 
died  the  6th  October  1576. 

The  four  shields  (placed  at  the  corners)  bear  : — 

(i.)  Quarterly,  ist  Fortescue,*  2nd  Chamberlain, •  3rd  Spice,* 
4th  Montgomery*  (all  for  Fortescue). 

(2.)  Fortescue,  Chamberlain,  Spice,  and  Montgomery  quarterly 
(as  above),  impaling  Quarterly  of  six  (three  and  three),  ist  Stafford,* 
2nd  Fray,*  3rd  Aylesbury,'  4th  Burdett,"  5th  Hastang,'  6th  Stafford; 
on  the  fesspoint  of  the  quartered  shield,  a  mullet  for  difference  (all 
for  Stafford). 

(3.)  Fortescue,  Chamberlain,  Spice,  and  Montgomery  quarterly 
(as  above),  impaling  Quarterly,  ist  and  4th  Daniel,'®  2nd  and  3rd 
Daniel"  (all  for  Daniel). 

(4.)  Fortescue,  Chamberlain,  Spice,  and  Montgomery  quarterly 
(as  above). 

The  Fortescues  came  into  possession  of  Faulkbourne  Hall  in 
January  1494-5,  and  sold  it  about  1637  to  Sir  Edward  Bullock. 
Henry  Fortescue  (^a  son  of  John  Fortescue  and  his  wife  Alice :  bom 
Montgomery)  was  born  in  1514,  succeeded  to  the  estate  in  1518, 
and  was  probably  the  builder  of  the  present  beautiful  red-brick 
mansion — one  of  the  most  charming  Elizabethan  houses  in  Essex. 
(He  died  as  stated  already)  on  the  6th  of  October  1576,  having 

been  married,  first,  to  a  daughter  of Stafford,  Esquire,  and, 

secondly,  to  the  lady  commemorated  by  the  next  brass  to  be 
noticed.  His  son  Francis  (by  his  first  wife),  who  succeeded  him, 
died  in  1588." 


*  [Azure,]  on  a  bend  engrailed  [argent,]  cotised  [or]  a  mallet  for  difference. 
«  [Arg]  fretty  [sable] ;  on  a  chief  [argent]  three  roses  [gules]. 

3  [Argent,]  on  a  chief  indented  [gules]  three  martlets  [or]. 

-*  [Gules,]  a  chevron  ermine  between  three  fleurs-de-lys  [or]. 

*  [Or,]  a  chevron  [gules] :  a  canton  ermine. 

>  Ermine,  a  fess  [sa.]  between  three  beehives  [or]. 
,  '  [Azure,]  a  cross  [arg.]. 

*  [Azure,]  on  each  of  two  bars  [or]  three  martlets  [gu.J. 

>  [Azure,]  a  chief  [gu.] ;  a  lion  rampant  [or]  over  all. 

10  [Argent,]  a  pale  lozengy  [sable]. 

11  [Argent,]  a  tiger  statant  regardant  [gules]. 

U  See  Morant,  ii.  p.  1x7.  and  Tfn  Visitatioiu  o/Esstx,  pp.  398  and  570. 


26 


SOME  ESSEX  BRASSES. 


Faulkbourne. — Effigy  of  Dame  Mary  Fortescue  (formerly  Maunsell: 
before  thai  Darrell,  and  called  by  that  name  in  the  Inscription:  nee  Daniel), 
widowy  with  Foot-legend,  a  lozenge-shaped  Escutcheon,  and  three  Shields, 
DaU  1598. 

This  brass  is  complete  and  in  excellent  condition.  It  lies  in  the 
chancel.  ^ 

The  efl&gy  of  the  lady  22  J 
inches  high)  has  a  half-turn  to 
the  right,  as  though  engraved 
originally  to  accompany  an 
effigy  of  one  of  her  husbands, 
of  which,  however,  there  is 
no  sign.  The  features  are 
those  of  a  very  elderly  lady 
and  are  intended,  no  doubt, 
as  an  actual  portrait.  She 
wears  the  characteristic  cos- 
tume of  the  period — French 
bonnet,  neck-rufF,  long-waisted 
bodice,  and  over-gown  tied 
at  the  waist  by  a  sash, 
but  open  below  showing  the 
elaborate  arabesque  design 
embroidered  on  the  front  of 
the  skirt  of  her  under-gown. 
Holman  calls  her  "a  matron 
"in  a  venerable  dress." 

The  inscription  (10  by  21 
inches)  relates  that  the  lady  [a 

daughter  and  heiress  of 

Daniel]  had   been  married, 

firstly,  to  Sir  Edward  Darrell, 

Kt.   (by   whom   she    had  a 

daughter,  Eleanor) ;  secondly, 

to  Philip  Maunsell,  Esquire 

(by  whom  she  had  a  son,  Rice) ; 

and,  thirdly  (as  his  second 

wife),  to    Henry  Fortescue, 

Esquire,    of    Faulkbourne' 

(by  whom  she  had  a  son,  Dudley).     She  outlived  her  third  husband 

twenty-two  years,  dying  on  the  7th  October  1598. 

^   It  is  figured  in  Lord  Clermont's  History  of  the  Family  of  Fortescut,  pi.  being  p.  350. 
s  See  oiOf.  p.  33.    He  died  6th  October  1576. 


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AT  Faulkbourne. 


$OMB   ESSEX   BRASSES.  7,^ 

The  bearings  on  the  lozenge-shaped  escutcheon  give  the  lady's 
paternal  coat  and  those  on  the  three  shields  (which  are  placed  at  the 
other  three  comers)  indicate  her  three  marriages. 

The  lozenge-shaped  escutcheon  bears  Quarterly,  ist  and  4th  Daniel, 
2nd  and  3rd  Daniel,  ^  for  the  lady's  paternal  coat. 

The  first  shield  bears  quarterly,  ist  Darrell,*  2nd  Chichely,'  3rd 
Home,*  4th  Roydon,*  impaling  Daniel  quarterly  (as  above),  for  Sir 
Edward  Darrell,  her  first  husband. 

The  second  shield  bears,  quarterly  of  ten  (four,  three,  and  three), 
ist  Maunsell,*  2nd  Mandeville,'  3rd  Mandeville,'  4th  Golding,*  5th 

Penrice,'o  6th ?,"  7th  De  Brewes,"  8th  Maunsell,^3  9th  Kene,^ 

loth  Kene,»5  all  impaling  Daniel  quarterly  (as  above),  for  Philip 
Maunsell,  Esquire,  her  second  husband. 

The  third  shield  bears  Quarterly,  ist  Fortescue,  2nd  Chamberlain, 
3rd  Spice,  4th  Montgomery,'^  impaling  Daniel  quarterly  (as  above), 
for  Henry  Fortescue,  Esquire,  her  third  husband. 

The  inscription  already  given  and  what  has  been  said  as  to  the 
genealogy  of  her  last  husband  imparts  all  the  personal  information 
necessary  as  to  this  lady. 

HoRNCHURCH. — Effigtes  of  Thomas  Hone,  GentletPMn,  his  Wife^  six 
Sons,  and  six  DaughterSy  with  Foot-legend.    [A  Shield  lost,]    Date  1604, 

The  inscription  and  the  two  groups  of  children  still  remain  affixed 
to  the  original  slab,  which  lies  in  the  chancel.  The  two  effigies, 
having  become  detached  from  the  slab,  have  been  refixed  to  a  new 
slab,  which  lies  also  in  the  chancel.  In  our  figure,  we  have  brought 
the  various  parts  together  again. 

The  effigy  of  the  man  (13  inches  high)  is  attired  in  the  usual 
civilian  costume  of  the  period  -  large  neck-rufF,  a  tight-sleeved  doublet 


I  For  these  coats,  see  ante,  p.  25. 

*  [Azure,]  a  lion  rampant  [or,]  armed,  langued,  and  crowned  [gules]. 
■  [Or,]  a  chevron  between  three  cinquefoils  pierced  [gules]. 

«  [Argent,]  on  a  chevron  [gules]  between  three  bugle-horns  stringed  [sable]  as  many  mullets  [or]. 

'  Chequy  [argent  and  gules,]  a  cross  [sable j. 

"  [Argent],  a  chevron  between  three  maunches  [sable]. 

'  [Or,]  three  bars  [azure]. 

*  Gules,]  an  escarbuncle  of  eight  points  [or]. 

*  [Argent],  three  mullets  [gules]. 

^^  Per  pale  indented  [argent]  and  [gules]. 

^  ^  Two  lions  sutant  gardant  in  pale. 

^*  [Azure,]  sem^c  of  crosses  crosslet  and  a  lion  rampant  [or  J. 

^*  [Argent,]  leaning  on  a  tower  [sable,]  a  ladder  in  bend  sinister  [or]. 

14  Ermine,  a  cross  flory  [sable]. 

1*  [Azure,]  on  a  fess  between  two  chevrons  [or,]  three  double-headed  eagles  displayed  [gules]. 

1  •  For  these  four  coats,  see  ant9,  p.  a^. 


28 


SOME   ESSBX  BRASSES. 


buttoned  down  the  front, 
and  a  long  gown  with 
large  spirally-striped  false 
sleeves. 

The  effigy  of  the  lady 
(13  inches  high)  is  attired 
very  plainly  in  French  bon- 
net, neck-ruff,  and  a  plain 
over-gown  enormously  set- 
off from  the  hips,  as  was 
customary  at  the  time. 

The  children  are  dressed 
very  much  as  are  their 
parents,  but  the  sons  wear 
short  cloaks  of  later  fashion 
than  that  worn  by  their 
father. 

The  inscription  (5J  by 
14J  inches)  commences 
with  a  Latin  text  {Sicut  in 
die  honesie  ambulemus),^  and 
relates  that  Thomas  Hone, 
of  Garolens,'  Gentleman, 
died  the  7th  September 
1604,  aged  63  years.  Of 
his  wife,  whose  effigy 
appears  with  his  own, 
nothing  is  said. 

The  shield  now  lost  bore,  according  to  Holman,  the  arms  ot 
Hone." 

This  Thomas  Hone  was  a  son  of  William  Hone,  of  London,  one 
of  the  Judges  of  Guildhall,  by  Joan,  sister  of  Anthony  Browne, 
Esquire,  of  Little  Casterton,  Rutland.  He  married  Jane,  daughter 
and  heir  of  Rafe  Allen,  Proctor  of  the  Arches.* 


HtJ^t  ij^T^  nvTAED  y  Bony  ofThiiius 
HoNf:  OF  Gakollks  cent  who  died  y  7 

rw  Sl  [-r>D«  i  6o4  BETNG  Q»J  AGE  OF 


Thomas  Hone,  Gentleman, 
at  hornchurch. 


1604. 


1   Let  us  walk  honestly  as  in  the  day  (Romans  ziii.  13). 

'■*  Garolens"  may  be  an  error  for  "Gardens"  (otherwise  Lees  Gardens  or  de  Gardens),  for 
there  is  in  Horuchurch  an  estate  so  called  (see  Morant,  i.  p.  69). 

3  In  the  Visiiaiions  0/ Essex  (p.  220)  these  are  given,  for  one  branch  of  the  family,  as  Sable,  a 
cross  tau  between  three  mullets  argent,  and,  for  another  branch,  Sable,  a  lion's  head  erased 
between  three  mullets  argent.  Holman  says  this  shield  bore,  a  bear's  head  erased  muzxled 
between  three  estoiles,  two  and  one,  for  Hone. 

*  See  the  VisiUUions  o/Essijft  pp.  aso  and  433. 


SOME   ESSEX   BRASSES. 


29 


LouGHTON. — Effigy  of  George  Sianard,  Esquire  (in  Armour) y  and 
Mary^  his  Wife,  beneath  an  arched  Canopy;  all  engraved  on  a  single  Plate 
(slightly  mutilated).  [Inscription^  Shields,  and  Effigies  of  several  Sons 
and  six  Daughters  lost,^    Date  1558. 

This  brass  is  unlike  any  other  we  have  in  the  county  and  is 
probably  of  foreign  workmanship.  It  was  formerly  in  the  chancel 
of  the  old  church,^  but  is  now  affixed  to  a  new  slab  in  the  chancel  of 
the  chapel  adjoining  the  Hall.  Haines  does  not  mention  this  brass 
separately,  but  he  appears  to  describe  it  in  part  as  that  of  Abel 
G Williams  (1637),  which  he  had  not  seen.*  Holman,  writing  on  the 
26th  and  27th  January 
1719-20,  says: — 


In  the  same  [north]  Isle, 
near  the  north  wall,  is  a 
gravestone  of  gray  marble 
[bearing]  the  effigies  of  a 
man  and  woman  in  Brass  ; 
the  Man  in  Armour ;  hands 
folded ;  they  are  standing. 
At  the  head  [is]  an  Escoch. 
for  Stonard.  but  gone.  At 
their  feet,  on  a  plate  of  Brass, 
this  Inscription  :— *  Here 
lyeth  Buryed  the  Bodyes  of 
George  Stonarde,  Esquyre, 
and  Mary  his  Wife ;  whyche 
George  decessyd  the  xxv  day 
of  November  in  the  yere  of 
our  Lorde  God  M.  CCCCC. 
LVIII  ;  on  whose  Soules 
IhahaveM'cy.'  At  his  feet 
Mras  the  effigies  of  severall 
Sons,  tome  oflf.  At  her  feet 
[are]  effigies  of  6  D'rs,  still 
in  being. 

The  inscription  remained,  apparently,  till  at  least  1814.  The 
county  historians,  Salmon,*  Morant,*  and  Ogborne*  all  mention  it. 

The  plate  is  rectangular  (24  by  20  inches).  A  portion  is  lost  from 
the  centre  of  the  upper  edge.  Three  thick  round  fluted  columns,  one 
on  each  side  and  one  in  the  middle,  support  a  double  round-arched 
canopy,  beneath  which  the  figures  (both  20^^  inches  high)  stand,  in  the 
attitude  of  prayer,  each  having  a  half- turn  towards  the  other. 


George  Stonard,  Esquire,  1558,  at  Loughton. 


*  See  Salmon :  Hist,  of  Esux  (1740),  p.  39. 

*  Maiwal,  p.  60. 

»  fiist.  o/Ess$x  {1740),  p.  39* 


♦  //«/.o/£ss«x  (1768),  i.  p.  163. 
A  Hist,  of  Essex  (1814),  p.  354. 


30  SOME    ESSEX    BRASSES. 

The  figure  of  the  man  represents  him  short-haired  and  bare-headed, 
but  with  beard  and  moustache.  His  armour  is  of  the  Early 
Elizabethan  period,  but  the  pauldrons  are  unusually  large  and  the 
skirt  of  mail  unusually  long,  extending  beyond  the  tassets.  His 
sabbatons  are  less  broad- toed  than  had  been  usual  at  a  somewhat 
earlier  period.     His  cuirass  is  scolloped  in  front. 

The  lady  wears  the  pedimental  head-dress  which,  at  the  date  to 
which  we  assign  this  brass,  had  been  superseded  generally  by  the 
Paris  bonnet.  Its  side-lappets  are  pinned  up.  The  pendant  veil  at 
the  back  has  been  represented  originally  by  white- metal  let  in.  In 
other  respects,  her  costume  is  characteristic  of  the  period,  except  that 
her  standing  collar  is  exceptionally  high  and  elegantly  embroidered, 
and  her  false-sleeves  unusually  capacious. 

In  1552,  the  rectory  of  Loughton  was  granted  to  George  Stonard 
and  Edward  Stacy  jointly,  and  they  presented  to  it  on  i8th  March 
1554-5.1  The  Stonards  held  also  the  manor  of  Loughton,  which 
descended,  after  George  Stonard*s  death,  to  his  eldest  son  John.  By 
the  marriage  of  his  daughter  and  heiress,  Susan,  with  Sir  Robert 
Wroth,  of  Durance,  in  Enfield,  the  manor  of  Loughton  passed  to  the 
Wroths,  who  long  held  it.*  Francis  Stonard,  Esquire,  of  Stapleford 
Abbots,  another  of  the  sons  of  George  Stonard,  died  13th  September 
1604,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  there." 

North  Ockendon. — Effigy  of  Thomasyn  Badhy  (formerly  Latkum  : 
nSe  A  rdall) ,  wtth  Foot-legend  (mutilated)  and  three  Escutcheons.  [^Remainder 
of  the  Foot-legend  and  a  fourth  Escutcheon  lost,  hut  the  Escutcheon  known 
from  an  extant  Rubbing,']     Date  1532. 

Up  to  at  least  the  year  1872,  this  brass  lay  in  the  nave.*  Salmon 
says*  that,  in  1740,  it  was  **  near  the  pulpit."  Some  portions  have, 
however,  long  been  detached  from  the  slab.  Palin,  in  1872,  gave* 
that  portion  of  the  inscription  which  still  remains  with  a  note : — 
"Some  broken  pieces  in  the  possession  of  the  clergyman.  The 
"  brasses  not  known  where  they  were  situated  in  the  Church."  Mr. 
Chancellor  says': — **  In  1877,  these  brasses  .  .  .  were  lying  loose 
"  in  the  vestry.     It  was  then  stated  that  they  were  found  under  the 


^  Newcourt :  Rtptrtorium,  ii.  p,  396.    Extracts  from  George  Stonard's  will  (P.C.C.  41,  Welles) 
have  been  printed  by  Mr.  W.  C.  Waller,  F.S.A.,  in  Trans.  Essex  Archaol.  Soc,  n.s.,  viii.  p.  X49. 

>  Ogbome :  Hist,  of  Essex,  p.  225. 

s  Morant :  Hist,  of  Essex,  i.  p.  163 ;  see  also  the  Visitations  of  Essex,  pp.  212,  280,  and  330. 

«  See  Palin :  More  about  Stifford  (1872),  p.  X15. 

»  Hist,  of  Essex,  p.  776, 

«  Op.  cU.,  p.  121. 

7  Anci§nt  Sepulchral  Monummts  of  Essex  (1890),  p.  z88. 


SOME   ESSEX  BRASSES. 


31 


"  tower.  They  may  have  been  moved  there  at  the  time  when  Sir 
"  Gabriel  Pointz  made  the  alterations  in  the  Pointz  Chapel."  Since 
then,  the  effigy  has  been  taken  from  the  floor  and  affixed,  with  the 

portions  formerly  loose, 
to  the  wall  in  the  Pointz 
Chapel,  one  of  the  three 
remaining  shields  being 
fixed  above  the  head  of 
the  effigy  and  the  other 
two  on  either  side.*  In 
our  figure,  however,  we 
have  placed  the  shields 
as  they  were  placed 
originally,  as  shown  by 
an  old  rubbing  now  in 
the  possession  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries. 

The  effigy  (28J  inches 
high)  represents  the  lady 
full-faced,  which  suggests 
that  originally  effigies  of 
her  two  husbands  may 
have  been  placed  on  each 
side  of  her.  Her  hands 
are  raised  in  front  of  her, 
and  placed  flat  against 
her  breast — not  brought 
together  in  the  usual 
attitude  of  prayer.  On 
her  fingers  are  five  rings. 
She  is  attired  in  the  long 
gown  of  the  period,  which 
is  cut  low  at  the  neck, 
allowing  the  partlet  to  be 
seen,  and  girt  loosely  at  the 
waist  by  an  embroidered 
girdle,  the  long  end  of 
which  hangs  to  her  feet. 
Its  sleeves  are  extremely  loose,  with  wide  furred  cuff's,  which  allow 
the  close-fitting  sleeves  of  an  under-garment  to  be  seen  at  the  wrists. 
She  wears  also  the  pedimental  head-dress,  the  front  lappets  of  which 


Thomasyn  Badby.  1532,  AT  North  Ockbnden. 


^  Mr.  Chanoellor  fij^ures  the  brass,  as  now  fixed,  from  a  drawing  {op.  cit.  pi.  Iv.}. 


32  SOME    ESSEX    BRASSES. 

(of  embroidered  velvet)  hang  down  on  either  side  of  her  face.  The 
hinder  portion  appears  to  have  been  represented  originally  by  white- 
metal  or  enamel  let  in. 

The  inscription  (originally  4}  by  about  234^  inches)  has  lost  about 
six  inches  at  the  right-hand  end.  It  was  perfect,  however,  in  1720, 
when  Holman  wrote,  and  his  notes  enable  us  to  give  (in  brackets) 
the  wording  of  that  portion  now  lost.  Thus  amended,  the  inscription 
reads : — 

Here  vnder  lyeth  the  body  of  Thomasyn  badby  [late  wife  of  Roger]  badby, 
Gent',  and  first  wyfe  of  Rob't  lathum,  Gent',  [daughter  and  heyre  of]  |  WiTlm 
Ardall,  Gent' ;  which  Thomasyn  deceasyd  the  [last  daie  of  June]  |  in  ye  yere  of 
our  Lord  God  a  Thousand  v  Hund[ryth  xxxii] ;  |  On  whos  souUe  And  all  Crysten 
SouUes  All  [mighty  Jhu  have  Mercy.] 

The  first  shield  (now  above  the  lady's  head)  bears  Lathum,  of 
North  Ockendon.' 

The  second  and  third  shields  (now  on  each  side  of  the  figure) 
Lathum,  impaling  Ardall.* 

The  fourth  shield  (now  lost)  bore  Lathum,  with  a  mullet  on  the 
first  plate  for  difference.* 

The  lady  in  question  was  daughter  and  heiress  of  John  Ardall, 
of  Stifford.*  She  married,  firstly,  Robert  (in  some  manuscripts 
styled  William)  Lathum,  Gentleman,  of  North  Ockendon,  to  whom 
she  brought  the  manor  of  Stifford,  and  the  Lathoms  thereafter 
quartered  the  arms  of  Ardall  with  their  own.  By  him,  she  had  two 
sons,  Thomas  (died  1563)  and  Raufe  (died  1557).  She  married, 
secondly,  Richard  Badby  (not  Badley,  as  stated*).  Gentleman,  of 
Layer  Marney.  By  him,  she  appears  to  have  had  a  daughter, 
Elizabeth,  who  married  Robert  Cammocke,  Gentleman,  of  Layer 
Marney  (died  1585),  a  brass  to  whom  exists  at  Layer  Marney." 

Rettendon. — Effigies  of  a  Civilian  (slightly  mutilated J^  his  first  and 
second  Wives  ^  and  three  Sons  and  four  Daughters  (all  on  one  plate)  by  his 
first  Wife,  [Effigy  of  his  third  Wife^  Foot-legendy  and  Groups  of  Children 
by  his  second  and  third  WiveSy  all  lost."]    Date  about  1535, 

This  incomplete  composition,  still  affixed  to  its  original  slab,  lies 
loose  in  the  north  aisle.     The  plates  which  still  remain  are  much 


^   Or,  on  a  chief  indented  [azure],  three  plates,  within  a  bordure  compony  [argent  and  gules]. 

■   [Argent,]  a  chevron  between  three  estoiles  of  five  points  [gules]. 

'  Our  figure  of  it  is  from  the  old  rubbing  in  the  possession  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries. 

*  In  the  Visitations  of  Essex,  p.  69,  he  is  said  to  have  died  in  1432 ;  but  this  is  impossible  as  his 
daughter  died  in  1532. 

«   yisUations  0/  Essex,  p.  69. 

*  Foregoing  from  a  pedigree  compiled  by  Geo.  Harrison,  Windsor  Herald,  and  printed  by  Palin 
{More  about  Stifford,  pp.  34-35} ;  and  the  Visitations  of  Essex,  pp.  69  and  170. 


SOME    ESSEX    BRASSES. 


33 


battered,  but  the  effigies  of  the  two  ladies  are  of  interesting  and 
uncommon  type.  All  the  effigies,  especially  that  of  the  man,  have 
very  ugly  features. 

The  effigy  of  the  man  (17  inches  high)  occupies  the  second  place, 
reckoning  from  left  to  right,  and  all  three  wives  have  a  half-turn 
towards  him.  His  feet  are  lost.  He  is  represented  full-faced,  and 
wears  a  doublet  or  coat  reaching  to  the  knees,  confined  at  the  waist 
by  a  sash  tied  in  a  knot,  and  having  tight  sleeves  with  small  frills 

at  the  wrists.  Over 
all,  he  wears  a  long 
fur-lined  civilian  gown, 
open  down  the  front, 
reaching  to  his  ankles, 
and  having  very  large 
long  false-sleeves. 

The  two  wives  (each 
16J  inches  high)  are 
dressed  almost  alike. 
Both  wear  the  pedi- 
mental  head-dress  (some 
of  the  lappets  of  which 
are  looped  up)  and  long 
over -gowns,  cut  very 
low  at  the  neck,  where 
the  under-gown  is  seen, 
with  very  long  skirts, 
the  bottoms  of  which 
are  turned  up  to  the 
waist  and  held  there  by 
a  band  passing  over  the 
hips.  This  curious,  and 
by  no  means  elegant, 
^hion  was  prevalent  at  the  period  to  which  we  assign  the  brass.  ^ 
The  sleeves  of  the  gowns  have  small  frills  at  the  wrists — a  first 
suggestion,  perhaps,  of  the  large  frills  which  became  so  prevalent 
later.  The  costumes  of  the  two  ladies  differ  only  in  that  the  first  has 
her  gown  fur- lined  and  fur  cuffed,  while  the  second  has  no  fur,  and 
that  the  second  has  a  lower  neck  than  the  first. 
The  inscription  (4J  by  23  inches)  is  lost. 

The  sons  and  daughters  face  one  another  in  two  groups  engraved 
on  one  plate.     All  are  attired  as  are  their  parents,  except  that  the 


A  Civilian  and  thrbb  Wivbs,  about  1535, 
AT  Rbttbndon.  joOMS 


Other  examples  of  it  are  found  in  Essex  at  Great  Coggeshall  and  Toppesfield. 

c 


34 


SOME   ESSEX   BRASSES. 


daughters  have  their  hair  long  and  hanging  down  their  backs,  as  was 
usual  with  maidens.  The  plates  depicting  the  children  of  the  second 
and  third  wives,  now  lost,  bore,  apparently,  about  two  sons  and 
two  daughters  and  about  four  sons  and  four  daughters,  respectively. 
If  so,  the  man  commemorated  had  nineteen  children. 

In  the  absence  of  the  inscription,  one  cannot  say  who  he  may 
have  been. 


Rettendon. — Effigies  of  Richard  Humfrie,  Gentlemany  and  his  three 
Sons,  tenth  Foot-legend,     Date  1607, 

This  is  a  very  good  example 
of  a  brass  of  somewhat  ordin- 
ary type.  It  lies  in  the  north 
aisle. 

The  effigy  (23  J  inches  high) 
is  engraved  with  a  half-turn 
to  the  left,  as  though  intended 
originally  to  face  a  wife.  He 
wears  the  ordinary  civilian 
dress  of  the  time. 

The  three  sons,  are  rep- 
resented kneeling  on  tasselled 
cushions  on  a  chequer-paved 
floor,  instead  of  standing,  and 
are  attired  in  the  shorter  sleeve- 
less cloak  which  belongs  to 
I  a  style  of  costume  slightly 
later  in  date  than  that  of  their 
father.  They  wear  swords 
and  are  engraved  unusually 
well  on  a  large  rectangular 
plate. 

The  inscription  (5J  by  20 
inches)  relates  that  Richard 
Humfrie,  Gentleman  (half- 
brother  and  heir  of  Richard 
Cannon,  Esquire),  died  the 
2ist  December  1607,  having 
had  three  sons,  Richard, 
William,  and  Edmond. 
This  Richard  Humfrie  (or  Humfrey)  was  son  of  Richard  Humfrie, 
of  London,  by  his  wife,  a  daughter  and  co-heir  of  —  Warner,  of 


I  HtJlLUTETHINrERllEDf  BODV OF  BiCHABDHvmjrij 
r*tNT:HALr£  BROTHLRTO  RjCHAfiD  CAVNON  E^f|: 

WHOM  r  &ATr  D  Richard  cannon  ma  de  hi-^  k  twi: 

WHC)HAt>J^5V£  RjCH:WtLLM&EDMON>iC  t>IEt>  V 
XXIoFDErFlVft.'iNr  yF-ABEOFOrOHDOon  iC^'J 


Richard  Humfrie,  Gentleman,  1607, 
AT  Rettendon 


SOME    ESSEX    BRASSES.  35 

London.  He  succeeded  to  the  manor  of  Rettendon,  the  manors  of 
West  Hanningfield,  Perages,  and  Chervilles,  in  West  Hanningfield, 
and  other  property,  on  7th  November  1606,  on  the  death  of  his 
father,  and  died  himself,  as  stated  in  the  inscription,  rather  more 
than  a  year  later,  on  21st  December  1607.  -^y  ^is  wife  Alice,  a 
daughter  of  —  Hill,  he  had  three  sons — Richard  (of  Rettendon,  who 
married  Mary  daughter  of  Sir  Sam  well  Sands,  Kt.,  of  Ombersley, 
Worcestershire :  died  1635),  William  (of  whom  we  find  nothing 
recorded),  and  Edmond  (of  Rettendon,  a  Captain  in  the  Essex 
Trained  Band  in  1643).  His  descendants  held  the  property  till 
about  1727.* 

RuNWELL. — Effigies  of  Eustace  Stdyard,  Esquire  (died  1547),  in 
Armour f  and  his  wife  Margaret,  (formerly  Basseti :  then  Sulyard :  after- 
wards Ayloffe:  nee  Forster :  died  1587),  both  kneeling,  with  Inscription 
below  and  three  Escutcheons  above.     Date  (of  erection)  1587, 

This  composition  is  perfect  and  is  a  good  example  of  a  type  of 
mural  brass  which  was  not  uncommon  at  the  period.  It  is  affixed 
to  the  north  wall  of  the  chancel.  Both  effigies  kneel  facing  one 
another,  in  the  attitude  of  prayer,  on  cushions,  before  fald-stools,  on 
which  are  open  books,  and  each  has  a  half-turn  towards  the  spectator. 

The  man  (12  inches  high  as  he  kneels)  is  bare-headed.  He  wears 
(for  a  reason  to  be  explained  later)  armour  of  a  style  some  forty  or 
fifty  years  later  than  his  death,  together  with  a  short  beard  and 
a  small  neck-ruff.  His  sword  hangs  at  his  right  side,  being  so 
represented  probably  because  it  would  hardly  be  seen  if  shown,  as 
is  usual,  on  the  left. 

The  lady  (iij  inches  high  as  she  kneels)  wears  the  Paris  bonnet, 
neck-rufF,  under-gown  confined  by  a  sash  at  the  waist,  and  long  over- 
gown  which  were  usual  at  the  period. 

The  inscription  (7  by  23 J  inches)  commemorates  Eustace  Sulyard, 
Esquire,  of  Flemyngs,  in  Runwell,  and  his  wife,  Margaret,  [a  daughter 
of  Robert  Forster,  of  Little  Birch,  by  Margaret,  eldest  daughter  and 
heiress  of  William  Tendring,  of  the  same  place],  who  was  married, 
firstly,  to  Gregory  Bassett,  Esquire,  of  Bradwell-juxta-Coggeshall, 
(by  whom  she  had  a  daughter,  Dorothie,  wife  to  Anthony  Maxey, 
Esquire) ;  secondly,  to  the  aforesaid  Eustace  Sulyard  (by  whom  she 
had  Edward,  Mary,  Margaret,  Jane,  Anne,  and  Brigett :  he  died  the 
26th  February  1546-7") ;  and,  thirdly,  (as  his  second  wife)  to  William 

^  See  Morant :  Hist,  of  Bss§Xt  ii.,  pp.  38-40,  and  the  VisUations  of  Euix,  p.  425. 
*  S«e  Morant,  ii.,  p.  43. 


36 


SOME    ESSEX    BRASSES. 


Ayloffe,  Esquire,  of  Brittens,  in  Hornchurch  (by  whom  she  had 
no  children).  She  died  on  the  5th  February  1586-7.  The  lady 
is   described    as  "  Margaret    AylofFe,    widowe."      This,    and    the 

fact  (already 
noticed)  that 
the  male  effigy 
wears  armour 
of  a  style  some 
forty  or  fifty 
years  later 
than  his  death, 
shows  clearly 
that  the  brass 
was  laid  down 
at  the  time  of, 
or  soon  after, 
her  death  in 
1587:  [not  at 
the  time  of 
his    death     in 

1547- 

The  arms 
on  the  three 
shields  indicate 
the  lady's  three 
marriages. 

The  dexter  shield  bears :— Quarterly,  ist  and  4th  Bassett,*  2nd 
and  3rd  Heende,'  impaling  Quarterly,  ist  and  4th  Forster,*  2nd  and 
3rd  Tendring,*  for  Gregory  Bassett,  Esquire,  her  first  husband. 
The  middle  shield  bears : — Sulyard,*  impaling  Forster  and  Tendring 
quarterly  (as  above),  for  Eustace  Sulyard,  Esquire,  her  second  husband. 
The  sinister  shield  bears : — Ayloffe,  •  impaling  Forster  and  Tendring 
quarterly  (as  above),  for  William  AylofFe,  Esquire,  her  third  husband. 


Eustace  Sulyard,  Esquire,  1587,  at  Runwell. 


^  [Or,]  a  fess  dancetty  ermine,  between  three  pomegranates  slipped  and  leaved  [proper]  (borne 
by  Bassett  as  the  heir  of  Barr). 

[Argent,]  on  a  chevron  [azure]  three  escallops  [of  the  field] ;  on  a  chief  [azure]  a  lion  passant 
gardant  [of  the  field.] 

*  [Azure,]  a  Hon  rampant  [argent,  goutty  purpure].    (The  gouttes  are,  however,  omitted.) 

*  [Azure,]  a  fess  between  two  chevrons  [argent]. 

'   [Argent,]  a  chevron  [gules]  between  three  phasons  reversed  [sable]. 

*  [Sable,]  a  lion  rampant  guardant  [or],  collared  [gules],  the  collar  charged  with  three  crosses 
formde  [of  the  second].  On  the  Ayloffe  monument  in  Hornchurch  Church,  however,  and  in  Burke  s 
Getural  A  rmory,  the  arms  of  Ayloffe  are  given  as.  Sable  a  lion  rampant  or,  collared  gules,  between 
three  crosses  fonn^e  of  the  second, 


SOME   ESSEX   BRASSES. 


37 


The  inscription,  noticed  above,  affords  so  much  genealogical 
information  concerning  the  persons  commemorated  that  little  more 
is  necessary.  It  appears^  that  the  lady's  step-son,  William  AylofFe, 
of  Brittens  (son  and  heir  of  the  William  Ayloffe  above  mentioned  by 
his  first  wife)  married  Jane  Sulyard,  a  daughter  of  his  step-mother 
by  her  former  husband,  Eustace  Sulyard.* 


Sandon. — Effigies  of  the  Rev.  Patrick  Fearne,  Rector  of  the  Parish^  and 
Wife  (both  kneeling ^  and  engraved  upon  one  Plate) ,  with  Inscription  and 
Mouth-scrolls.     [Date  1588.'] 

This  composition  is  perfect,  and  is  mural  (as  it  was  intended  to  be) 
on  the  north  wall  of  the  chancel.  It  represents  a  post- Reformation 
clergyman  and  his  wife,  and  is  almost  our  only  example  of  such. 
The  effigies  (both  9J  inches  high  as  they  kneel)  kneel  on  tasselled 
cushions,  in  the  attitude  of  prayer,  before  a  table,  on  which  are 
open  books. 

The  clergyman  appears  to  weai;  the  ordinary  civilian  attire  of  the 
period.     He  is  bare-headed  and  has  beard  and  moustache. 

The  lady  wears  also 
the  ordinary  attire  of 
the  period,  though  she 
affords  an  early  instance 
of  the  wearing  of  the 
broad- brimmed  hat. 

The  very  simple  in- 
scription (2  by  I7i  ins.) 
says  merely,  **  Here 
**  lyeth  buryed  the  corps 
"of  Patricke  Fearne, 
"Clarke,  late  parson  of 
"this  parishe  of  San- 
don," and  is  remarkable 
for  being  undated.  The 
use  of  the  word  "  corps  " 
is  not  common. 


Rev.  Patrick  Fbarns,  1588,  at  Sandon. 


The  mouth-scrolls  are  inscribed  :  •*  Codes  Wrath  is  pacified " 
(over  the  man)  and  "  Through  Jesus  Christ  Crucified "  (over  the 
woman). 


^   VisUationi  of  Bss»x,  p.  141. 

>  Extracts  from  Eustace  Salyard's  will,  which  is  of  considerable  interest,  are  printed  in  the 
Tftmt.  Bst$x  Anhaol.  Socitty,  iU.  (1865).  pp.  xSo-zSs. 


38 


SOME    ESSEX   BRASSES. 


According  to  Newcourt,  *  Patrick  Fearne  became  rector  of  Sandon 
on  31st  May  1567,  in  succession  to  Richard  Alvey,  and  was  succeeded, 
on  13th  January  1587-8,  by  Thomas  Goddard.  The  parish  register 
contains  the  following  entry  : — 

1587-8. — Patricke  Feame,  P'son  of  Sandon,  was  buried  the  6  of  January. 


SouTHMiNSTER. — An  Achievement  of  Arms  belonging  to  WiUiam  Harris, 
Esquire,  High  Sheriff  of  Essex,  with  Motto  (all  on  one  Plate).  ^Effigies 
of  William  Harris,  his  three  Wives,  and  thirteen  Children  (eight  by  the 
first  wife,  one  by  the  second,  and  four  by  the  third),  with  Inscription,  all 
lost.']    Date  1556. 

The  only  portion  now  remaining  of  this  large  brass  is  a  rectangular 
plate  (i7i  by  i6i  inches),  on  which  is  a  shield  bearing  the  arms  and 
crest  of  the  Harris  family.*  Around  it  is  very  voluminous  mantling, 
and  below,  on  a  scroll,  the  words : — 

Terra  terram  tegat :  Demon  peccata  resumat : 
Mundus  res  habeat :    Spiritus  alta  petal. ' 
The  whole   is  admirably  engraved.     The   lower   part  of  the  plate 
is  bent  and  broken,  evidently  in  an  attempt  to  wrench  it  violently 
from   the    stone.      The   brass   now  lies   in   the    chancel,   but    has 
apparently  been  moved  there. 
Holman     in     his     manuscript 
History  of  Essex,  written  about 
1 710,  says: — 

In  the  northeast  corner  of  the 
Church  is  an  alter-tomb  of  grey 
marble,  on  which  is  a  plate  of  Brass, 
with  an  escutcheon,  crest  helmet,  and 
mantling — namely,  a  Bend  ingrailed 
charged  with  3  cinquefoils  :  Crest,  a 
Buck's  head  couped.  Under  it,  a 
plate  with  the  following  in  Old 
English  Letters:— r^rra  Urram  [&c., 
as  above].  On  the  wall,  over  the 
tomb,  on  a  plate,  is  a  Man  in  Armour, 
kneeling,  with  his  3  Wifes  and  13 
Children :  viz.,  liehind  the  ist  wife  8, 
[behind  the]  2nd  i,  and  [behind  the] 
3rd  4,  but  the  plate  on  which  was  the 
Inscription  is  gone. 


Arms  of  William  Harris,  Esquire, 

1556,   AT  SOUTHMINSTER. 


Crest :   a  buck's  head 


*  Repertorium,  ii.  p.  518. 

*  [Or,]  on  a  bend  engrailed  [azure]  three  cinquefoils  pierced  [or]. 
couped  cbcquy  [argent  and  azure],  attired  [or  |. 

>  Earth  covers  earth ;  the  Devil  hath  his  sins  - 
The  world  his  gea  :  his  Soul  high  heaven  wins. 


SOME    ESSEX   BRASSES.  39 

In  the  absence  of  the  inscription,  we  should  have  difficulty  in 
identifying  precisely  the  individual  commemorated  by  this  brass, 
were  it  not  for  the  coat  of  arms,  which  shows  that  it  commemorates 
some  member  of  the  Harris  (or  Harrys)  family ;  and  other  evidence 
shows  that  that  member  was  William  Harris,  Esquire,  who  was 
Sheriff  of  Essex  in  1556.  Extracts  from  his  will*  have  been  printed 
by  Mr.  H.  W.  King."  In  it  appears  the  following  very  precise 
direction  as  to  the  construction  of  his  tomb : — 

I  direct  my  body  to  be  buried  either  in  the  parish  church  of  Southminster  or 
Prittlewell,  in  such  place  of  the  Church  as  heretofore  by  mouth  I  have  partly 
declared ;  a  Tombe  of  Marble  to  be  set  upon  my  place  of  burial ;  to  be  closed 
with  bars  of  iron  of  convenient  height  for  the  saving  of  the  said  tombe ;  and  to  be 
colored  with  redd  color,  set  in  oyles ;  wher  uppon  I  will  that  they  shall  bestowe 
twentie  pbundes  of  currant  money  of  England,  and  more  if  that  be  not  sufficient, 
by  the  discretions  of  myn  ov'seers ;  upon  the  tombe,  ther  shalbe  mencion  made 
of  me  and  all  my  wy  ves  and  posteritie,  and  our  names  and  the  names  of  every  child 
that  I  had  severallye  by  every  wief,  for  thavoyding  of  contention  hereafter  for 
title  of  my  landes ;  for  that  I  had  my  said  children  by  severall  venters  :  And  also 
I  will  that  these  wordes  followinge  shalbe  set  either  upon  my  tumbe  or  upon  the 
wall  next  my  tombe — Terra  terram  [&c.,  as  shown]  . 

Elsewhere  in  the  will,  he  speaks  of  "  Agnes  my  wief"  and  of  "  my 
four  sonnes — Vyncent,  Arthur,  Christofer,  and  Edward." 

Morant  says'  that  William  Harris  died  on  the  21st  September 
1555,  which  is  exactly  a  year  too  early.  He  died  in  1556,  during 
his  year  of  office  as  Sheriff.     Machyn  thus  records  his  burial*  : — 

The  xxvj  day  of  September  was  bered  in  Essex,  at  Southminster,  on[e]  Master 
Williaih  Har[rys],  Sherifif  of  Es^jsx  [and  Herts],  notabulle  ryche  both  in  landes 
and  fermes,  .  .  . 

From  what  follows,  it  is  clear  that  his  funeral  was  a  very  imposing 
ceremony,  attended  by  **  mony  morners." 

As  to  the  genealogy  of  this  William  Harris,  little  clear  guidance 
can  be  obtained  from  the  county  historians.  Salmon  says*  that  he 
held  the  manor  of  Cage,  in  Southminster,  from  the  Bishop  of  London 
(Esc.  July  3rd,  3  and  4  Phil,  and  Mar.).  Morant  adds"  that  he 
acquired  that  manor  and  other  property  in  Southminster  early  in  the 
sixteenth  century  ;  that  he  was  succeeded  by  his  son  William ;  that 
another  son,  Edward,  held  the  property  in  1574  J  ^1°^  ^^at  it 
remained  in  the  possession  of  his  descendants,  who  inter-married 
with  good  county  families,  till  about  the  end  of  the  century.  From 
the  Visitations  of  Essex^'^  we  gather  further  that  the  William  Harris 


1  Dated  12th  September  and  proved  14U1  November  1556  (24  Ketobyn;. 

'  Tran&M  Ess$x  Archaol  Soc.,  iii.  (1865),  pp.  183-186.         ^  Hist.  0/ Essex,  p.  401. 

»  Hist.  0/  Bssix,  i.  p.  366.  •  Hist.  0/  Ess$x,  i.  366. 

*  Diary  (Camden  Soc.,  1848),  p.  1x5-  '  See  pp.  4,  9, 121, 169,  and  415- 


40  SOME   ESSEX   BRASSES. 

in  question  was  of  Southminster*  ;  that  he  married,  firstly,  Joan  (or 
Johanna)  Smith,  daughter  and  heir  of  John  Smith,  of  Norton,  Essex, 

by  whom  he  had  William  (he  married  Jane,  daughter  of Semer, 

of  Braughing,  Herts),  Richard,*  Phyllis  (she  married  Bartholomew 
Averill,  of  London),  and  Susan  (she  married  John  AylofFe,  son  and 
heir  of  Sir  John  AylofFe,   Kt.) ;    that   he   married,  secondly,  Joan 

Cooke,  daughter  of Cooke,  of  Bocking,  Essex,  by  whom  he  had 

a  son,  Arthur ;  and  that  he  married,  thirdly,  Anne  [?  Agnes]  Rutter, 

daughter  of Rutter,  of  London,  by  whom  he  had  Christopher 

(he  was  of  Shenfield,  Essex,  and  married  Mary,  daughter  of  James 
Gedge,  of  Shenfield),  and  Edward.  Fuller  says  that  his  year  of 
office  as  Sheriff  of  Essex  and  Herts  was  completed  by  Thomas 
Sylesden,  Esquire ;  also  that  several  of  his  descendents  were  Sheriffs 
of  Essex  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth. 

Apparently,  this  William  Harris  had  no  connection  with  the 
Harrises  of  Crixea,  as  has  been  supposed  by  the  editor  of  Machyn's 
Diary  (p.  352)  and  others. 

Stifford. — Effigies  of  William  Lathum,  Gentleman^  and  Suzan  his  Wife, 
with  Foot'legendy  one  large  Shield,  and  two  snuUler  Shields.    Date  1622, 

This  brass,  though  perfect,  is  a  good  deal  battered.*  Palin,  writing 
in  1871,  says : — **It  formerly  lay  near  the  middle  of  the  east  end  of 
"the  chantry  floor,  with  the  heads  towards  the  east,  but  has  been 
"reset  and  fixed  in  the  east  wall  [of  the  south  chancel  aisle y 
It  still  remains  in  this  position.  The  effigies  (both  iSJ  inches 
high)  appear,  from  the  position  of  their  feet,  to  be  walking  towards 
one  another. 

The  man  wears  a  large  neck-ruff,  a  buttoned  doublet,  and  a  long 
fur-lined  civilian  gown,  with  large  striped  false-sleeves.  The  fur, 
which  shows  at  the  turned-back  edges  and  round  the  neck,  is 
represented  by  small  dots,  instead  of  stripes,  which  are  more  usual 
on  brasses. 

The  lady  wears  also  a  large  neck-ruff,  a  long-waisted  bodice 
buttoned  down  the  front,  and  a  plain  over  gown,  with  long  hanging 
false-sleeves.  The  skirt  of  the  gown  is  somewhat  set  off  from  the 
hips,  but  less  so  than  was  the  fashion  at  an  earlier  date. 


*  This  is  spelled  "  Sudmeset"  and  "  Sudmester,"  which  the  editor  of  the  Visitations  erroneously 
supposes  to  mean  Somerset ! 

*  Perhaps  a  misprint  for  Vincent  (see  above). 
»   Worthies  {i66a),  vol.  i,  p.  344. 

*  Palin  gives  {Stifford  and  its  NeigM>ourkood,  facing  p.  56)  a  poor  sketch  of  it. 


SOME   BSSBX   BRASSES. 


41 


The  inscription  (8  by  20J 
inches)  records  that  William 
Lathum,  Gentleman,  (son  of 
Thomas  Lathum,  Esquire, 
of  North  Ockendon,  who  was 
son  of  Robert  Lathum  and 
Thomasina,  nee  Ardall,  his 
wife ' ),  late  "  Lord  of  StiifFord," 
died  6th  December  1622,  his 
wife  Suzan  (a  daughter  of 
Symon  Sampson,  Esquire,  of 
Carsey  [?  CampseyJ,  Suflfolk) 
having  died  three  months  pre- 
viously, on  the  26th  August. 
The  dexter  shield  (placed 
over  the  man's  head)  bears 
Lathum  and  Ardall  quarterly,' 
with  a  crescent  on  the  fess 
point  of  the  quartered  shield 
for  difference. 

The  sinister  shield  (placed 
above  the  woman's  head) 
bears  Sampson'  (the  lady's 
paternal  coat). 

The  larger  shield  (placed  in 

the  centre)  bears  Lathum  and 

Ardall   quarterly,  as  above, 

impaling  Sampson,  as  above. 

The  inscription,  noticed  above,  gives  all  necessary  information  as 

to  the  genealogy  of  William  and  Suzan  Lathum,  of  StifFord.     Their 

descendents  continued,  for  several  generations,  to  own  the  manor  of 

Stifford.* 


William  Lathum,  Gentleman,  1622, 
AT  Stifford. 


Stifford. — Effigy   of  Ann    Lathum,    aged    17,    with    Foot-legend, 
Date  1627, 

This  brass,  says  Mr.  Alfred  Heales,  F.S.A.,*  "formerly  lay  near 
"  the  east  end  of  the  chantry  floor,  at  the  extreme  north  side,  but  is 


^   See  ante,  p.  30. 

>  For  these  arms  quartered,  see  ante,  p.  32.  The  border  coxnpony,  argent  aiid  gules,  which 
there  appears  is,  however,  here  omitted  from  the  arms  of  Lathum. 

3  [Argent.]  a  cross  botonfo  [gules]  between  four  escallops  [sable].  The  cross  is  covered  with 
small  dots,  which  are,  however,  not  intended  to  represent  the  colour. 

^  See  Morant,  i.,  p.  97,  and  the  Visitations  of  Esssx,  p.  69. 

A  See  Palin's  Stifford  and  its  NHghbourhood,  p.  57. 


42 


SOME    ESSEX   BRASSES. 


"now  [1870]  set  against  the  east  wall  [of  the  south  chancel  aisle]." 
It  remains  still  in  that  position.  The  design  is  fairly-well  engraved, 
and  is  interesting  as  representing  a  young  girl.  * 

The  effigy  (12J  inches  high) 
has  a  slight  turn  to  the  left, 
and  appears,  from  the  position 
of  the  feet,  to  be  represented  as 
walking,  though  the  hands  are 
in  the  attitude  of  prayer.  The 
lady  appears  to  have  a  very 
short  squat  figure,  owing  to  the 
fullness  of  her  attire — a  neck- 
ruff,  a  bodice  cut  low  and  square 
at  the  neck,  and  a  loose  flowing 
over-gown,  open  down  the  front, 
the  lower  comers  being  slightly 
turned  back,  with  some  kind 
of  a  light  cloak  hanging  from 
the  shoulders  down  her  back. 
The  head-dress  is  unusual,  con- 
sisting of  a  kind  of  hood  or 
wide  bonnet  (something  like 
the  Paris  bonnet),  which  allows 
the  hair  to  be  seen  in  rolls  at 
each  side. 

The  inscription  (11}  by  15 J 
inches)  relates  that  Ann  Lathum, 
who  died  on  the  25th  December  1627,  aged  17  years,  was  a  daughter 
of  Thomas  Lathum,  Gentleman,  of  Stifford.  This  is  followed  by  a 
neatly-expressed  eight-line  verse  alluding  to  the  lady's  early  death. 
Near  the  upper  edge  of  the  plate,  on  either  side,  is  a  curious  scroll- 
ornament.* 

Apparently  the  young  lady  in  question  was  a  daughter  of  the 
Thomas  Lathum,  "of  London,"  and  his  wife  Elizabeth  {nee 
Barnard)  who  are  mentioned  in  the  pedigree  of  Lathum  given 
by  Palin.» 


t-iy.RE  VINHL^t    f.VtTE  TH^    HOOV  OF  j 
'    A^N  LAFHV^   ^'  llAVCfiXR  0>  THOR^^li 

i  Lathvm  of  SxLt  roRD  cfj^tI  whci  It 

riDlED  THE_1^  BAVt:  OF  DFCFMBFR    h\ 
:H  161,7  IN   Y  17   \1:aRE  of  Ht»    AGF  ..i 

Behold  111  me  tlie  life    of  man 
rompaf-J  by  Da ij Id    to  c\    sp^n 
Who  in  my  stren^rih  cW^tK  caM  iwj^ 
Hcforcthe  micidfe  of  my  dayc 
Le  t  i'mnds  *v  Par^^ntA^  ^f pc  m  inot^: 
Wci^  all  the  odds  I  went  before 
And  !et  trhcni  sonc  their  liurs  Ajncnfl 
Tliat  death  wayhz  a  wrkonib^freitid 


Ann  Lathum  (aged  17),  1627, 
AT  Stifford. 


^   Palln  gives  (op.  cit.,  pi.  facing  p.  57)  a  very  poor  sketch  of  it. 

'   Mr.  Heales   says  (op.  et.  loc.  cU.)  "The   effigy  always  was   about  two  inches  from  the 
inscription." 

*  Mort  about  SHj^ord,  (1872),  p.  34 ;  see  also  the  Visitations  of  Ess$x,  p.  69 


SOME    ESSEX   BRASSES. 


43 


Stifford. — Effigy  of  Elizabeth  Lathum,  wife  of  Thomas  Lathum, 
Gentleman  J  with  Foot-legend.     Date  1630. 

Mr.  Heales  says*  this  brass  "formerly  lay  in  the  floor  of  the 
"chantry,  near  the  south-east  end,  the  head  towards  the  east,  but  is 
"  now  reset  and  fixed  in  the  east  wall  [of  the  south  chancel  aisle].'*" 

The  lady  (13 J  inches  high) 
is  turned  slightly  to  the  right, 
and  appears  to  be  walking.  She 
wears  neck-ruff,  a  plain  under- 
gown  with  peaked*  stomacher 
and  sleeves  confined  tightly  at 
the  elbow,  but  very  full  else- 
where, and  with  frilled  cuffs ; 
also  an  over-gown  opening  down 
the  frOnt,  the  edges  being  drawn 
together  below  the  waist  by  four 
pairs  of  ribbons  tied  in  large 
bows,  but  open  and  turned  back 
at  the  bottom.  Her  head-dress 
consists  solely  (so  far  as  can  be 
seen)  of  a  kerchief  or  veil  which 
hangs  down  behind  almost  to 
her  feet.  Possibly  this  may  be 
taken  as  evidence  of  widowhood. 

The  inscription  (13  by  17J 
inches)  records  that  Elizabeth 
Lathum,  wife  of  Thomas  Lath- 
um, Gentleman,  of  Stifford, 
died  the  14th  September  1630, 
aged  37.  Then  follows  an  eight - 
line  verse  of  similar  nature  and 
complementary  to  that,  already  noticed,  to  Ann  Lathum,  who  was 
a  daughter  of  the  lady  under  notice. 

Apparently,  the  lady  was  the  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Charles 
Barnard,  citizen  of  London,  who  married  the  Thomas  Lathum 
described  in  Palin's  pedigree'  as  "of  London."  They  had  a  son 
Thomas,  who  is  mentioned  in  the  pedigree,  which  makes,  however, 
no  mention  of  their  daughter,  Ann,  who  died  young,  but  she  is 
noticed  in  the  Visitations  of  Essex  (p.  69). 


HFHE  VMDift  lYZTH   TK  BODll  OFELIZABITI 

I.ATHVM  Tit  mn  OF  Thomas  Lathvm  of 

STIFFOUD  cent   who  DY£0  Tit  f  4™  DAY  OF 
SEFTEM  :i6>0  IN  TH 1  7  YEAMl  Of  HIB  AGE 

Yet  once  Acaike  BiMOiD  and  sir 

lie  FPAfLtTIE  OF  THIS   UF£  m  ME 

And  as  rms  sayd  it>  me  befoie 

lET  FKEINP5  A  PAHE^iTS  WElPt  NO  MOflE 
Sol  MAY  p*OW   THE  BHRASE  FETVftN^ 
LET  OflLI^EN  AU  rOHBlABt  TO  MOVPKE 
And  let  IWEM  ALL  IN  LOfVt  PEMAYME 
AND  BE  PHEPARD  HEAVIN  TO  aTTAYKE 


Mistress   Elizabeth   Lathum,  1630, 
AT  Stifford. 


»   See  Palin's  Stifford,  p  57 

^  Palin  gives  {op.  cit.,  facing  p.  57)  a  poor  sketch  of  it. 

s  Mot*  about  Stifford,  p.  34. 


44  SOMB    BSSBX   BRASSES. 

Upminster. — Effigy  of  Geerardt  D'Ewes^  Esquire  (in  Armour),  with 
Inscription.  [^Another  large  and  two  small  Inscriptions  and  six  Shields  lost.'] 
Date  1591. 

Of  this  brass,  Holman,  writing  from  the  loth  to  13th  October 
1719,  says: — 

In  this  Isle  leading  to  the  Isle  of  the  Church  is  a  large  grave  stone  of 
gray  marble. 

At  the  Head,  on  the  right  [dexter]  side,  is  an  Escoch.,  as  in  Weever,^  being  the 
antient  Armes  of  the  family  of  D'Ewes,  Lords  of  Kessell. "  Under  it,  this  Inscription 
in  capitals : — Antiqua  in -|  signia  fam-il  lia  de  Ewes  | Dynastarwm  \de  Kessell. 

[At  the  head,]  on  the  left  [sinister]  side,  [an]  Escoch.  containing  the  Arms 
since  borne  by  this  family :  [Or,]  3  Cinquefoils  [should  be  quatrefoils  pierced, 
2  and  I,  gules]  :  Crest,  On  a  torce,  a  [wolfs]  Head  erased  ;  a  collar  on  its  neck. 
Underneath  [is]  this  Inscription  in  Capitals : — Insignia  \  Gesta  ab  \  Eorum  PoS'\  teris. 

Betwixt  these  Escoch.  [is]  the  effigies  of  a  man.  cumbent,  in  Armor,  hands 
folded ;  under  his  head  a  pillow  with  4  tassels  ;  treading  on  his  crest,  viz  a  [wolf] 
cumbent. 

At  ye  bottom,  on  ye  right  [dexter]  side,'  an  Escoch.  [bearing  Argent],  a 
chevron  [gules]  with  3  Lozenges  [argent]  between  3  goats'  heads  erased  [azure, 
collared  and  attired  or],  2  and  i ;  in  [should  be.  on  a]  chief  [sable]  a  Lyon  current 
gardt  [or,  for  Hind]. 

At  the  bottom,  on  the  left  [sinister]  side,'  the  old  Arms  of  D'Ewes  [as  above, 
but  without  crest.] 

[In  the  middle,]  at  y«  bottom,  on  a  plate  of  Brass  in  Capitals  [this  Inscription] : — 

Ad  Memoriam  jEtemam  Geerardt  D'Ewes,  Filij  Primogeniti  Adriani  \  D'Ewes,  ex 
Illustri  et  Perantiqua  Familia  Des  Ewes  Dynastarum  ditionis  de  \  Kessel  in  ducatu  Gelria 
oriundi,  et  Alicia  Ravenscroft  conjugis  sua,  viri  sin-\gularis  sub  hoc  marmore  iumulati. 
Qui  obiit  die  xii  Aprilis  Anno  Domini  \  CIq  DXCI,  Unico  relicto  sui  ipsius  et  Gracia 
Hind  prima  sua  conjugis  Filio  et  Harede  Paulo  D'Ewes,  Armigero  (qui  duxit  in  uxorem 
Sissiliam  Filiam  unicam  et  Haredem  Ricardi  Simonds  de  Coxden  in  Pago  Dor-\  sentiensi, 
Armigeri),  et  unica  Filia  Alicia  nupta  Gulielmo  Lathum  de  Up'\menster  in  Comitatu, 
Essex,  Armigero.     Qq'  Geer.  fuit  D'n's.  Man.  de  Gaynes.* 

Lower  down,  on  the  right  [dexter]  side,  [an]  Escoch.  of  2  peeces ;  the  ist  peece 
of  4  parts — (i)  [Or]  3  cinquefoils  [should  be  quatrefoils  pierced,  gules],  2  and  i,  [for 
D'Ewes],  (2)  a  chief  nebula  [should  be,  per  fess  nebuly.  azure  and  argent,  for  Van 
Hulst],  (3)  a  carbuncle  [should  be  a  Catherine  wheel]  within  a  Border  jestine 

^   See  Ancient  FuneraU  Monuments  (1631),  pp.  653  and  654. 

'  Weever  gives  the  arms  on  this  shield  as  [Or,]  a  fess  vair  between  thre<>  quatrefoils  [gules]. 
Crest :  On  a  Cap  of  Maintenance,  two  wolves'  heads  erased,  &cing  opposite  ways  and  charged 
with  a  quatrefoil. 

'  Holman  here  means,  not  really  at  the  bottom  of  the  entire  brass,  but  on  a  level  with  the 
bottom  of  the  effigy  he  has  just  mentioned. 

*  Haines  says  (Manual,  p.  63)  that  the  inscription  was  lost  when  he  wrote  in  z86i.  It  may  be 
translated :-  To  the  everlasting  memory  of  Geerardt  D'Ewes,  a  remarkable  man  buried  under  this 
stone,  eldest  son  of  Adrian  D'Ewes,  of  the  illustrious  and  ancient  fomlly  of  D'Ewes,  Lords  of  the 
Dominion  of  Kessel,  in  the  Duchy  of  Guelderland,  and  of  Alice  Ravenscroft,  his  wife ;  who  died 
the  i2th  day  of  April  in  the  year  of  Our  L^rd  CIq.  DXCI  [=1591],  leaving,  by  Grace  Hind,  his  first 
wife,  an  only  son  and  heir,  Paul  D'Ewes,  Esquire  (who  married  Cissilly,  only  daughter  and  heir  of 
Richard  Simonds,  of  Coxden,  in  the  county  of  Dorset,  Esquire),  and  an  only  daughter,  Alice  (who 
married  William  Lathum,  of  Upminster^  in  the  County  of  Essex,  Esquire) ;  which  said  Geerardt 
was  Lord  of  the  Manor  of  Gaynes  [in  Upminster].  The  inscription,  as  printed  above,  is  corrected 
to  some  extent  from  Weever. 


SOME   BSSEX   BRASSES. 


45 


(?)  [should  be  within  a  double  tressure  flory,  for  Van  Loe],  (4)  as  ye  first.  The 
2nd  peece  thus: — [a  drawing  of  a  shield  bearing,  Per  fess,  sable  and  argent,  a 
pale  counterchanged.  3  trefoils  slipped  of  the  second,  for  Symonds]. 

On  the  other  [sinister]  side,  [an]  Escoch.  of  2  peeces — ist  peece  Quarterly  ist  and 
4th  Latham,  2nd  and  3rd  [Argent],  a  chevron  between  3  estoiles,  2  and  i,  [gules, 
for  Ardall.  with  a  martlet  on  the  fess  point  of  the  quartered  shield  for  difference]. 
[The]  2nd  peece  bearing  D'Ewes's  coat  [as  above]. 

Between  these  [two  last  mentioned]  Escoch.,  on  a  plate  of  Brass,  [is]  this 
Inscription  in  Capitals : — 

Egregii  natus  Geerardt  de  Stirpe  propinquiim 

Gueldrorum  hie  foelix  ossa  tegenda  tegit. 
Scilicet  invidia  fatorum  ipse  ante  sepultus 

Quam  vitd  orbatus,  mors  ita  sacra  quies. 
Stemata  namq :  Deus  modo  deprimit  et  modo  ditat 

Ne  nobis  coeli  gaudia  terra  ferat. 
Fundamenta  tamen  proli  struxissi  regaudet 

PrimaevQ  ut  poterint  comemorare  Decus 
Hinc  proavos  superans  claros  virtute  ferendi 
Non  fit  Onus  sed  erit  posteritatis  Honos. 

In  short,  when  Hoi  man  wrote,  in 
October  1719,  the  brass  was  still  quite 
perfect,  and  his  description  of  it  agrees 
exactly  with  the  figure  of  it  which 
Weever  gave  nearly  one  hundred  years 
earlier.*  We  are  able  to  state  with 
certainty,  therefore,  that  the  brass 
consisted  originally  of  the  effigy,  two 
main  inscriptions,  six  shields  (three  on 
each  side),  and  two  small  inscriptions 
relating  to  two  of  the  shields.  Of  all 
these  parts,  the  effigy  and  the  chief 
inscription  now  alone  remain,  and  the 
latter  is  so  filled  with  paint  and  dirt 
that  it  is  impossible  to  obtain  from  it  a 
rubbing  sufficiently  good  to  reproduce. 

The  effigy  is  now  attached  to  the 
north  wall  of  the  north  chancel  aisle 
(known  as  the  Gaynes  Chapel),  with  the 
inscription-plate  immediately  below  it.  It 
is  engraved,  as  were  many  effigies  of  the 


1  Ancimt  Futurall  Monuments  (1631),  pp.  6S3-654. 
Weevcr's  figure  is  spread,  however,  over  the  two  pages 
noted  and  the  inscriptions  are  set  up  in  type.  He  says 
that,  because  the  brass  "  is  replenished  with  many 
"particulars  touching  the  antiquity  and  ensignes  of  this 
GbbrardT  D  Ewes,  Esquire,  "fctmily,  I  have  bcene  more  exact  in  the  full  deUneaUon 
159X.  AT  Upminstbr.  "thereof  in  the  figure  following." 


46  SOME    ESSEX    BRASSES. 

period,  on  a  plate  which  is  somewhat  larger  than  the  design  engraved 
upon  it,  though  its  outline  is  roughly  that  of  the  design.  It  is  23 
inches  in  height  and,  for  the  most  part,  about  7 J  inches  in  width, 
though  narrowing  for  some  distance  below  the  middle  to  about  4J 
inches  only.  In  most  similar  cases,  the  plate  was  rectangular.  The 
effigy  represents  the  man  full-faced,  his  hands  raised  in  the  attitude 
of  devotion  (though  the  fingers  only  touch),  his  head  resting  upon  a 
very  large  tasselled  cushion,  and  his  feet  placed  upon  the  back  of 
a  crouching  wolf  of  very  fierce  aspect.  He  is  attired  in  the  armour 
of  the  Elizabethan  period,  namely,  a  helmet  ridged  in  front,  epauliferes 
of  seven  overlapping  plates,  tassets,  jambs,  large  genouilliferes,  and 
long  pointed  sollerets  slightly  turned  up  at  the  toes.  His  sword  is 
placed  behind.  Dispersed  over  the  figure  is  much  shading,  accom- 
plished by  means  of  cross-hatched  lines.  The  effigy  is  probably  of 
foreign  workmanship.  It  is  unusual  for  an  English  effigy  of  the 
period  to  be  represented  as  actually  wearing  the  helmet. ' 

The  ancestors  of  Gerhardt  D'Ewes  (says  Morant*)  settled  in 
England  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  Weever  gives'  a  woodcut  of 
the  effigies,  in  stained  glass,  of  his  father,  Adrian,  and  his  mother, 
Alice,  {nee  Ravenscroft),  formerly  in  one  of  the  windows  of  the  church 
of  St.  Michael  Bassishaw,  London.  Gerhardt  D'  Ewes  (otherwise 
Garret  Dews)  was  a  printer  and  carried  on  business  at  the  Sign  of 
the  Swan  in  St.  Paul's  Churchyard,  where  he  issued,  between  1552 
and  1587,  some  thirteen  books,  all  of  small  importance.  His  device 
(**two  in  a  garret,  casting  dews  at  dice")  formed  a  rebus  on  his 
name.  He  became  free  of  the  Stationers'  Company  on  the  4th 
October,  1557.  In  1587,  he  became  Lord  of  the  Manor  of  Gaynes, 
in  Upminster,  which  he  held  till  his  death.  His  only  son,  Paul 
D'Ewes  (1567- 1 631),  one  of  the  Six  Clerks  in  Chancery,  was  of 
Stow  Hall,  Suffolk,  and  father  of  Sir  Symonds  D'Ewes  (1602- 1650), 
the  antiquary.* 

Willi NGALE   Doe. — Effigy   (slightly  mutilated)   of  Ann  Sackville,' 
Widow  (nee  Torrelljy  with  Foot-legend   (mutilated)  and  four  Shields, 
Date  1582. 

In  1740,  when  Salmon  wrote,  this  was  in  the  chancel.  It  is  now 
in  the  aisle. 

The  lady  (24  inches  high)  wears  the  characteristic  costume  of  the 
period — French   bonnet,  small    ruffs   at   neck  and  wrists,  and   an 

^  The  effigy  is  also  figured  by  Suckling  {Tfu  Architecture,  &c.  of  the  County  of  Essex,  1845,  plate 
faclngp.  55)- 
a  Hist,  of  Essex,  1.  p.  108. 
>  Ancient  Funemll  Monuments,  p,  6glS* 
*  See  Tht  Die,  of  Nat.  Biography. 


SOME   ESSEX    BRASSES. 


47 


over-gown,  tied  at  the  waist  by  a  sash,  but  open  down  the  front, 
displaying  the  elegant  arabesque  design  embroidered  on  the  front 

of  the  under-gown.    A  small 
portion  of  the  lower  edge  of 


the  skirt  is  broken  from  the 
dexter  side. 

The  inscription  (5^  by  19 J 
inches)  is  mutilated,  a  con- 
siderable portion  being  lost 
out  of  the  middle.  We  are 
able,  however,  to  supply  from 
other  sources,*  the  missing 
portion  of  the  legend,  which 
appears  to  have  read : — 

Here  lyeth  buried  A[nn  Sackfild], 
VViddowe,  Daughter  of  |  Homfrey 
Torrell.  of  [Torrell's  Hall,  in]  the 
County  of  Essex,  £s|quier,  late 
Wyfe  of  Jo[hn  Sackfild,  of]  Buck- 
hurst,  in  ye  County  |  of  Sussex, 
Esquier  ;  whi[ch  Ann  departe]d 
this  World  the  xiiith  |  daye  of 
Aprill,  in  the  ye[re  of  Our  L]orde 
God  1582,  and  in  |  the  yere  of  her 
Age  fou[r  score]. 

The  four  shields  all  bear 
Sackville' impaling  Torrell.'*' 

The  lady  in  question  was, 
as  stated,  a  daughter  of 
Humphrey  Torrell,  Esquire, 
of  Torrell's  Hall,  Willingale 
Doe,  Sheriff  of  Essex  and 
Herts  in  1503  and  1509.* 


Dfsairric-[iiuirrli]ln« 


1^. 


Mistress  Ann  Sackville, 
AT  Willingale  Doe. 


1582. 


1  Salmon:  Hist. of  Essix {1740), p.i^g-, 
Morant  (1768).  ii.,  p.  479,  note  J  ;  and 
Wright  :  Hist,  of  Essex  (1835),  ii.  p. 
233,  n.  Apparently  the  inscription  was 
still  complete  when  Wright  wrote. 

•  Quarterly  [or  and  gules] :  a  bend 
vair  over  all. 

'  [Gules,]  a  fess  between  three  bull's 
heads  couped  [or], 

♦  Salmon  {Hist.  0/  Essex,  p.  238)  con- 
fuses her  with  another  Ann,  daughter  of  a 
later  Humfrey  Torrell,  of  Torrell's  Hall. 


48  SOME    ESSEX   BRASSES. 

Writtle. — Twelve  Compositions,  ranging  in  date  from  c,  1420  to 
1617. 

Suckling,  writing  in  1845,  says*: — "Writtle  Church  must,  at  one 
"period,  have  possessed  a  fine  collection  of  sepulchral  brasses,  as  the 
**  numerous  matrices,  robbed  of  these  ornaments,  evidently  prove." 

Some  two  hundred  and  thirty  years  earlier  (probably  about  1610), 
the  church  was  visited  by  Nicholas  Charles,  Esquire,  Lancaster 
Herald  (died  161 3),  who  made  notes  on  the  arms  and  inscriptions 
he  then  saw.  These  notes  are  now  among  his  heraldic  collections 
in  the  British  Museum.*  We  have  found  them  of  considerable  use, 
as  will  be  seen  in  what  follows. 

Four  of  the  inscriptions  Charles  notes  down  (apparently  not 
literally)  seem  to  have  belonged  to  monuments  not  now  existing.' 
These  are : — 

(i).     "Hie  jacet  Willm*  Skrene  et  Agnes  vx'  eius." 

(2).  "John  Bernes,  sometyme  Sewer  to  K.  E.  S.,*  obijt  1485,  and 
"John  Bernes,  obijt  1525,"  with  two  shields,  (i)  Bemers,*  and  (2) 
Quarterly,  ist  and  4th  Berners,*  2nd  and  3rd ?.' 

(3).  "Thos.  ffige  and  Margaret  his  wyfFe,  one  of  y*  2  d.  &  heires 
"of  Ralffe  Toppesfield  Esq.     He  deceassed  in  Aprille  15 13  and  had 

"  issue  I  Sonne  &  2  daughters,"  with  two  shields — (i)  Figg"  (2) ?.• 

The  Figge  or  Fyge  family  was  seated  at  Writtle  and  Pleshey  in  the 
fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries.'^ 

(4).  "  Johanne,  sometyme  wyffe  of  Wm.  Wyborne,  d.  &  heire  of 
"Thomas  Hyde,  who  died  1487,"^'  with  one  shield — Hyde." 

In  what  follows,  we  take  account  of  thirteen  compositions  now 
or  recently  existing,  in  whole  or  in  part,  and  of  three  others  now  lost, 
of  which  Holman  has  preserved  some  record  in  his  manuscript 
History  of  Essex  preserved  at  Colchester  Castle.  The  Writtle  portion 
of  this  manuscript  seems  to  have  been  written  about  1722. 


^  Mtmorials    .    .    .    of  the  County  of  Essgx^  p.  140. 
'   Lansdowne  MS.  874  fo.  83a. 

'  Weever  (who  probably  had  access  to  Charles's  MSS.)  also  gives  (Funerall  Monuments,  p.  656) 
the  third  and  fourth  of  the  following  inscriptions. 

*  King  Edward  the  Sixth. 

A  Quarterly  [or  and  vert],  in  the  hrst  quarter  an  annulet  for  difference. 

*  Quarterly  [or  and  vert],  overall  a  label  for  difference. 
7  Abend. 

*  Azure,  on  a  bend  or,  three  mullets  pierced  gules. 

*  Gules,  a  fess  between  throe  fleurs-de-Iys,  argent. 

10  See  Essex  Review,  Hi.  p.  137- 

1 1  In  the  churchyard,  at  the  east  end  of  the  church,  lies  a  large  slab  in  which  are  cut  matrioes 
for  a  civilian  and  his  wife  of  about  this  date,  with  matrices  also  for  a  foot-leg^end  and  two  shields 
at  the  two  lower  comers.  The  upper  part  of  the  slab,  which  bore,  doubtless,  matrioes  of  two 
more  shields,  is  missing. 

i>  Argent,  a  chevron  or  between  two  mullets  In  chief  gules  and  a  cinquefoil  in  base  of  the  same. 


SOME    ESSEX    BRASSES. 


49 


At  the  vicarage  are  preserved  four  plates  (three  shields  and  a 
group  of  sons)  which  have  become  loose  during  the  last  twenty  or 
thirty  years.     The  vicar  intends  to  have  them  refixed  shortly. 

The  information  given  by  Haines*  about  the  Writtle  brasses  is 
unusually  incorrect.    He  has  confused  more  than  one  of  them  together. 

I. — [A  Scroll  inscribed  ^*  Mercy'*  (the  sole  remains  of  a  very  fine  brass). 
Recently  lost.^     Date  about  1420. 

This  scroll  (4  inches  in  length)  has  been  lost  since  Haines  wrote 
in  186 1 .  For  a  rubbing  of  it,  we  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Mill  Stephenson. 
The  Society  of  Antiquaries  possesses  another.  Even  the  slab  to 
which  it  was  affixed  has  now  disappeared.  It  was  very  large  and 
bore  what  must  have  been  once  an  exceedingly  fine  brass.  Buckler, 
speaking  of  the  slabs  which  lay  in  the  nave  in  1856,  says': — 

"  Among  them,  one  deserves  particular 
attention,  from  its  size  and  evident 
importance.  It  measures  eight  feet  six 
inches  by  four  feet  six.  In  the  centre 
are  the  outlines  of  an  inscription  plate 
and  two  figures,  life  size.  Five  other 
small  brasses,  in  the  form  of  ribbon- 
scrolls,  were  dotted  on  each  side  of  the 
stone.  The  only  piece  of  metal  left  out 
of  the  whole  is  one  of  these  [ten]  scrolls. 
It  is  inscribed  '  Mercy.'  " 
We-  know  of  no  clue  to  the  identity  of  the  persons  commemorated. 


A  Scroll  belonging  to  a  fine  brass. 

ABOUT  1420,  FORMERLY  AT  WrITTLE. 


11. — [,^ffigy  of  a  Person  in  a  Shroud  (?),  with  Inscription,  Now  losi.^ 
Date  about  1490  (?). 

The  slab  bearing  this  matrix  lies  in  the  north  aisle.  A  modern 
inscription  has  been  cut  in  it  above  the  matrix. 

The  matrix  (33^  inches  high)  doubtless  once  contained  an  effigy, 
but  is  of  such  a  tall,  narrow,  and  unusual  shape  that  we  can  imagine 
nothing  it  can  have  represented,  except  a  shrouded  corpse. 

The  inscription  was  large  (loj  by  24^  inches). 

III. — Effigies  of  a  Man  in  Armour  [of  the  Bedell  Family^,  his  Wife,  six 
Sons,  afid  two  Daughters,  with  four  Shields  (one  mutilated),  [Inscription 
lost,']     Date  about  1500, 

This  brass  lies  beneath  the  chancel  arch,  in  a  position  where  it 
receives  much  wear,  which  has  done,  and  is  doing,  it  serious  injury. 


MamuU,  p.  65. 
V 


Tw4Hty-two  0/  th4  Chutch§s  of  B$$*x,  p.  907. 


50 


SOMB   BSSBX   BRASSES. 


It  should  be  covered  by  a  piece  of  matting.     The  shields  are  in 

specially  bad  condition,  owing   to   the   soft  white-metal,  formerly 

inlaid  in  them,  having  been  worn  away.    Suckling  speaks*  of  having 

figured    both    effigies, 

but  gives  only  a  figure 

of     the     lady,     which 

Haines    imagines'    to 

represent   one    of    the 

ladies    shown    on   the 

Heveningham       brass 

(No.  v.). 

The  man  (31  inches 
high)  has  long  hair  and 
is  attired  in  armour 
of  the  Early  Tudor 
period,  the  most  strik- 
ing feature  of  which  is 
its  short  skirt  of  mail, 
its  huge  pass-guard  on 
the  left  shoulder,  and  its 
broad-toed  sabbatons. 

The  figure  is  poorly 
engraved,  especially  the 
lower  part,  the  legs 
being  of  awkward  and 
unnatural  shape  and 
the  sword  blade  not  in 
a  straight  line  with  the 
hilt. 

The  lady  (30  inches 
high)  is  attired  in  the 
usual  costume  of  the 
period,  but  is  poorly 
represented.  Her  girdle- 
end  is  of  usual  length 
and  terminates  in  a 
tassel. 

Both  sons  and  daughters  are  of  the  type  usual  at  the  period. 

The  inscription  (5J  by  324  inches)  was  lost  when  Suckling  wrote 
in  1831. 


A  Member  of  the  Bedell  Family,  about  1500, 
AT  Whittle. 


*   Memorials,  &c.,  p.  143. 


>   Manuat,  p.  65. 


SOME    ESSEX    BRASSES.  5I 

The  four  shields  bear : — 
(i)     Bedell  (mutilated).' 

(2)  Paly  of  four,  and  the  last  division  divided  also  per  fess — ist 
St.  John  (?),•  2nd  Pateshull,"  3rd  Norbury,*  4th  Crozier/  5th 
D'Abemon.*  The  arrangement  of  the  five  coats  on  this  shield  is 
very  peculiar. 

(3)  Bedell  (as  no.  i). 

(4)  St.  John  and  others  (as  no.  2). 

Haines  says  that  this  brass  commemorates  a  member  of  the  Hyde 
family.  There  were  (as  has  been  seen)  Hydes  at  Writtle,  but  the  arms 
on  this  brass  appear  not  to  be  those  of  Hyde.  The  Rev.  H.  L.  Elliot 
believes  that  the  brass  belongs  to  a  member  of  the  Bedell  family 
which  held  BedelPs  Hall  (now  in  Chignal  Smealy,  but  formerly  a 
detached  portion  of  Writtle)  from  the  time  of  Henry  HI.  onwards.' 
The  coats  on  the  four  shields  certainly  lend  much  support  to  this 
supposition ;  for  the  families  of  D'Abernon,  Norbury,  Crozier,  and 
Bedell  were  connected  by  marriages.*  There  is,  however,  nothing 
to  show  the  precise  connection  in  the  case  of  the  man  commemorated 
by  this  brass. 

IV. — Effigies  of  a  Civiliany  his  four  Wives,  and  21  Children  (in  three 
families).     [Foot-legend  ksiJ]     Date  about  1510. 

We  have  in  Essex  no  other  instance  of  so  large  a  family  as  that 
belonging  to  the  man  of  unknown  name  here  represented.  The  man 
stands  in  the  middle,  full  faced,  with  two  wives  on  his  right  hand  and 
two  on  his  left,  all  having  a  half- turn  towards  him.  All  the  effigies 
are  about  the  same  height — namely  17^  inches.  The  brass  lies  in  the 
chancel.  Haines  assigns*  the  three  groups  of  children  to  another 
brass  (No.  V.),  described  hereafter. 

The  man  wears  the  long,  fur-lined,  wide-sleeved,  fur-cuffed,  civilian 
gown  of  the  period,  and  broad-toed  shoes.  A  large  gypcifere  hangs 
from  his  girdle  on  his  left  side. 

The  four  wives  are  attired  almost  identically.  Each  wears  the 
pedimental  head-dress  (the  lappets  of  which  appear  to  have  been  let 


^  [ATKent]  a  chevron  between  three  mullets  [gules]. 

*  [Argent?^,  on  a  chief  indented  [gules?]  two  mallets  [or?]  pierced. 

*  [Argent],  a  fess  [sable]  between  three  mallets  [gules]. 

^  [Sable],  a  chevron  between  three  bull's  heads  cabossed  [argent]. 

*  [Sable],  a  cross  between  four  gadflies  erect  [or]. 

*  [Axure],  a  chevron  [or]. 
'  See  Morant,  ii.,  p.  67. 

*  See  T}u  VititatioH  of  Surrsy  (Harl.  Soc.,  1899},  p.  991. 
MmmuU,  p.  63. 


9 


52 


SOME    BSSBX    BRASSES. 


in  with  white-metal)  and  a  long,  close-fitting,  tight-sleeved,  fur-cuffed 
gown,  cut  low  and  square  at  the  neck,  fur-trimmed  at  the  bottom, 
and  confined  above  the  hips.  The  girdles  of  the  first,  second,  and 
fourth  wives  are  fastened  in  front  by  a  metal  clasp,  resembling  two 
rosettes,  from  which  an  ornament  of  some  kind  hangs  by  a  chain ; 
but  the  third  wife  has  the  embroidered  girdle,  with  buckle  and  long 
pendant  end,  reaching  nearly  to  her  feet. 

The  21  children  (lo  boys  and  ii  girls)  belong  evidently  to  four 
families,  though  they  are  represented  in  three  groups — (i)  2  girls, 
2  boys,  and  2  girls,  (2)  i  boy  and  5  girls,  and  (3)  7  boys  and  2  girls. 


9^^'  ■■■.»^i^ 


A  Civilian,  about  1510.  at  Whittle 

The  first  group  represents,  doubtless,  the  children  by  the  first  two 
wives,  below  whom  they  are  placed.  The  sons  are  attired  as  is  their 
father,  but  without  the  gypcifere  and  fur-trimming.  The  daughters 
resemble  their  mothers,  except  that  they  lack  the  girdle  and  fur- 
trimming  and  the  hair  of  most  of  them  hangs  down  their  backs, 
showing  that  they  were  unmarried. 

The  inscription  (2i  by  2yi  inches)  is  lost. 

We  know  not  who  these  effigies  represent. 


SOME   ESSEX   BRASSES. 


S3 


V. — Effigies  0]  Thonuisina  Thomas  (formerly  Bedell :  before  that 
Berdefeild  :  nee  Heveningham),  of  her  father,  Thomas  Heveningham 
junior  (in  armour ),  of  her  grandfather ,  Thomas  Heveningham  senior  (in 
armour),  and  of  her  grandmother,  Thomasina  Heveningham,  with  four 
Shields.     [Foot-legend  losl.^     DaU  1513. 

The  large  slab  (94  by  48  inches)  to  which  this  brass  is  affixed 
is  much  battered.  When  Haines  wrote,  it  lay  in  the  chancel  and 
was  partly  covered. 
Lately,  it  has  been 
affixed  bodily  to  the 
east  wall  of  the 
south  chapel.  The 
effigies  are  large, 
being  all  about  30^^ 
inches  high,  except 
that  of  the  second 
lady,  which  is  half- 
an-inch  less.  They 
are  somewhat  un- 
usually arranged,  the 
two  men  being  in  the 
centre  and  the  two 
women  outside.  The 
first  couple  are  full- 
faced,  but  the  other 
couple  have  a  half- 
turn  towards  one 
another.  Suckling 
speaks^  of  having 
figured  three  of  the 
effigies  (the  fourth 
having  been  covered 
in  his  day),  but  no 
figure  of  them  ap- 
pears  in   his    book. 


Mistress  Thomasina  (born  Heveningham),  her 

Father,  Grandfather,  and  Grandmother,  1513, 

AT  Writtle. 


Haines  erroneously  attributes*  to  this  brass  the  21  children  (in  three 
groups)  belonging  to  the  civilian  with  four  wives  already  noticed 
^No.  4).     There  were  never  any  children  belonging  to  the  brass. 

The  armour  of  the  two  men  differs  in  trifling  details  only.     It  is 
in  the  style  known  as  the  Early  Tudor,  the  most  noticeable  features 


Memorials,  Ac,  p.  140. 


*  Manual,  p.  63. 


54  SOMB   ESSEX   BRASSES. 

of  which  are  the  large  pauldrons  on  the  shoulders,  the  short  skirt  and 
collar  of  mail,  and  the  ugly  broad-toed  sabbatons. 

Both  ladies  wear  the  pedimental  head-dress,  with  long  embroidered 
lappets  hanging  down  in  front,  and  long,  low-necked,  tight-sleeved 
gowns,  having  large  furred  cuffs,  and  girt  at  the  waist  by  heavy 
embroidered  girdles,  the  long  ends  of  which,  after  passing  through 
large  buckles,  hang  almost  to  the  ground.  In  attire,  the  two  ladies 
differ  only  in  the  pattern  embroidered  on  the  lappets  of  the  head- 
dress and  the  girdle. 

The  inscription  (yj  by  43 J  inches)  was  lost  when  Holman  wrote, 
about  1722,  but  it  existed  up  to  about  1610,  when  Charles  copied  it 
as  follows  ^ — Hicjacet  Thonuistaf,  et  haeres  Tho.  Heueninghatn  junioris, 
Armig.  filii  et  heredes  Tho,  Heueningkam  senioris,  armigeri,  et  Thomasiae 
consortes  sue;  qui  quidem  Tkomasia  dicta  filia  et  haeres  pfuno  nupta  fuit 
Tho.  Berdefeitdy  s^^  Johanni  Bedell,  et  ultimo  Waltero  Thomas,  gen, ;  et 
obijt  die  martijs  vicesimo  p'mo  Junij  1513;  et  qui  quidem  Tho,  Heueningham 
senior  et  Thomasia  consors  ei,^  ac  Tho,  Heueningham  iunior  jacent  partim 
sub  isto  lapide,  et  partim  magis  directe  coram  Jmagine  S^  Trinitatis ; 
quo^  aiab'  propicietur  deus,  * 

The  four  shields  bear : — 

(i)  Heveningham,* 

(2)  Berdefield  (or  Bardfield)*  impaling  Heveningham. 

(3)  Bedell*  impaling  Heveningham,  and 

(4)  Thomas  (or  Ap  Thomas)*  impaling  Heveningham. 

From  the  inscription,  we  may  conclude  that  the  brass  was  laid 
down  by  Thomasina  Thomas  (nSe  Heveningham)  to  the  memory  of 
herself,  her  father  (Thomas  Heveningham  junior),  and  her  grand- 
parents (Thomas  Heveningham  senior  and  his  wife  Thomasina), 
whom  the  effigies  are  intended  to  represent.  It  is,  however,  unusual 
for  a  brass  thus  to  represent  a  lady,  her  father,  and  her  grandparents; 


*  Weever  also  gives  it  (Funerall  Monuments,  p.  656),  probably  from  Charles's  Collections. 

^  Here  lies  Thomasina,  daughter  and  heir  of  Thomas  Heveningham  the  younger,  Esquire, 
son  and  heir  of  Thomas  Heveningham  the  elder,  Esquire,  and  Thomasina  his  wife ;  which  same 
Thomasina,  daughter  and  heir  as  aforesaid,  was  first  married  to  Thomas  Berdefield,  secondly  to 
John  Bedell,  and  lastly  to  Walter  Thomas,  Gentleman,  and  died  the  twenty-first  day  of  June 
1513 ;  and  which  said  Thomas  Heveningham  the  elder  and  Thomasina  his  wife  and  Thomas 
Heveningham  the  younger  lie  partly  under  this  stone,  and  partly  more  immediately  before  the 
image  of  the  Holy  Trinity ;  upon  whose  souls  may  God  have  mercy. 

»  Quarterly  [or  and  gules] ;  on  a  bordure  engrailed  [sable],  eignteen  escallops  [argent]  ;  in  the 
first  quarter  a  martlet  [sable]  for  difference. 

*  [Argent],  on  a  bend[gules],  three  fleurs-de-lys  [or].  (The  tinctures  of  this  and  the  two  following 
coats  are  taken  firom  Charles's  Collections). 

»  [Argent],  a  chevron  between  three  mullets  [gules] ;  an  annulet  [or]  for  difference. 

«  [Sable],  three  sinister  bands  expanded  [argent].  This  coat  (which  appears  to  be  that  of 
Gunter)  was  borne  probably  by  Walter  Thomas  as  heir  to  his  mother,  who  was  of  that  Camlly  and 
the  heiress  probably  of  her  father. 


SOMB   BSSBX   BRASSBS.  55 

and  the  arrangement  is,  in  this  case,  especially  curious,  inasmuch  as 
the  four  shields  bear,  respectively,  the  lady's  own  paternal  coat  and 
those  of  her  three  husbands,  who  are  not  otherwise  represented, 
apparently,  on  the  brass. 

We  know  little  of  Messrs.  Berdefield,  Bedell,  and  Thomas, 
husbands,  successively,  of  Thomasina  Heveningham.  Of  Thomas 
Berdefield,  indeed,  we  know  nothing.  Morant  does  not  mention 
John  Bedell,  but  he  was,  doubtless,  a  member  of  the  family  (already 
mentioned)  which  held  Bedell's  Hall,  in  Writtle.  Walter  Thomas 
(or  Ap  Thomas)  was  the  son  of  Thomas  Ap  John,  of  Croghowell  (or 
Crickhowell),  by  Joan  his  wife,  daughter  of  William  Gunter,  of  South 
Wales.*  In  his  will,  dated  25th  March  i542-3,«  he  describes  himself 
as  "of  Writtle"  and  directs  that  his  body  shall  be  buried  beside  the 
bodies  of  his  father  and  mother,  in  the  chapel  of  St.  Michael  the 
Archangel,  in  the  parish  church  of  Crughowell,  in  Wales.  He  was 
evidently  a  man  of  considerable  property  and  left  money  towards  the 
high  altar  and  the  repair  of  the  fabric  of  Writtle  church.  Morant 
says  he  died  holding  the  manor  of  Shakestones,  in  Writtle,  on  the 
14th  April  1543. 

VI. — Effigy  of  Constance  Bemers  (Maiden)^  with  Inscription  and  two 
Shields.     [Two  other  Shields  lost.^    Date  1524. 

This  brass  is  small  and  poorly  engraved,  but  it  is  one  of  our  few 
Essex  examples  of  a  brass  laid  down  specially  to  commemorate  an 
unmarried  lady."  It  lay  formerly  in  the  north  aisle,  but  the  slab 
bearing  it  has  been  affixed  recently  to  the  east  wall  of  the  south 
chancel  aisle. 

The  effigy  (15  inches  high)  represents  the  lady  wearing  the  long, 
low-necked,  tight-sleeved  gown  of  the  period,  confined  at  the  waist 
by  a  girdle  without  pendant,  and  the  pedimental  head-dress,  which 
has,  in  this  case,  no  back  to  it,  allowing  the  lady's  long  hair  to  hang 
down  her  back.  The  long  loose  hair  and  the  lack  of  a  pendant  to 
the  girdle  are  the  usual  signs  of  maidenhood.  The  lady's  age  at 
death  is  not  stated. 

The  inscription  (19  inches  by  3  J)  requests  prayers  for  the  soul  of 
Constance,  "meyden  doughter"  of  John  Berners,  Esquire,  who  died 
the  1 2th  May  1524. 

The  four  shields  were  placed  at  the  corners.  All  are  now  lost,  but 
they  remained  when  Holman  wrote,  about  1722,  and  he  says  they  all 


>  See  Tk§  VisiUUioHs  0/  Bistx,  p.  3x0.  >  P.C.C.,  8  Spert. 

•  Other  examples  are  those  of  Margaret  Beriffe,  1536,  at  BrlghtliDgiea,  and  Graoe  Latham- 
i6fiw,  at  Upminster. 


56 


SOME    ESSEX   BRASSES. 


bore  the  same  arms.  That  in 
the  lower  sinister  corner  re- 
mained on  the  slab  until  recent 
years,  and  a  framed  rubbing  of 
it,  presented  by  Hannah  Louisa 
Barlow  in  1896,  hangs  in  the 
tower.  It  is  now  preserved 
at  the  vicarage,  together  with 
another  shield  belonging  to  this 
brass.  Both  bear,  Quarterly, 
ist  and  4th  Berners,*  2nd 
Gessors  (or  Gisours),'  3rd  St. 
Germyn." 

Miss  Constance  Bemers  was 
a  daughter  of  John  Berners, 
Esquire,  of  Turges  (now  Stur- 
geon's), in  Writtle,  by  his  second 
wife,  Constance,  daughter  of  Sir 
Robert  Pakenham,  of  Stretham, 
Surrey.  This  John  Berners 
died,  apparently,  in  1525,  and 
his   tomb    in    Writtle    Church 

appears  to  have  existed  when  Charles  made  his  notes.*     His  wife 

died  in  1522,  two  years  before  her  daughter. 


mrr&ii  isn\0k  of  ^oM  ^jpcf  ilipipfT  ililatn  U^ 


Miss  Constance  Berners,  1524, 
AT  Writtle. 


VII. — Three  Shields  belonging  to  Judge  Richard  Weston.  [Three  other 
shields  lost  ?]     Date  1572, 

These  three  shields  are  let  into  panels  on  the  side  of  an  ancient 
altar-tomb  of  Purbeck  marble,  standing  against  the  north  wall  of  the 
chancel.  "This  tomb  [says  Buckler'^]  was  used  in  ancient  times  as 
**the  Easter  Sepulchre.  The  top  is  a  thick  slab  of  Purbeck  marble, 
"and  the  moulded  plinth  is  upon  a  foundation  of  the  same  material." 
It  appears  never  to  have  borne  an  inscription.  Above  it  is  a  large 
undated  mural  monument,  of  alabaster  and  coloured  marbles,  of  about 
the  year  1650,  to  Sir  Edward  Pinchon  and  his  wife  Dorothy  (nee 
Weston),  in  the  florid  symbolical  style  of  the  period,  with  angels, 
rocks,  sickles,  wheat-sheaves,  fans,  shovels,  and  other  emblems  of 
eternity  and  agriculture. 


*  Quarterly  [or  and  vert] :  in  the  first  quarter,  a  crescent  for  diflerence. 

'  [Argent,]  billetty  and  a  lion  rampant  [or],  within  a  lx>rdure. 

'  [Gules],  a  fess  embattled  [argent]  between  three  leopard's  faces  [or]. 

^  See  ant;  p.  48.  *   Twenty -two  Churches  of  Essex,  p.  204. 


SOME    ESSEX    BRASSES. 


57 


The  three  shields  bear : — 

(i)     Weston,*  impaling  Quarterly,  ist  Catesby,*  2nd  Montford," 
3rd  Brandeston,*  4th  Cranford/ 

(2)  Weston  only,  and 

(3)  Weston,  impaling  Quarterly,  i st  and  4th  Barnby  (or  Burnaby), • 
2nd  and  3rd ?/ 


Shields  on  Tomb  of  Judge  Weston,  1572,  at  Writtle. 

There  can  be  no  doubt,  we  think,  that  these  shields  are  those  of 
Richard  Weston,  one  of  the  Judges  of  the  Common  Pleas  (appointed 
1559),  who  resided  at  Skreens,  Roxwell,  and  was  thrice  married — first, 
to  Wyborow  (or  Wiburga),  daughter  of  Anthony  Catesby,  of  Whiston, 
Northants,  and  widow  of  Richard  Jenour  (died  1542),  of  Dunmow 
Essex  (she  died  in  1553") ;  secondly,  to  Margaret,  daughter  of  Eustace 
Burnaby ;  and,  thirdly,  to  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Thomas  Lovell,  of 
Astwell,  Northants,  who  had  been  married  previously  to  Anthony 
Cave  and  John  Newdigate.     He  died  the  6th  of  July  1572. 

At  the  same  time,  there  are  puzzling  points.  In  the  first  place, 
though  the  shields  belong  undoubtedly  to  Judge  Weston,  the  tomb 
appears  to  be  of  earlier  date.  Suckling  says  it  is  "  in  the  style  of  the 
fifteenth  century,"  with  which  we  agree.  Possibly  an  earlier  tomb 
was  utilized.  Further,  there  is  no  shield  to  represent  the  Judge's 
third  wife  Elizabeth  Lovell,  as,  surely,  there  ought  to  be. 

Some  light  appears  to  be  thrown  upon  the  matter  by  Charles's 
Manuscript  Collections.     He  speaks  of  a  memorial  (kind  not  stated, 


^  Ermine ;  on  a  chief  [azure]  five  bezants ;  a  martlet  [gules]  charged  with  a  mullet  [or]  for 
double  di£ference. 

*  [Argent],  two  lions  passant  guardant  in  pale  [sable],  crowned  [or]. 
>  Bendy  of  six  [azure  and  or],  a  bordure  [gules]. 

*  [Or]  two  bars  [gulesi,  over  all  a  bend  [azure]. 

*  [Gules],  a  fret  [or]  and  a  chief  [argent]. 

*  [Argent],  two  bars  [gules],  in  chief  a  lion  passant  [of  the  second].    (Traces  of  red  colouring 
still  remain  in  the  lion). 

'   Ermine,  on  a  chief  [azure]  two  mullets  [or]. 

*  See  Ths  Visitations  of  Essex,  pp.  222  and  319.    Other  authorities  say  she  was  a  daughter  of 
Thomas  Catesby,  of  Seaton.  Northants. 


58  SOME   ESSEX   BRASSES. 

but  apparently  an  altar-tomb)  to  "Judge  Weston,  of  Skreen,  in  y* 
"  pish  of  Writtle  [  should  be  Roxwell],  w***  theise  six  [shields]  on  his 
"tomb":— 

( 1 )  Weston,  with  crest  * ; 

(2)  Tichbome  ?,»  impaling  Quarterly,  ist  and  4th  Cave,»  2nd 
and  3rd ?*  ; 

(3)  Weston,  impaling  Tichborne  ? ; 

(4)  Weston,  impaling  Catesby,  Montford,  Brandestone,  and 
Cranford  quarterly; 

(5)  Weston,   impaling    Quarterly  of  eight,    ist    Lovett,*    2nd 

Turvill,«   3rd   Billing,'  4th  Lovett  (as  above),  5th  ?,»  6th 

?,•  7th ?,«  8th  Drayton"; 

(6)  Weston,  impaling  Quarterly,  ist  and  4th  Barnby,  2nd  and 
3rd ?.« 

Now,  of  these  six  shields,  numbers  (i),  (4),  and  (6)  are,  we  assume, 
those  already  described  above.  But  what  has  become  of  the  other 
three  ?  On  the  tomb,  as  it  stands,  there  is  no  sign  of  their  former 
presence.  The  only  suggestion  we  can  make  is  that  originally  the 
tomb  was  not  let  partly  into  the  wall,  as  now,  but  stood  clear  of  it, 
as  an  altar-tomb,  and  that  the  three  shields  now  missing  were  let 
into  corresponding  panels  on  the  side  now  let  into  the  wall.  If  so, 
they  may  be  there  even  now,  but  hidden  in  the  wall.  The  tomb  may 
have  been  moved  when  the  large  monument  to  Sir  Edward  and 
Dorothy  Pinchon  (nee  Weston)  was  built  above  it. 

VIII. — A  Shield  belonging  to  John  Pinchon^  Esquire.  [Effigies  of 
John  Pinchon,  his  Wife,  and  their  four  Sons,  with  Foot-legend  and  three 
Shields  lost.]    Dale  1573. 

This  brass  appears  to  have  been  complete,  except  the  effigies, 
when  Holman  wrote.     He  says  of  it  :— 

In  the  same  [north]  aisle  [is]  a  gravestone  of  Gray  Marble :  at  the  4  corners 
of  it  an  Escocheon :   At  the  head,  on  the  right  hand,  Pinchon :   At  the  left  hand. 


^  A  Moor's  head  and  shoulders,  wreathed  about  the  shoulders  [all  proper], 
s  Vairy  [arf^ent  and  sable],  on  a  chief  [or],  an  annulet  [gules]. 

•  [Anire],  fretty  [argent]. 

«  Ermine,  on  a  bend  [sable]  three  wolves'  (?)  heads  [argent]. 

»  [Argent],  three  wolves  passant  in  pale  [gules]. 

«   Ermine,  a  bordure  [sable]  bezantte. 

7   [Argent],  a  cross  voided  between  four  crosses  crosslet  [gules]. 

•  Two  bendlets  between  six (?). 

»  Per  pale,  on  a  chevron  three (?). 

10  A  chief  indented. 

U  [Argent],  a  cross  engrailed  [gules]. 

la  Ermine,  on  a  chief  [azure  ?J  two  mullets  [or]. 


SOME   ESSEX   BRASSES. 


59 


Empson  Quarterly  impaling  Orchard  :  At  the  bottom,  on  the  right  side,  Pinchon : 
on  the  left.  Empson  as  aforesaid :  [in  the  middle]  the  effigies  of  a  man  and  woman, 
bat  torn  off:  At  their  feet,  on  a  plate  of  brass  an  Inscription,  in  Gothick  characters, 
in  three  long  lines : — 

Here  lyeth  John  Pjmchin.  Esquier.  who  decessyd  ye 
29  daye  of  Noueber  A*'  1573  |  Jane  his  wife  a  widow  he 
left,  of  whom  he  4  Sones  had.  He  bequeathed  his  body 
to  y«  I  Earth  fro'  whence  it  cam  and  his  Sowle  to  God 
that  gave  the  same. 

Under  the  man,  on  a  plate  of  Brass,  the  effigies  of 
4  Sons. 

The  shield  which  remains  is  now  loose  at  the 
vicarage.  It  appears  to  have  come  from  either 
the  upper  sinister  or  the  lower  dexter  corner  of 
the  composition,  but  is  not  correctly  blazoned 
by  Holman.  It  bears  Quarterly  ist  and  4th 
Empson/  2nd  and  3rd  Orchard.* 

John  Pinchon,  who  was  of  Writtle,  married 
Jane,  daughter  of  Sir  John  Empson,   Kt.,  one 

of  the  hated  Ministers  of  Henry  VII.,  who  was  beheaded  on  the 

17th  August  1509. 


mm 


Shield    belonging 

TO  Brass  of  John 

Pinchon.    Esquire. 

1573,  AT  Writtle. 


IX. — Effigies  of  Edward  Bell,  Gentleman^  his  wife  Margaret^  and 
three  SonSy  with  Foot-legend  and  a  Shield,  ^Effigy  of  a  Daughter  lost, 
hut  known  from  an  extant  Rubbing']     Date  1576. 

This  brass  (which  lies  in  the  nave)  has  recently  been  uncovered  and 
is,  consequently,  not  mentioned  in  Haines.  It  is  in  good  condition 
and  perfect,  with  the  exception  of  the  effigy  of  the  daughter.  This 
has  been  lost  since  1880,  for  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  possesses  a 
rubbing  of  it,  of  about  that  date,  from  which  our  figure  is  copied. 
The  fact  that  the  female  effigy  is  in  two  halves  and  that  a  semicircular 
piece  of  brass  has  been  let  into  the  sinister  side  of  the  male  effigy, 
near  the  middle,  in  a  very  curious  manner,  leads  one  to  surmise  that 
both  effigies  are  palimpsest. 

The  man  (20  inches  high)  wears  a  beard  and  moustache  and  is 
attired  in  the  long,  fur-lined,  civilian  gown  of  the  period,  with  large 
false-sleeves.  He  wears  a  small  ruff  round  his  neck  and  frills  round 
his  wrists. 


1    [Argent,]  two  bendlets  engrailed  [sable]. 

A  [Gales,]  a  chevron  between  three  pears  slipped  and  pendant  [or] 


6o 


SOME   ESSEX   BRASSES. 


A. 


^i^^'JM 


LlLL 


Edward  Bell,  Gentleman,  1567.  at  Whittle. 


The  lady  (19  J  inches 
high)  is  also  of  a  very 
ordinary  type.  The  only 
feature  she  presents 
which  is  in  the  least 
unusual  is  the  stand-up 
collar. 

The  children  are  at- 
tired exactly  like  their 
parents. 

The  inscription  (5  by 
17 J  inches)  relates  that 
Edward  Bell,  Gentle- 
man, had,  by  Margaret 
his  wife,  three  sons 
(William,  Edward,  and 
James)  and  a  daughter 
(Anne),  and  that  he 
died  the  23rd  of  January 

1576. 

The  shield  bears  Bell,* 
impaling  Quarterly  of 
nine  (3,  3,  and  3)  ist 
Barlee,"  2nd  Lanway,* 
3rd  Attlee,*  4th  Bel- 
house,"  5th  Pateshall,' 
6thWaldene,'7thBre. 
ton,*  8th  Norwood,** 
9th  Peryent." 

Edward  Bell  came, 
apparently,  from  Glou- 
cestershire. His  wife 
was  a  daughter  of  John 
Barlee  (or  Barley),  of 


^  Ermine,  on  a  chief  [sable],  an  escallop,  between  two  bells  [argent]. 

«  Ermine,  three  bars  wavy  [sable]. 

8  [Or],  a  water-bouget  [sable],  within  a  bordure  [of  the  second]  bezant*. 

*  [Argent],  on  a  cross  [azure]  five  [bezants]. 

*  [.Argent],  three  lions  rampant  (2  and  i)  and  as  many  crosses  crosslet  fitchy  (i  and  a)  [gules]. 
«  [Argent],  a  fess  [sable]  between  three  crescents  [gules]. 

^  [Sable],  two  bars  and  in  chief  three  cinquefoils  [argent]. 

*  [  Azure] ,  two  chevrons  and  in  chief  two  mullets  [or] . 

»  Ennine,  a  cross  engraUed  [gules].  w  [Gules],  three  crescents  [argent]. 


SOME    ESSEX    BRASSES. 


6l 


Stapleford  Abbots.*  Their  daughter  Anne  was  the  first  of  the 
four  wives  of  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  Kt.  (d.  1647),  who  has  been 
styled  "the  father  of  English  Colonization  in  America,'*  and  by  him 
she  had  four  sons  and  two  daughters.* 


X. — Effigies  of  Rose,  wife 
of  William  Pinchan,  Esquire, 
and  six  Sons,  [Effigies  of  her 
Husband  and  three  Daughters, 
with  Foot-legend  and  Achieve- 
ment, lost.']    Date  1592. 

When  Haines  wrote,  the 
slab  bearing  this  brass  lay 
in  the  north  aisle.  It  is  now 
affixed  bodily  to  the  east 
wall  of  the  south  chancel 
aisle.  The  composition 
was  complete  in  Holman's 
day,  but  the  male  effigy 
22  inches  high),  the  group 
of  daughters,  and  the  in- 
scription were  lost,  when 
Haines  wrote  in  1 86  t  .  The 
achievement  has  been  lost 
of  late  years,  but  there  is, 
in  the  tower  of  the  church, 
a  framed  rubbing,  presented 
by  Hannah  Louisa  Barlow 
in  1896,  which  shows  it,  and 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
has  another  which  also  shows 
it.  The  group  of  sons  is 
now  loose  and  preserved  at 
the  vicarage. 

The  effigy  of  the  lady  (21 
inches  high)  is  represented 
wearing  a  neck-ruff  and  a 
plain  over-gown,  tied  at  the 
waist  by  a  sash,  but  ooen  ^'^^'^^  Pinchon.  Esquire,  and  wife  Rose, 

*^  1592,  AT  WrITTLB. 

»   Harl.  MS.  No.  1541,  fo.  199  {Visitaiions  0/  Essex,  pp.  150  and  545). 

«  She  is  described,  by  some  error  (Visitations  of  Essex,  p.  150),  as  having  been  one  year  and 
three  months  old  on  the  gth  April  1604.  See  also  Baxter's  Life  of  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  (Prince 
Society,  Boston,  1890}. 


^m 

62 


SOME    ESSEX    BRASSES. 


below  to  show  the  elaborate  embroidery  of  the  under-skirt.  Over  her 
head  and  shoulders,  she  wears  a  calash  or  light  shawl. 

The  sons  are  represented  kneeling  and  all  attired  alike.  The 
foremost  was  much  larger  than  the  others ;  behind  him  were  three  in 
a  row ;  and  behind  them  two  in  a  row. 

The  inscription  (4 J  by  19J  inches),  now  lost,  existed  up  to  the 
time  of  Holman,  who  gives  it  as  follows : — "  Here  lieth  buried  the 
"  body  of  William  Pinchon,  Esquire,  who  had  to  wife  Rose,  daughter 
**  of  Thomas  Reeddin,  and  had  issue  by  her  6  sones  and  3  daughters. 
"  He  deceased  the  13th  of  Octob.  1592." 

The  achievement  bore  Quarterly  ist  and  4th  Pinchon,*  2nd 
Empson,*  3rd  Orchard, •  with  the  crest  of  Pinchon.' 

William  Pinchon  was  a  son  of  John  Pinchon,  Esquire,  of  Writtle 
(died  1573),  whose  brass  has  been  noticed  above.  He  married  Rose, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Reddinge,  Esquire,  of  Pinner,  Middlesex,  by 
whom  he  had  (with  other  issue)  Sir  Edward  Pinchon,  Kt.,  of  Writtle, 
who  married  Dorothy,  daughter  of  Sir  Jerome  Weston,  Kt.,  of 
Roxwell,  and  sister  of  Richard,  Earl  of  Portland.* 


JOUKDI^V-^^M. 


4  ,^.  m 


XI. — Effigies  of  Edward  Hunt,  Gentleman,  aud  Wife  (both  kneeling), 
with  Inscription,     (All  on  one  rectangular  Plate,)     Date  1606. 

This  brass  plate  (20  by  16 J 
inches)  is  affixed  to  the  wall  of 
the  north  aisle. 

Both  effigies  kneel  on  tasselled 
cushions,  placed  on  either  side 
of  a  fald-stool,  on  which  are  two 
books.  Both  wear  large  neck- 
rufFs  and  the  ordinary  attire  of 
the  period.  The  lady  has  the 
tall -crowned  wide-brimmed  hat, 
with  wreathed  band.  Above  the 
stool  is  a  skull  affront6. 

The  inscription  records  that 
Edward  Hunt,  who  was  of 
Writtle  and  much  beloved,  had 
left  by  will  two  almshouses  in 
Church  Lane,  and  20  shillings 
yearly  for  the  maintenance  of  the 


UfiS^ 


a  ^  k .  >+  I J  VST,  L  ATL  or  Wri  TLt:  Cf>  T  ^  Mn  n  V I ' 
NC(  f ,  ^^A^^  >* vci  tt  » t  l  ov  ti>,  r  r  i,toTjy  1  lit  p  t*(5*t£ 
AHU  ny  H*S  *^ASTE  WILL  CAVt  1"^  rEi'rtTvvrii 
T*o  Ai,^i;si«>vsE5  IN  Cmnciir  i.\m.  ^' an  ^tpily 

4U  tJW^VCl;  Of  T\^^\TTE  f^llll  IJf^GE^  FrwTHEm 
llfVmtl  MJ^l\Tt,V*NCT.ANTl  .*(.SO  HALM  WI.LID 
»0«  |r\rilTOtPOQ|ftOFTHlSPRI5>f*  TO 

UFhTJfWv TEn  oNConoFPTfavi  ^  iHMi,.^,.,..  „ 
**f  jfwts  Afff  LTMrniTi  lO  ttE  wii*  m  T  m  a  pj^wnu 

t»f  I^SOF  CALIJO  APPESnELO  IN  CufLMtSlOrfDL 


Edward  Hunt,  Gentleman,  1606, 
AT  Whittle. 


»   Per  bend  [urgent  and  sable],  three  roundles  (2  &  i)  within  a  bordure  engrailed,  all  countcrchanKed. 
2  See  ant;  p.  59.  *  A  tiger's  head  erased  [a«ure],crined  and  armed  [or]. 

♦  See  Visitations  of  Essex,  pp.  266  and  470 ;  also  Charles's  Collections. 


SOME   ESSEX   BRASSES. 


63 


poor,  together  with  10  shillings  yearly,  chargeable  on  land  called 
Appesfield,  in-the  adjoining  town  of  Chelmsford,  to  be  given  to  the 
poor  on  Good  Friday  in  each  year,  "as  by  his  said  wille  at  large 
appeareth."  The  two  almshouses  still  stand,  immediately  adjoining 
the  church.  They  are  ancient  timbered  buildings,  and  quite  the 
most  picturesque  of  the  cottages  surrounding  the  very  picturesque 
village  green. 

Legends  above  the  fald-stool  give  the  date  of  his  death  (13th 
August  1606)  and  an  appropriate  motto  {Vivit  post  funera  virtus). 

Although  the  lady  is  represented,  the  inscription  does  not  allude 
to  her,  Haines  says  she  died  in  1605,  which  information  he  must 
have  derived  from  some  other  source. 


XII. — Effigies  of  Edward  Bowland,  Gentleman  (died  1609),  and  his 
wife  Jone  (died  1616),  with  two  Foot-legends,     Date  1616. 

This  lies  in  the  middle 
of  the  chancel.  There 
can  be  little  doubt  it 
all  was  laid  down  on 
the  death  of  Edward 
Bowland  in  1609,  except 
the  lower  inscription  re- 
lating to  his  wife,  which 
was  added,  doubtless, 
after  her  death  seven 
years  later.  It  is  perfect, 
there  having  never  been 
children  or  shields.  The 
effigies  are  well  engraved. 
They  stand  on  pedestals 
and  have  a  half  -  turn 
towards  one  another. 

The  man  (23]  inches 
high")  is  of  ordinary  type 
and  bearded.  He  wears 
a  large  neck-rufF,  doublet, 
breeches,  hose,  and  low 
shoes,  with  a  long  wide- 
collared  gown  with  false- 
Edward  Bowland,  Gbntlbman  i6o9,atWrittlk.  sleeves  over  all. 


64 


SOME    ESSEX    BRASSES. 


The  lady  (22^  inches  high)  wears  the  high-crowned  broad- 
brimmed  hat  over  the  French  hood.  Her  neck  ruff  is  very  large ; 
her  bodice  striped  horizontally ;  and  her  gown  much  set  off  from 
the  hips. 

The  upper  inscription  states  that  Edward  Bowland  died  on  the 
14th  September  1609  :  the  lower,  that  his  wife  Jone  died  on  the  i8th 
August  1616.  The  fact  that,  for  twelve  years,  she  had  "lived  a 
happy  wife,"  and  that,  for  seven  more  years  after  his  death,  she  had 
led  **a  lingering  life,"  wishing  only  to  join  him  in  his  grave  as  at  last 
she  did,  is  well  expressed  in  a  six-line  verse. 


XIII. — Two  Shields  belonging  to  John  Browne,  Esquire,    [_An  Achieve- 
ment lost.     The  Inscription  is  cut  in  the  stone.']     Date  1617. 

This  lies  in  the  south  chancel  aisle. 

The  shields  (which  Haines  assigns  to  about  1580)  bear*:  — 

(i)  Browne'  impaling  Tyrell,*  and 

(2)  Browne  (as  above)  impaling  Bird.* 

The  achievement  (9  by  8 
inches),  placed  below  the 
shields,  is  lost. 

The  inscription  is  now  so 
worn  that  only  the  beginning 
remains  legible.  It  is  in 
Latin  and  relates  that  the 
bodies  of  John  Browne  (who 
died  the  2nd  of  September 
161 7)  and  his  two  wives  lie 
below.  The  first  wife  was 
Gertrude  Tyrell,  (daughter 
of  Sir  Henry  Tyrell,  Kt.,  of  Heron),  by  whom  he  had  six  children. 
The  name  of  the  second  wife  is  now  undecipherable,  but 
Morant  says  she  was  Elizabeth  Bird  (daughter  of  George  Bird, 
Gentleman),  by  whom  he  had  four  sons,  one  of  whom  (Henry) 
was  knighted. 


Shields  belonging  to  Brass  of  John 
Browne.  Esquire,  1617,  at  Writtle. 


1  The  dotting  which  covers  the  field  of  both  shields  has  no  heraldic  significance. 
«   [Argent],  on  a  chevron  [gules]  three  roses  [of  the  field] ;  a  crescent  in  chief  for  difference. 
8   [Or],  two  chevrons  [azure],  a  bordure  engrailed  [gules]. 

♦   [Argent],  a  cross  flory  between  four  martlets  [gules] ;   on  a  canton  [azure],  a  muUet  for 
difference. 


SOME    ESSEX    BRASSES.  65 

XIV. — [Inscription  to  James  and  Margaret  de  Tame,  Now  lost.'] 
Date  about  1450  (?). 

Holman  says : — 

In  the  South  Aisle  of  the  Church,  near  the  Aisle  of  the  Chancel,  is  a  Grave 
Stone  of  Grey  Marble,  vrith.  this  inscription  on  a  plate  of  Brass,  in  Gothick 
Letters :— Hie  jacet  James  de  Tame  et  Margareta  uxor  ejus ;  Quo'  aiab*  p'piciet' 
D's.  Am€. 


XV. — lEjffigy  of  Johane  Wyham  (or  Wyhorne  ?)^  with  Foot-legend 
and  Shield.    All  now  lost.']    Date  1487. 

Holman  describes  this  brass  as  follows : — 

Under  the  Arch  of  the  North  Aisle,  or  leading  to  it,  is  a  Gravestone  of  Gray 
Marble :  At  the  head,  an  Escocheon,  gone  :  Underneath,  the  effigies  of  a  Woman 
in  Brasse  inlaid ;  her  hands  folded :  At  her  feet  this  Inscription,  on  a  Brass  plate 
in  Gothick  Characters : — 

Pray  yow  of  your  Chantie 

To  say  a  Paternoster  &  an  Ave 

For  the  Sowle  of  Johane, 

Sometyme  wyfe  of  William  Wybam, 

Daughter  &  Heyre  of  Thomas  Hyde, 

That  J.  H.  C.  give  that  Sowle  Good  Spede. 

Yn  the  Monthe  of  August,  the  day  xv, 

Yn  ye  yere  of  Owre  Lord  God  M^CCCClxxxvij, 

That  Soule  departed  the  Body  ryghte 

To  the  Mercy  of  Jhu  must  of  myghte 

Holman  adds  that  "  Weever  gives*  a  lame  account  of  this 
"Inscription"  and  that  "several  of  the  first  lines  are  .  .  .  [much] 
"wome  out  by  frequent  calcation." 


XWl.—[Ejffigy  (half  length)  of  William (?)  with  Inscription. 

Now  lost.]    Date  1503. 

Holman  tells  us  all  we  know  of  this  lost  brass.     He  says : — 

Close  under  the  Pews  on  the  same  side  [south  side  of  Chancel]  a  gravestone 
of  Gray  Marble :  on  it  the  effigies  of  a  Demy  Man  in  Brass,  hands  folded  :  under 
it.  on  a  plate  of  jet  marble  inlaid,  this  Inscription  in  Gothick  Characters,  not  all 

legible,  part  being  worn  out :— Hie  jacet  Dflo  WiUms ;  qui  obijt  x*'  die 

August!  A*"  Dni  M**  V**  tercio  cujs  anime  p'picietur  De*.    Amen. 


^   FwmnUl  Monmn^nU,  p.  65&     Weevet  apparently  derived  his  inibriQation  from   Charles' 
Colkctions. 

s 


66 


SOME    ESSEX    BRASSES. 


Great  Yeldham. — Effigies  of  Richard  Symonds,  Esquirey  his  Wife 
Elizabeth^  and  their  five  Sons  and  one  Daughter,  all  kneeling,  with  Shield; 
all  on  one  large  Plate.     [No  inscription.']     DaU  1612  (or  1627  ?). 

The  plate  (26J  by 
13  inches)  on  which 
this  composition  is  etj- 
graved  has  a  rounded 
top.  It  is  affixed  t(> 
the  west  wall  df  a 
chapel  on  the  south 
side  of  the  nave.  The 
design  upon  it  is  un- 
finished, lacking  the 
inscription.  This  was 
intended,  apparently, 
to  occupy  the  lowest 
of  the  four  compart- 
ments into  which  the 
surface  of  the  plate  is 
divided,  which  com- 
partment is  blank. 
The  effigies  are  all 
shown  in  full  profile, 
which  is  unusual. 
They  all  kneel,  in  the 
attitude  of  prayer, 
upon  tasselled  cush- 
ions, on  a  chequer- 
paved  floor.  Before 
them  are  tables  on 
which  are  open  books. 
The  features  of  most 
of  the  figures  are 
verv  ill  represented  ^^chard  Symonds,  Esquire,  i6i2(?),  at  Great  Yeldham. 

In  the  uppermost  compartment,  which  occupies  nearly  one  half  of 
the  whole  plate,  are  the  two  principal  effigies,  facing  one  another 
and  gazing  upwards.  They  are  attired  in  the  usual  costume  of  the 
time — ^the  man  in  neck-ruff,  doublet  buttoned  down  the  front,  breeches, 
and  long  civilian  gown  with  false-sleeves :  the  woman  in  neck-rufT, 
kerchief  or  veil  hanging  behind  her  head,  a  light  cloak  hanging  from 


SOME    ESSEX    BRASSES.  67 

her  shoulders,  a  long-waisted  bodice,  and  a  skirt  much  set-oflf  at  the 
hips.  Her  hair  is  brushed  backwards  and  upwards  in  a  manner  by 
no  means  elegant.  Above  their  heads,  and  the  object  of  their  gaze, 
is  the  word  Jehovah,  encircled  by  rays  of  light  issuing  from  an  orle 
of  clouds. 

In  the  second  compartment  are  the  five  sons,  kneeling  in  a  group 
and  facing  the  daughter,  with  a  table  between  them.  They  are 
dressed  in  a  style  of  costume  somewhat  later  than  that  worn  by  their 
father.  They  wear  doublets,  breeches,  sleeveless  short  cloaks,  and 
swords.  The  daughter  is  dressed  as  is  her  mother,  except  that  she 
lacks  the  kerchief,  light  cloak,  and  neck-ruff. 

In  the  centre  of  the  third  compartment  is  a  small  shield,  surrounded 
by  scroll-work  and  bearing,  Quarterly,  ist  and  4th  Symonds, '  2nd 
?,*  3rd ?,»  impaling  Plumbe.* 

The  fourth  and  lowest  compartment  is  blank,  as  stated  already. 

The  armorial  bearings  on  the  shield  enable  us  to  assign  this  brass 
with  certainty  to  Richard  Symonds,  Esquire,  of  The  Pool,  in  Great 
Yeldham,  which  he  acquired  through  his  marriage,  on  9th  January 
1580,  with  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Robert  Plumb  (or  Plume),  of 
Great  Yeldham.  He  was  a  Cursitor  in  Chancery  and  resided  at 
The  Pool,  where  he  died  the  8th  July  1627,  his  wife  having  pre- 
deceased him  on  24th  January  161 1-2.*  Not  improbably  the  brass 
was  engraved  shortly  aiFter  the  death  of  his  wife,  the  inscription  being 
omitted  pending  his  own  death  (the  monument  being  intended  clearly 
to  commemorate  both) ;  but,  apparently,  it  was  never  added.  This 
is  the  more  remarkable  considering  that  his  descendants  remained  in 
possession  of  the  estate  for  nearly  a  century.  One  of  his  descendants 
was  Richard  Symonds,  who  made  the  heraldic  and  genealogical 
"Collections"  relating  to  Essex  (3  vols.)  now  in  Herald's  College. 
Unfortunately,  they  are  not  accessible  to  Essex  searchers. 


^  [Azure,]  on  a  chevron  engrailed  between  three  trefoils  slipped  [or],  a  crescent  for  difference. 

'  Three  eagles  displayed,  two  and  one. 

*  On  a  bend  three  eagles  displayed. 

*  [Ermine,]  a  bend  vairy  [or  and  gules,]  between  two  bendlets  [vert]. 
«  Morant,  ii.  p.  309 ;  see  also  the  VinMHon*  of  Bssix,  pp.  470  and  495. 


ESSEX    FIELD- NAMES. 

COLLBCTBD  AND  ARRANGED  BY 
WILLIAM    CHAPMAN    WALLER,     M.A.,    F.S.A. 


Part  VIIL — The  Hundreds  of  Dunmow  and  Witham. 


This,  the  penultimate  instalment  of  the  field-names  of  the  county, 
SO  far  as  they  are  recoverable  from  the  Tithe  Commutation  Awards, 
brings  us  within  measurable  distance  of  the  goal  towards  which 
our  steps  have  for  eight  years  and  sometimes  a  little  wearily,  been 
consistently  directed. 

On  the  apex  of  the  roughly  triangular  Hundred  of  Chelmsford 
stands  the  southern  extremity  of  the  Hundred  of  Hinckford.  Both 
are  flanked  by  the  Hundreds  of  Dunmow  and  Witham,  which  rest 
on  two  sides  of  the  Chelmsford  triangle,  and  together  contain  very 
little  short  of  100,000  acres.  This  area  is  divided  up  into  forty 
parishes  of  which  all,  save  one  (Tiltey),  are  represented  in  the  Tithe 
Apportionments.  The  field-names  to  be  found  in  these  are  numerous, 
as  might  be  anticipated,  but  less  interesting  than  one  hoped,  seeing 
that  the  area  to  be  worked  was  in  the  middle  of  the  county  and 
perhaps  less  subject  to  the  influence  of  change  than  some  others. 

Now  and  again,  however,  obsolete  words  emerge,  as  in  *  Cuts  Croutch' 
(presumably  Cuts  Cross) ;  and  in '  Houghty  Crout '  and  *  Maiden  Crout, 
in  which  the  second  word  represents  the  Middle- English  *crote,'  a  clod. 
Minchin  Field  recalls  the  nuns;  and  Gang-bridge  Mead,  the  beating 
of  the  bounds  at  Ascensiontide.  Hangman's  Croft  and  Gallows  Croft 
serve  to  remind  us  of  the  time  when  the  King's  peace  did  not  envelope 
the  land.  *  Jack  Eases'  would  have  more  interest,  if  we  had  been 
told  that  the  historic  youth  of  that  name  left  Hampshire  for  Essex, 
^ter  his  marriage  with  the  incomparable  Agnes.     'Three  Journeys' 


ESSEX   FIELD-NAMES. 


69 


probably  represent  three  day-works,  *  jornee  *  being  the  Middle- 
English  equivalent  for  a  day's  work;  and  'screed,*  meaning  a  shred 
or  cutting,  dates  from  the  same  period.  Paradise,  Piccadilly,  and 
Plaguesomes,  with  *  Please  your  Honour,'  may  be  cited,  together 
with  Bellows  Snout,  Bunkers  Hill,  Buffalo  Field,  Goggles,  Crooked 
Anthems  and  Mugbeggars,  as  oddities  not  easy  of  interpretation.  Jesus 
Croft  exhibits  a  somewhat  rare  instance  of  the  secular  employment  of 
a  sacred  name  in  this  country.  *     One  *  Vineyard  *  only  occurs. 


PARISHES. 


(Continued  from  Vol,  VIII. y  p.  298.) 


(Dunmow  Hundred.) 

320  Barnston 

321  Broxted 

322  Canfield,  Great 

323  Canfield,  Little 

324  Chickney 

325  Dunmow,  Great 

326  Dunmow,  Little 

327  Easter,  Good 

328  Easter,  High 

329  Easton,  Great 

330  Easton,  Little 

331  Lindsell 

332  Mashbury 

333  Pleshey 

334  Roothing,  Aythorp 

335  Roothing,  Berners 

336  Roothing,  High 

337  Roothing,  Leaden 

338  Roothing,  Margaret 

339  Roothing,  White 

340  Shellow  Bowells 


341  Thaxted 
341a  Tiltey* 

342  Willingale  Doe 

343  Willingale  Spain 

(WUham  Hundred.) 

344  Bi-adwell-ywATto-Cogges- 

hall. 

345  Braxted,  Great 

346  Braxted,  Little 

347  Coggeshall,  Little 

348  Cressing 

349  Fairsted 

350  Faulkbourne 

351  Hatfield  Peverel 

352  Kelvedon 

353  Notley,  Black 

354  Notley,  White 

355  Rivenhall 

356  Terling 

357  Ulting 

358  Witham 


>  A  curious  instance  occurs  in  Uie  will  of  Robert  Stacey,  of  Holyfield,  in  WaJtham  Abbey. 
dated  Feb.,  1719-20,  where  a  farm  is  said  to  abut  on  'God  Almighty  pear-tree.*  {Exchsq  Dtp. 
cmd  Sp.  dm.  (Esux)  7  Geo.  I.)- 

*  No  award. 


70 


ESSEX   FIELD-NAMES. 


LIST    OF    FIELD-NAMES    OCCURRING    IN    THE 
FOREGOING    PARISHES. 


Note  : — In  the  following  lists  the  numerals  put  after  each  name 
indicate  the  parishes  (see  above)  in  which  the  name  occurs.  Where 
the  same  name  is  found  twice  or  oftener  in  the  same  parish,  one 
numeral  serves  for  all  instances. 


Abbots  Croft,  321  ;    —   Field, 

358;  —Ley,  331;  —Mash 

Wood,  354 

Aben,  Long 325 

Abrahams  Grave       . .      . .  344 
Acre  Bit,  338 ;  —  Lands  (ija,), 

350 ;  —  Shot,  339 
Act  Field,  Great  and  Little,  327 
Adams,   348 ;     —  Wood,   354 

Agers  Field 355 

Aggot,  Great  and  Little,  . .   353 

Agus        325 

Airling         351 

Airlings  Field         . .      . .       351 
Alley  Field,  339  ;  — ,  Long  and 

Short,  339 
Albons  Chase,  320;    —  Swans 

Field,  320 
Alder  Carr,  346 ;  —  Ground,  358 ; 

—  Field,  329 ;  —  Mead,  341 
Alderbridge  Mead  . .  348,  354 
Aldercalf,  354 ;    —   Field,    348 

Alders  Wood      349 

Algars  Field 349 

Aling,   Great  and  Little,   329; 

—  Pasture,  329 

All  Docks       332 

Allaker        358 

Allen,  Little 351 

Aliens  Field        339 

Allings  Croft 329 

Allshotts     325 

Almonds  Field       . .      . .       328 


Almshouse  Field  . .  . .  320 
Aly  Field  and  Pasture  . .  335 
Amberden  Mead  . .  . .  341 
America  . .      . .       320,  323,  325 

Amos,  Little      345 

Anderson  Field      . .      . .       355 

Andrews  Shot 336 

Angel  Field 352 

Angles,  Great  and  Little. .   348 

Ants  Garden 339 

Apple  Croft,    339;     —    Field, 

Great  and  Little,  322 
Apple-tree  Field,  328,  348,  351, 

355 
Appleford  Bridge  Meadow    345 
AppletonYard       ....       355 
Apps,  Great  and  Little     . .   337 

Apley  Field 325 

Archers  Ley       328 

Ardley,  Great,  325 ;  —  Wood,  349 

Argyles        328 

Arks  Grove 321 

Arnolds,  Great  and  Little,  325 
Arnt  Field,  Long  and  Short,  329 
Ash  Croft,  331 ;  —  Field,  341, 
348;  —  Field  Hoppet,  322 ; 
—  Ground,  323,  325,  326, 
327*  331.  347 ;  —  Grove 
Wood,  321  ;  —  Meadow, 
34 1  >  354;  —Plant,  355;  — 
Plant  Field,  348 ;  —Plant 
Meadow,  354;  — Plantation, 
344»  351 ;  —  Spring,  322 


THE   HUNDREDS  OF  DUNMOW  AND  WITHAM. 


71 


Ashes  Field        348 

Ashieys 327,  356 

Ashlins,  Great  and  Little,  323 

Ashweldowns 335 

Assers  Field       327 

Asses  Pasture 327 

Augur  Land  Spring  . .      . .  328 

August 329 

Avesey  Wood 329 

Ayres,  Lower 336 

Aythorp  Mead 334 

Baalam,  Great  and  Little,  351 
Bachelors  Wood  . .  . .  320 
Backside  Field  347 

Bacon  Field       334 

Bacons  Mead 322 

Badams       327 

Badsberry  Warren        . .       344 

Bags  Field 341 

Bagsbury 349 

Bailey  Hook  Meadow      . .   341 

Bairds  Common    . .  322 

Bakers,  325 ;  —  4-acres,  352 ;  — 

Ley,  329  ;    —  Mead,  342 ; 

—  Pasture,  353 

Balance 323 

Baldwins  Ley 331 

Balls        358 

Bambury  Cross  Field  .  336 
Bandlay,   Further   and    Little, 

335 

Bank  Croft 326 

Bannerly 354 

Banquetting  Field  (ar.  7a.)  341 
Bar  Croft,  334  ;    —  Field,  325, 

341,  357;    —   Mead,  326; 

—  Mead  Spring,  326 
Bardfield  Green  Field      . .  341 
Baredown  Field     . .  353 

Bargains 321 

Barkers,  349 ;    —  Field,  341 ; 

—  Mead,  341 


Barley  Croft,  341 ;  —  Croft  Ley, 

341 ;  —  Moors,  356 
Barlings,  Great  and  Little,   341 
Bamland,  Great  Plough, . .  325 

Barn  Shot       341 

Barnard,  348  ;  —  Ley,  345 
Bamards,  341 ;  —  Rice,  328 
Barren  Moor  Field    . .      . .  327 

Barrets  Field 328 

Barrow  Field,  Great  &  Little,  355 
Barrs,  321 ;  — ,  High,  325,  341 ; 

—  Field,  321,  350 
Bartons,  Lower     . .      . .       338 
Bastards  Field,  328 ;  —  Ley,  353 
Rasters  Pasture     . .      . .       324 

Bat  Field 322 

Batemans        355 

Bath  Mead 342,  343 

Bayleys  Spring  Field   . .       343 

Bays  Croft 333 

Beach,  The,  328 ;  —  Field,  327; 

—  Field,  Little  and  Great, 
340 ;   —  Slipe,  343 

Bean   Acre,   Little  (4a.),  335 ; 

—  Croft,  338,  355 
Beards  Chase,  339;  —  Croft,  336 
Bearmans,  336;  —  Field,  355 
Bears,  Upper  and  Lower,   329 
Beauchamp  Mead . .     . .       335 

Beaver  Downs 351 

Beech  Field     . .      . .     335,  338 

Beeders  Field 326 

Beef  Field      320 

Beggar  Field  . .  . .  325,  326 
Beggars  Bread,  356 ;  —  Bridge 

(ar.),  356 ;    —  Hall  Field, 
356 ;   —  Hoppet,  336 

Belhams      351 

Bell  Bexon,  321 ;   —  Croft,  358; 

—  Field,  354, 358 ;  —  Ropes 

329 

Bellows  Snout 353 

Bells  Pasture 348 


72 


ESSEX    FIELD-NAMES. 


Belt,  The 351 

Bench  Croft 334 

Bennetts      348 

Bernish  Croft 335 

Berrys,  Great  and  Little,. .  331 
Berwick  Common  . .      . .       333 

Berwicks  Mead 351 

Besems,  Upper  and  Lower,  356 

Betseys,  Part  of,  325  ;  — ,  Great 

and  Little,      . .      . .       355 

Bevins 325 

Bexley  Common    . .      . .       322 
Bexon,  321 ;  —  Mead,  321 ;   — 
Piece,  321 ;  — ,  Bush,  321 ; 
— ,  Pool,  321 

Bials  Hoppet 343 

Bicknors  Ley 336 

Bigland  Shot 356 

Biggen  Field      358 

Biggots 322 

Bigwoods  Wood        . .      . .   325 

Billet  Field 343 

Bingens  Meadow       . .      . .   341 

Binnards 331 

Binots 345 

Birch  Field,  35i»  357 ;  —  Hoppit, 
340 ;   —  Piece,  344 

Bird  Field       341 

Birds  Croft,  329 ;  —  Field,  328, 

348 ;    —  Hoppet,  325  ;    — 

Orchard,  325 

Birdseye  Field       . .      . .       351 

Bishops,  353,  356 ;  —  Wood,  352 

Bittons  Acre 321 

Black  Acre,  325,  327,  331,  338, 
354;  —Croft, 321,  328,  340, 
344, 358 ;  —  Land,  334. 358 ; 
—  Lands,  333  33^,  339»343» 
351 ;  —  Pasture,  328  ;  — 
Piece,  325,  342 ;  —  Barn 
Field,  353 ;  -  Pond  Field,  347 

Blackmore  Ley 341 

Blackshots      349 


Blackways 354 

Blackwood  Field   . .      . .       325 

Blake  Field 327 

Blakes 328 

Blakeleys,  Hither  &  Further.  339 
Blasters,  Great  and  Little,   343 

Blatches,  Great 326 

Blatchingdon 328 

Blind  Hobbs,  339;     —  Lane 
Field,  351 

Blixes 349 

Bloodys,  Upper  and  Lower,  356 

Blooming  Piece 323 

Blowers,  348  ;    —  Pasture,  341 
Blue  Field,  331 ;  —  Bam  Mea- 
dow, 341  ;    —  Mead,  351 ; 
—  Gate  Field,  339 
Boar  Field,  342  ;    —  Ley,  325 

Boards 33^ 

Bobs  Field,  355 ;  —  Pightle,  341 

Booking  Field 353 

Bog  Field,  348,  351 ;   —  House 
Field,  352 

Bogs  Wood 320 

Bolts  Croft 325 

Bombay  Lands  . .  . .  348 
Bones  Grove.  343 ; — Pasture.  331 
Bongers,  Great  and  Little,    343 

Bonnets,  Little 336 

Bonny  Field,  325 ;  —  Field  Croft, 

331 

Boon  Shots 347 

Border  Field 351 

Borders  Field 324 

Borough  Field 339 

Boroughs,  The,      . .      . .       330 

Boulwoods 355 

Bounces  Land  , .       355 

Bounds  351 

Bouts,  320;  — ,  Part  of,  336 
Bow  Croft  Ley,  34^  I   —  F*®1<^» 

350 ;  —  Sash,  327 ;  —  Sash 

Field,  332 


THE   HUNDREDS  OF  DUNMOW  AND  WITHAM. 


73 


Bower  Field,  Great  &  Little,  353 
Bowling  Green  (ar.)  .  . .  351 
Bowster  Down  341 

Bowyers,  326;  —  Field,  353 
Box  Iron  Field      . .  346 

Boxley  Field       322 

Boxers 341 

Boxes  Field.  Great  and  Little, 

329 

Boyers  Land 325 

Boys  Croft,  328  ;  —  Field,  326, 

328,  331 

Boytens       355 

Boyton  Field,  Great  and  Little, 

339 

Bracelings 351 

Bracklin  Field       . .      . .       325 

Bracks 321 

Bradley  Meadow   . .      . .       353 

Bradleys 358 

Bradwell  Field  . .       352 

Braffin 322 

Brake  Field 356 

Brakey  Field  . .  35i>  352,  354 
Bramble  Croft,  321,  339,  356; 

—  Field,  325,  342 

Brambles        351 

Brands,  326 ;  —  Spring,  325 
Breach,  327,  358  ;   —  Ley,  338 ; 

— ,  Great  and  Little,  323 ; 

— ^  Hither  and  Further,  325  ; 

— ,  The  Long,  329  ;     — , 

Home,  352 

Breaches     327 

Breaky  Field,  351  ;     —   Leys, 

356 ;   —  Piece,  341 
Breech  Pit  Field   . .  352 

Breeches      340 

Breechings      357 

Bretains  Mead 356 

Bretts  Field,  323 ;  —  Land,  339 

Brewers  Field 345 

Brewhouse  Wood  . .      . .       351 


Brick  Clamps,  352  ;  —  Clamps 
Moore,  333;  —  Field,  331, 
339»  352;  —  Ground,  321, 
3251  3305   —  Holmes,  327; 

—  Kiln  Field,  349.  351,  355 ; 

—  Ley,  334 ;  -—  Mead,  322, 
336,  356  ;  —  Pasture,  325, 
336 ;  —  Mead,  341 ;  — 
Slopes,  328 ;  —  Land  Mead, 
342 ;  —  Ley  Field,  326 

Bridge  Hopes,  337 ;  —  Mead,  327 
Bridgemans  Field  . .      . .       351 

Brights  Field      329 

Brinkleys 325,326 

Broad  Arrow      336 

Broady  Field 323 

Broadwater 327 

Brockleshotts 335 

Brockwell  Field 352 

Broken-back  Field        . .       325 

Bronger,  Hither 342 

Brook  Piece 322 

Brookhall  Field 352 

Brookhouse  Meadow  . .  355 
Brook- More,  Upper  . .  . .  357 
Brooks,  Great  and  Little  352 
Broom  Field,  320,  325,  344,  346, 

348,  35o>35i,352,354>355» 

357*358;  —Hill,  321,348; 

—Hills,  325, 329;  —Lands, 

354 ;  —  Ley,  355 ;  — ,  Lower, 

325 
Brooms,  320, 325, 358 ;  — ,  Great 

and  Little,  326 

Broom  well  Lees 356 

Brown  Common  . .  . .  348 
Browns  Field,  358 ;  —  Ground, 

341 ;   —  Nose,  345 

Broxted  Croft 321 

Brumbies,  Faulkboume         358 

Buck  Field 341 

Budges 329 


Buffalo  Field 


345 


74 


ESSEX   FIELD-NAMES. 


Bugg  Field 355 

Buggs 326 

Bulford  Piece. .  . .  348,  353 
BuUace,  Great  and  Little,  356 
Bullen,  Great  and  Little,  329 
Bulls  Moon  . .   358 

BuUwood  Field      . .      . .       348 

Bumby  Field      332 

Bumfords,  357;  —  Mead,  351 
Bumpstead  Wood  . .  •  . .  325 
Bung  Row  Field  . .  . .  346 
Bunkers  Hill  Field  . .  . .  346 
Bunters,  Great  and  Little,    345 

Burchells 349 

Burghy  Field 358 

Burgy  Field,  Great  &  Little,  355 
Burn  Fire  Field  . .  . .  328 
Burnt  Ash,  327,  332 ;  —  Field, 
320,325,341,342,345;  — 
House  Field,  328,  333,  334, 
344*352;  —  Ley,  328,  337, 
357;  —  Park,  335 

Burrows 327 

Burrs  Meadow 348 

Burshotts,  Hither  and  Further, 

335 

Burton  Ley        325 

Burtons  Field  .       341 

Bury  Chase,  351 ;  —  Croft,  336, 
339;  —  Field,  322;  —  Old 
and  New,  325 ;  —  Spring, 
The,  336  ;  —  Wood,  The, 
336 ;  Wood,  Old,  349 
Burying  Mead       . .      . .       342 

Bushet,  The 35i»  357 

Bushwood  Field,  321 ;   —  Pas- 
ture, 323 
Bushy  Lees,  320;  —  Ley,  328; 
—  Park,  335 

Bustlers 348 

Butchery,  Tte,  (meadow  6a.)  350 
Butlers  Orchard  . .  . .  320 
Butt  Field 352 


Butters,  325 ;     —   Upper  and 
Lower,  327 

Button  Seed 323 

Byatts  Croft       321 

Cable  Field 325 

Cacklers  Mead 336 

Cadges  Moor 325 

Cage  and  Yard 358 

Cake  Lays      339 

Calf  Pasture,  321 ;   —  Spring, 

325 

Calfs        323 

Callingham  Mead  . .  . .  321 
Callis  Caltes,  336;  —  Field  and 

Mead,  334 
Callous  Field  and  Mead        328 
Calverts  Pasture  •  •  35^ 

Calves  Cot  Hill,  353  ;  —  Ley, 

341 ;  —  Pasture,  322,  354  ; 

—  Pightle,  321 
Calfs  Shot,  320 ;  —  Shot  Mead, 

320 

Cambridges        329 

Camica  Leys 355 

Cammoys  Hall  Farm       . .  339 

Cammocks      342 

Camp  Field,  348 ;  —  Leys,  322 
Campen  Meadow  . .  355 

Campins      358 

Canary  Field 346 

Candlers      329 

Canfield  Field,  Little,  323 ;    — 

Mead,  336 

Cangley 329 

Canterbury  Field  . .  . .  332 
Canters  Moors  . .  . .  330 
Cape  Mead  Pasture  . .  . .  329 
Cape  and  Lees  . .       356 

Capes  Acre 320 

Caps,  Great  and  Little,        352 

Capps 326 

Cares  Field 325 


THE  HUNDREDS  OF  DUNMOW  AND  WITHAM. 


75 


Carraway,  Hither,  ^.,  356 ;  — 
Bottoms,  345 ;  —  Field,  346, 

348*  35i»  358 
Carters  Croft,  325, 353 ;  —  Field, 

322,  331.  333 

Carvers 325 

Casting  Baileys 358 

Castings,  Great  &  Little,  344, 355 
Castor  Field,  351  ;     —    Field, 

Upper,  Lower  &  Great,  326 
Catchmens,  Hither  &  Further,  342 
Catharine  Field  . .  . .  341 
Catos  Field,  321;  —  Mead,  321 
Cats  Ley,  331 ;  — Tail  Meadow, 

347 

Candles  Field 334 

Causeway  Field. .  . .  336,  348 
Cavils,  Upper  and  Lower,    320 

Chaff  Croft         323 

Chalk  Croft,  338 ;  —  Field,  327, 

328,333;  —Hill,  321,341; 

—  Meadow,  345 

Chalks  Mead      337 

Chalky  Field 351 

Chamberlain       323 

Chambers,  336, 352 ;  —  Croft,  348 
Chances  Field,  Old,  . .  . .  345 
Chandlers,  Lower..  351,  357 
Channocks,  Upper  &  Lower,  351 
Chantry  Wood  . .  346,  358 
Chapel  Croft,  325;  —  Field,  322, 

325*  328,  331.  340 
Chapmans  Leys,  336 ;  —  Field, 

334 
Charnocks  Wood  . .   320 

Chase,  320.  325,  328,  333,  351 ; 
— ,The,  321,  325,  327,  330, 
348,352;  —Field,  321, 322, 
336,  337»  345 ;  —  Ley,  355 

Chasen  Field 334 

Chaseway,  321,  324,  326,  329, 

332,34i»343»355>  357»  35^ 
Cheffock,  3-acre,        . .     . .   325 


Cherrups 322 

Cherry  Field,  321 ;    —   Mead, 

352 ;  —  Orchard,  326,  351 
Chess  Green,  Great  &  Little,  325 

Chest,  The      331 

Chickney  Croft 324 

Child  Wood,  Great  &  Little,  344 
Clilds  Field,  Great  &  Little,  336 
Chill  Field  (or  Gill)      . .       336 

Chimney  Mead 351 

Chip  Yard  (ar.  6a.)  . .  341 
Chipping  Hill  Meadow     . .  358 

Chirrups 323 

Chisel  Tye 328 

Chisels  Field 328 

Chissell  Mead 339 

Chitlands        321 

Chittys,  Little 326 

Christmas  Croft,  336 ;  —  Field, 

332 
Church  Field,  320, 324;  — Land, 

333  ;    —  Moors,  331  ;    — 

Warren,  344 

Circuit  Field      351 

Clapdog  Field,  344;  —  Orchard, 

344 
Clapgate,  356;    —  Field,  320, 

322,   328,    343,    349;     — 

Pasture,  332 

Clapgates 342 

Clamp  Hills 355 

Clappon  Field,  Upper  &  Lower, 

334 
Clarkes  Croft,  325  ;    —  Field, 

321 ,  328 ;   —  Ground  Field, 

328 ;   —  Ley,  355 
Clarreys  Warren   . .      . .       344 
Claypit  Field,  323, 325,  329,  330, 

341 »  351 

Clay  pits       328,  351 

Clay  Shots  . .      346,  358 

Clays,  Hither  and  Further,  327 
Clerks  Field,  Old  . .      . .       342 


76 


ESSEX    FIELD-NAMES. 


Chicken  Field 339 

dimmer  Cocks      . .      . .       334 

Cloak  Field        356 

Clobbs  Mead  . .  325,  236,  327 
Cloghan  Green  Field  . .  337 
Close  Hedge  Field        . .       341 

Closiers  Field 323 

Clotty  Pieces 358 

Clubbs  Field      325 

Clunch  Field 321 

Coal  Field 345 

Coat  Field  . .  . .  328,  357 
Cobbins,  349 ;  —  Lane  Field,  325 
Cobbs  Croft,  325 ;  —  Field,  321 ; 

—  Wood,  321 

Cobhams 345 

Coblers  Hall       345 

Cock  a  beris  Top  Field  345 
Cock  Field,  321,  330;  —  House 

Field,  337 ;  —  Shots,  341 
Cocks  Croft, 329  356;  —Holmes, 
339 ;  —  Hope,  337 ;  —  Land, 
325,  349 ;  — ,  Little,  358 

Cockernames 322 

Cockshill  Field 329 

Cocksmiths 339 

Codlins        323 

Coe  Field        341 

Coes  Barn  Field  . .   325 

Cogwheelers 348 

Coldhams 336 

Cole  Field,  352 ;  —  Mead,  325  ; 

—  Spring,  329 

Colemans        349 

Coles,  326 ;  —  Barn  Field,  325  ; 

—  Field,  353 ;  —  Green,  325 

Colins 344 

College  Field 333 

CoUesbrook,  Upper  &  Lower,  353 
Colliers,  355  ;   —  Field,  325 
Collingtons,  Great  &  Little,  321 
Collins,  Great  and  Little,  325 ; 

—  Field,  348 


CoUis  Pasture        . .      . .       325 

Colly  Field 356 

Colsens  Comb  . .       335 

Coltrops,  Great  and  Little,  326 
Colville  Hall  Wood      . .       339 
Combing  Shots,  Great  and  Little, 
348 

Combs,  Upper 329 

Combwells,  Great . .     . .       328 

Come  Hook        325 

Comewell  Mead  . .  . .  335 
Common,  334 ;  — ,  Great,  329 ; 
— ,  Long,  321 ;  — ,  Middle 
(In),  341 ;  — ,  The,  322,  328, 
336, 337;  —  Field,  328, 332, 
333»  341 1  —  Gardens  (ar.), 
346, 352, 355;  —  Mead,  339, 
344;  ~  Meadow,345,352,357 

Conduit  Field 335 

Coney  Bars,  356  ;   —  Borough, 

336,  358 ;  —  Field,  341 »  — 

Furrows,  346  ;    —  Grove, 

(grass)  352 ;  —  HiU,  341 ,  344 

Congous  Grove  . .       333 

Conybeares 327 

Cooks  Croft,  325 ;  —  Field,  325, 
326,328,  33i»333»358;  — 
Mead,  351 

Cookstools 336 

Coolers,  Great       . .      . .       342 
Coopers   Field,    339,    341  ;     — 
Mead,  351 

Copland       330 

Copper  Croft  . .     . .      349,  356 

Coppice  Grove 321 

Copt  Hall  Field     . .      . .       341 

Copy  Field,  325,  327,  337  ;    — 

Pasture,  328  ;     —  Wood, 

328  ;   —  Yard,  341 

Copyhold  Field      . .      . .       342 

Comer  Croft       348 

Cornish  Meadow   . .      . .       341 
Coslands,  6-acre        . .     . .   328 


THE  HUNDREDS  OF  DUNMOW  AND  WITHAM. 


77 


Cotcroft,  Upper  and  Lower,  352 

Cotcrofts     352 

Cottis  Field 356 

Cottons  Field 328 

Court  Croft,  329 ;  —  Field,  332, 

34i»  347 
Courts,  Spring  and  Lower,   329 

Couches       349 

Cow  Croft,  321 ;     —  Leas,  325 

Cowel  Eaves      355 

Cowells  Field. .      . .      328,  331 

Cowhill  Ley       358 

Cowlands        351 

Cowleaze  Ley 326 

Cowleys,  352 ;     —   Mead,  352 

Cowlins       328,  333 

Cox  Croft       325,  326,  328,  331 

Coxall  Shot        352 

Coxtons  Field 322 

Coys,  Great        322 

Cozelings,  Part  of,         . .       355 

Cozenhall 348 

Crab  Field,  351 ;  — tree  Field, 

321,  341,  345;  —Park,  349; 

—  Pasture,  323 
Crabbs  Croft,  321,  341 ;  —  Ley, 

322;     —   Mead,  336;     — 

Meadow,  352 

Crack  Bones 356 

Craddocks 325 

Crammers       348 

Cranham 321 

Cranes,  325  ;   —  Field,  328 ;  — 

Yard,  324 

Craw  Field     326 

Craw  Shots 348 

Crayborn  Mead  . .  . .  324 
Cressing  Field  . .  . .  348,  350 
Cricketts,  Upper  and  Lower  320 
Criss  Field,  Old,  . .  . .  327 
Crix  Meadow,  351 ;  — Purse,  351 

Crockey       357 

Croft  Common,  Old      . .       322 


Croft  Field 351 

Crook  Acre 325 

Crooked  Anthems,  322 ;  —  Bakers, 
349 ;  —  Croft,  358 ;  —  Field, 
349»  351 ;  —  Macks,  349 

Croppy  Croft 339 

Crosiers,  Long 336 

Cross  Croft,  325,  331,  334,  335, 
342;  —  Field,  339,  341, 
343;  —Leys,  341;  —Path 
Field,  322,  325,  342,  345, 

347»  352, 354»  355*356,  358; 

—  Path  5-acres,  341 ;    — 

Path  Warren,  344 

Crotch  Field       358 

Crotched  Ways,  Great  &  Little, 

354 

Crouch  Field 327 

Crow  Field 356 

Crowdales       341 

Crowlands 349,  353 

Crowley  Down       . .      . .  341 

Crown  Field       351 

Crows  Ley      321 

Croxon  Field      356 

Croxons  Field        . .      . .  321 

Crushley,  Great  and  Little,  348 

Crusleys 355 

Cuckoo  Piece 322 

Cuckoos 336 

Cumbershots      327 

Cuinmels,  Upper  . .      . .  322 

Gunneries 325 

Curse  Field,  Great        . .  336 

Cursey  Croft      340 

Cut  Bush,  322 ;  —  Hedge  Field, 

347 
Cutlers  Green  Field      . .       341 

Cuts  Crouch       357 

Cuttress,  Middle  &  Further,  354 


Daffodil  Pasture 
Daffy  Yard,  The 


329 
344 


78 


ESSEX   FIELD-NAMES. 


Daisleys,  Further  . .  . .  331 
Daisy  Pasture        . .  338 

Dame  Perry's  Field  . .      . .   342 

Dams,  First 352 

Damson  Croft 356 

Dawns,  Little,       . .      . .       333 

Daws 354 

Day  Field       328 

Dead  Field,  336 ;  —  Mans  Hill, 

352 ;    —  Mans  Mead,  339 
Deal    Pasture,  The,  358  ;     — 

Tree  Field,  322 ;    ■—  Tree 

Meadow,  341 
Dealery  Meadow   . .  344 

Deans 348 

Dean  Acre      326 

Debden  Field 341 

Decoy  Pond  Mead        « .       356 

Deeks  Field       344 

Deer  Meadow 344 

Deers  Field        349 

Delvitt  Field 321 

Dengie,  Great  and  Little,  358 
Dennis  Pasture  . .  . .  329 
Dewberry  Field  . .  . .  348,  352 
Dewlips,  Great  and  Little,  341 
Dial  Pasture,  327;  —Yard, 342 
Dick  Field,  325;  —  Mead,  350, 

358 
Dicks  Croft,  331 ;  —  Field,  325 ; 

—  Ley,  341 
Diggins  Mead        . .  342 

Dights  Field      3^7 

Dines  Field,  345 ;  ~  Wood,  349 

Dirty  Croft 33i 

Ditch  Field 320 

Dobbs 339 

Dobs  Field,  336  ;   —  Meadow, 

328 ;  —  Wood,  334 
Dobbinghole  Piece       . .       352 
Dobbynotts,  352  ;    —  Meadow, 

352 
Dock  Mead 35i 


Dockett  Field 341 

Doctors  Field 355 

Dodge  Shoes 335 

Dodges        327 

Does,  Great  and  Little,  322 ;  — 

2-acres,  334 
Dog- Kennel  Field. .      ..       348 
Doggets,  Great  and  Little,   341 

Domes 320 

Dole   Field,  323,  327,  341   (set 

Dool) 

Doley  Field        355 

Dool  Comewell,  335 ;  —  Field, 

325*  328,  329.  330,  33 1 »  332, 
356  (and  see  Dole) ;  —  Ley, 

330 
Dooley  Field    329,  348,  352,  355 
Dorrents,  Great  and  Little,  352 
Double  Rows   Hose,  339 ;     — 

Shots,  332 

Dough  Field 351 

Dove  Hoppet     332 

Dovecroft  Pasture. .     . .       336 
Dovehouse,  336,  351,  355,  356; 

—  Close,  339 ;  —  Croft,  328, 
334»  338;  —  Field,  320, 322, 
325.329»33i»342,348»349. 
352,353»354.355»356,358; 

—  Hoppet,  328,  335 ;  — 
Meadow,  347  ;  —  Pasture, 
3251  338,  341  ;  —  Piece, 
323 ;  —  Pightle,  324 

Dow  Wood 331 

Down,  The,  321,  341 ;  —  Field, 

339 ;  —  Hoppet,  339 
Downs,  341,  351 ;  — ,  The,  329, 

351;  — ,  Great  and  Little, 

328,  333»  336;    —  Long, 

349»  35i»  353 
Dowsetts,  356  ;    — ,  Upper  and 

Lower,  332 

Dozentons 355 

Dragon  Field 3^3 


•DHE  HUNDREDS  OF  DUNMOW  AND  WITHAM. 


79 


Drapers,  349 ;  —  Croft,  329 

Dreams 340 

Drift  Way      322,  325,  341,  345 
Duck   Mead,   358  ;     —   Street 
Field,  330 

Ducketts 341 

Dukelands,  Upper  and   Lower 

321,  341 
Dukes,  355  ;   — ,  The,  352 ;   — , 

Long,  35 1 ;  —  Field,  324, 35 1 

Duncocks 342 

Dunmow  Field,  325,  327 ;     — 

Ley,  320 
Duns,  Great,  342 ;  —  Piece,  343 
Dunsells,  Upper  and  Lower,  326 
Dunstalls,  325,  357 ;  —  Meadow, 

328 

Dunsteds 349»  35^ 

Dutch  Barn 328 

Dyers  Field 325 

Eagles 354 

Ealands 328 

Eaves,  First  and  Second, . ,  355 
East  Field,  341 ;  —  Lands,  343 
Edmonds  Croft  . .       334 

Edwards  Field 325 

Egypt  Meadow      . .  348 

Elbow  Field,  320 ;  —  Spring,  325 

Elder  Field     354 

Elliotts 346 

Ellis  Field      328 

Elm  Croft,  328  ;    —  Field,  341, 

343»  345  ;    —  Pasture,  322 

Embers       356 

Emblems 325 

Emmy  Downs 328 

Empty  Purse,  340,  343,  353  ;  — 

Purse  Field,  339 

English  Croft 341 

Engolds  Moors 325 

Entry,  First  and  Second,  320 
Eppidge,  Great  and  Little,   325 


Etch,  Great  Oat,  . .      . .       325 

Evans  Hoppet 322 

Ewell  Bridge  Meadow,  352 ;   — 

Field,  345 
Ewens,  First  and  Second,  341  : 

—  Field,  341 

Ewes  Meadow  329 

Fair  Bottoms.  358 ;  —  Croft,  328 ; 

—  Field,  345;  —  Mead,  321 

Fairsted  Croft 349 

Falling  Ley 356 

Fan  Field, 341;  —Mead, 320;  — 

Meadow,  320;  — Wood,  321 
Fannins  Grove  . .      . .  349 

Fare  Field       329 

Farmers  Field,  Old,  . .      . .  322 
Farthing  Field  . .       351 

Farthings 351 

Fast  Meadow 342 

Featherbeds  Field     . .      . .  352 

Fellers  Field 336 

Feltons  Field  and  Mead  . .  339 

Fen,  The, 353,  354 

Fennel,  Great  and  Little  . .  331 
Fennys,  339  ;   —  Land,  325 
Feoffee  Land,  356 ;  —  Piece,  351 

Fern  Croft       339 

Five  Rood  Field,  345  ;  —  Rood 

Piece,  344 ;  —  Corners,  344 

Fife  Field 321 

Fishers 320 

Fillditch      328 

Fidgeons  Croft  . .       328 

Flacket  Field,  Upper  and  Lower, 

322 

Flanders      342 

Flat  Field,  336,  337 

Flax  Field  331  {su  also  Flecks 

and  Flex) 

Flecks 355 

Fletchers  Field,  325,  328 ;     — 

Pasture,  353 


8o 


ESSEX    FIELD-NAMES. 


Flex  Field       356 

Flood  Field 351 

Floodgate  Field     . .      . .       344 

Flourish  Field 331 

Folly, The,  344 ;  —  Mill  Meadow, 

341 ;  —  Field,  356 
Ford  Field       . .      . .       325,  326 
Fore  Berrys,  342 ;  —  Field,  325, 

326,  328,  329.  337 
Forest  Field,  Upper  and  Lower, 

354 
Fork  Field      . .      . .      320,  325 
Fouchings  Hoppet     . .      . .   335 

Four  Gate       338 

Fowjons       320 

Fowlers  Ley 323 

Fox  Hatch 322 

Foxes  Eyes 345 

Foxholes      329,  330 

Frank  Martins  Field  . .  322 
Franks  Common        . .      . .   322 

Frays  Croft 338 

Free  Croft 329 

Freeze  Mead 341 

French  Shooters  Hatch  . .  325 
Frenchs  Field,  329,  348  ;     — , 

Long  and  Short,  342 
Frenchlands,  Great  &  Little,  321 
Friar  Lye,  Great  and  Little,  334 
Friars,  354 ;  —  Field,  353 
Fridays        . .      . .  323,  325,  341 

Frist  Ley        322 

Frying  Pan  Pasture  . .  349,  354 
Full  Mead  . .  . .  330,  339 
Fullers  Mead      ...  325 

Furlong  Field  . .  . .  341 
Furnells,  Upper  and  Lower,  321 
Furze  Field    . .      345,  346,  358 

Gains  Small,  320,  323,  329,  334, 
340»  34 1 1  342,  343»  349.  353. 
356,  358 

Gall  Thorp      344 


Galley  Cable,  349  ;    —  Cable 
Wood,  349 ;  —  Croft,  350 ; 

—  Gate,  322 ;  —  Gate  Mead, 

323 
Gallow  Wood  Field  . .      . .  331 
Gallows  Croft,  332, 356,  358;  — 

Field,  325 ;   — -  Land,  354 ; 

—  Mead,  The,  325 
Gambling  Mead         . .      . .  326 
Games  Land,  335 ;  —  Orchard, 

328 

Gammages      341 

Gang  Bridge   Mead,  340,  342, 

343 ;   —  Field,  340 

Gardners  Ley 354 

Garlands 325,  345 

Garnets  Pasture 356 

Garnish  Hall  Wood      . .       338 

Garter  Field       349 

Garrols  Field 321 

Gashes,  Great 357 

Gay  Bush       334 

George  Field      358 

Georges,  325  ;   —  Ley,  326 

Gepp  Field 358 

Gibbons  Croft,  330 ;  —  Ground, 

358 

Gibbs       325,  326 

Gilberts  Field 341 

Gill  Field  (or  Chill),  336;  — 
Mead,  356 

Ginges 329 

Gipsies 341 

Glazen  Wood  Field      . .  348 

Glebe  Meadow,  The  Old,  345 

Glovers  Croft 325 

Goat  Lodge  Field     , .     . .  345 

Godbuts  Hoppet    .'.      . .  336 

Godfreys      354 

Godmans 358 

Goggles       335 

Gogmans  Spring    . .      . .  349 

Goldsmiths  Ley 322 


THE   HUNDREDS  OF   DUNMOW  AND  WITHAM. 


8l 


Gold  Field      356 

Golden  Field,  356 ;  —  Lands,  348 
Goldings  . .  ■    . .  340,  342 

Good  Easter  Fields  . .      . .  327 
Goodfellows,  Great  &  Little,  321 
Goodmans  Field,  358  ;   —  Pas- 
ture, 328 

Goody  Croft  "      348 

Goodys  Field 344 

Goose  Field,  329 ;     —   Marsh, 
325;  —  Sickles,  351 

Gore  Field 342 

Goshes 357 

Goslings      . .  345,  352,  355 

Gossetts,  Near  and  Further,  338 
Gowers,  Further  and  Hither,  328 

Gowmans 328 

Grange  Field,  345 ;     —  Style- 
stead,  322 

Granger 358 

Grant  Field,  Great    . .      . .   321 

Grants  Field 3*21 

Grave  Yard  Field  •341 

Gravel  Croft,  323 ;  —  Field,  331 ; 

— Pit,32i,354;— Shots,325 

Gravel-pit  Field,  326,  327,  328, 

341 »  345»  347»  35o>  353»  354» 
355»  35^ ;   —  Field  Spring, 
341;  —Hill,  329;  —  Pas- 
ture, 325  ;  —  Mead,  339 
Grays   Land,   341  ;     —    Lane 

Comewell,  335 
Grazley,  Upper  and  Lower,  355 
Green  Crofts,  325 ;  — Man  Field, 
346 ;  —  Street  Mead,  334 

Greengoose     321 

Grunley,  Great  and  Little,    325 

Greenocks       336 

Greenstreet  Field      . .      . .   336 
Grey  Hound  Field  351 

Griggs  Croft       331 

Grimery,  Great,  356 ;  —  Meadow, 
356 
F 


Groins      323 

Grooms  Croft     328 

Grouts 320,  325 

Grove.  The,  324;  —  Field,  320, 
322,  323  (and  many  more) ; 

—  Mead,  350 ;  —  Park  Pale, 
355 ;    —  Shot,  321 

Groves,  Upper 322 

Grub  Field      341 

Gruidle        329 

Gubbis  Mead 342 

Gudgeons 323,  329 

Guilders 325 

Gull  Hole 347 

Gulling  Field 336 

Gundles,  Great  and  Little,    356 
Gunnels  Field        . .      . .       351 
Gunns,  322  ;    —  Hoppet,  325  ; 
— ,  3-acre,  328 

Gussetts      325 

Gutteridge,  Long  &  Little,   348 
Gutters,  Further  ..   321 

Hable  Field 320 

Hack  Pits 358 

Hackbush       343 

Hackney,  346  ;   —  Coach,  325  ; 

—  Field,  352 
Hagbush,  Great  and  Little,  334 
Hales  Chase,  322  ;     —   Field, 

331 ;   —  Mead,  323 
Half- Acre  Betts     . .      . .       355 
Half- Yard,  Great  &  Little,  {12a. 

y.  24/.,   ga.  2r.  SSP-)    33^ 

Half  hide  Field 355 

Halfway-house  Field     . .       325 
Hall  Field,  Great,  337 ;  —  Hook 

Row,  349 ;  —  Stokes,  325 

Halstead  Field 336 

Hamilton,  Great    . .      . .       357 

Hammage 328 

Hammells  Field     . .      . .       358 
Hammonds,  356;  —  Meadow,  346 


82 


ESSEX   FIELD-NAMES. 


Hampstead,  Upper  and  Lower, 

325  ;   —  Field,  331 
Hamstalls    .  ....  327 

Hamptons       358 

Hanchetts 341 

Hancocks  Ley  . .  . .  325 
Handkerchief  Hoppet       . .   332 

Handicrofts 352 

Handleys,  Lower,  . .  . .  329 
Handsells  Mead  . .  . .  325 
Hang  Hilly,  358;  —the  Hill,  358 
Hanging  Bags,  348,  354  ;     — 

Pasture,  345  ;     — ,   Upper 

and  Lower,  345 
Hangman,  I  o-acre,    ..      .331 
Hangmans,  325;  —Acre, 336;  — 

Croft,  327;  —Field,  340;  — 

Spring,  340 ;   —  Wood,  331 
Hannahs,  320 ;   —  Chest,  341 ; 

—  Hoppett,  320 

Harbushes 352 

Hardens,  322  ;  —  Hill,  352 
Hardings  Pasture  .  •   341 

Hards  Croft 341 

Hardy  Works  (ar.  5a.)     . .   322 

Hardys  Park 335 

Hare  Field,  347  ;     —    Broom, 

Great,  351 
Hares,  327 ;  —  Field,  328 
Harmans,  Great  and  Little,  356 
Harp,  The,  341  ;  —  Mead,  325  ; 

—  Piece,  330 

Harringtons        330 

Harris*  Pightle       . .  344 

Harris  Grove      351 

Harrods  Meadow,  328  ;  —  Pas- 
ture, 354 

Harrow  Crofts  344 

Harsted  Held  and  Mead  . .  341 
Hart,  Old,  325  ;    —  Field,  322, 

352,  354 ;  —  Wood,  322 
Harts,  341 ;   — ,  5-acre,  358 
Harvest  Down 337 


Harveys,  354;  —  Garden,  356 ;  — 

Field,  349  ;  —  Meadow,  328 
Harwood,  Great  . .       324 

Hassage,  First 321 

Hassetts,  Great  and  Little,  321 

Hassy  Fields      336 

Hastings 336 

Hatch  Mead       322 

Hatcheldon  Field  . .      . .       351 

Hatchers  Grove 336 

Hatfield  Field 358 

Hatley 322 

Hattree  Field 325 

Hausy  Down,  321 ;  —  Mead,  321 
Hawbridge  Field   . .  345 

Hawbush,  333,  357 ;    —   Field, 

354  ;     —    Park,   341  ;     — 

Pasture,  354 
Hawk  Weed  Field        . .       342 

Hawkins  Croft 341 

Hawdowns 328 

Haws,  Great       351 

Haydons,  351  ;   —  Pasture,  322 

Hayley  Field      323 

Hays  Croft,  329  ;  —  Wood,  353 
Hazel  Field,  329 ;  —  Mead,  322 
Hazels,  Great  and  Little,  328 ; 

— ,  Great,  324 
Hazelton  Wood 354 

335 
349 
345 
329 
342 
322 
322 

343 
328 


Hazletons 

Head  Shot  . .      . 

Heath  Field    . . 

Hedge  Croft 

Hedgehog  Field 

Hedgestones 

Hedge  tons 

Hedge  wicks 

Hempstall 

Heron  Field,  342  ;    —  Ley,  327 

Herrings,  Little,  321  ;  —  Wood, 

351 

Herriots 332 

Herts  Field 326 


THE  HUNDREDS  OF  DUNMOW  AND  WITHAM. 


Hick  Field,  Great  and  Little,  334 

Hickley        329 

Hide,  Long     337 

High  Easter  Croft     . .      . .   336 

Highgates       323 

Highmans  Field         . .      . .   322 
Highwood  Field     . .  325 

Hills,  Little,  325  ;    —  Old,  345 

Hitchens 355 

Hobbings 356 

Hobble  Field 351 

Hobbs  Acre,  339;  —  Field,  328; 

—  Mead,  322 

Hockley  Hills 325 

Hockleys 325 

Hoddens  Piece 323 

Hodge  Croft 352 

HodleysBit        358 

Hoe  Field,  322, 339 ;  —  Mead,  324 

Hoeling  Wood 324 

Hoggets  Field        . .      . .       328 
Hoggs  Meadow    .      .        . .   352 

Hoglands 351 

Hoglind  Wood 325 

Hog  Park       348 

Hogs  Croft,  351 ;  —  Meadow,  328 
Hogwells  Pasture. .      ..       351 

Holders  Field 328 

Holdshots  Field     . .      . .       352 

Hollace,  Little 336 

Holland  Field 321 

Hollies,  Great  and  Little,  325 
HollowOak  Field,  Great  &Little, 
330 ;  —  Tree  Field,  331 ;  — 
Tree  Pasture,  327,  332 
Holly  Field,  325 ;  —  Pasture,  356 
Holmes,  322,  337;  — -  Field,  331, 

339 
Holt  {see  Ozier)     . .      . .       351 

Holton,  Pond, 358 

Holts,  Great  and   Little,  351 ; 

—  Croft,  351 
Homestall,  Great,  . .      . .       356 


83 

Homestickles      328 

Honey  Field 329 

Honeysuckle,  Great  &  Little,  325 
Hongers    Downs    {see    Hunger 

Downs)        325 

Hook  Croft,  341,  348 ;  —  Field, 

^  325*328,  329*  333»  344^355; 

—  Mings,  343  ;   — ,  Upper 

Hall,  349 
Hookley  Wood      . .      . .       356 
Hooks,  325,  343 ;   —  Field,  325 

Hoop  (7a.)      355 

Hope,  The, 340 

Hopes,  The,  357;  —  Small,  348, 

355 
Hopkins  Meadow,  328;  — ,  Great 

and  Little,  325 
Hoplongs  Brook  Field,  325  ;  — 

Pasture,  325 
Hoppers  . .      . .      :       . .       339 

Hop  Croft 332,  341 

Hop-Garden,  322,  325,  327,  331, 
336,  348.349.35o»35i»355» 
357 ;  —  Field,  336 ;  — 
Mead,  327,  334,  336,  343 ; 
—  Pasture,  353 
Hop-Ground,  320,  321,  325,  328, 
337»  338,  34i»342,345»346, 
347»  352,355; —I^^ield,  341, 

345 
Hoppet,  320,  321,  323,  324,  325, 

327»  328,331,336,338,339, 

34i»  343»35i,357 

Hoppetts 329 

Hopping  Ley     341 

Horham  Mead  341 

Horhams 321 

Hornbeam  Pasture       . .       326 

Home  Field       345 

Hornells 351 

Horsecroft 353 

Horse  Sows 325 

Horselings 355 


84 


ESSEX   FIELD-NAMES. 


Horsely  Hill 341 

Horseman  Ley 358 

Horsenails,  Short  and  Long,  343 
HorsJey,  Upper  and  Lower,  354 

Horsnells        332 

Hosit  Meadow 330 

Hoskins 341 

Hosters        322 

Houchers  Field      . .      . .       328 

Houchin      334 

Houghton,  Pond,  . .  351 

Houghty  Crout 320 

How  Croft,  321,  325 ;   —  Field, 

338,34i.353>354;  —Field 
Coppice,  338 ;  —  Mead,  322 ; 
— ,  Wood  Pasture,  323 
Howes  Field  . .      . .      328,  333 

Howletts  Wood 328 

Hubbards,  321;     — ,  Old,  344 

Hull  Croft 348,  355 

Hulls       327 

Hundred  Acres  (0.3.36.)  325 ; 
(1.2.20.)  330;  (0.1.9.)  342; 
(0.3.27.)  (0.1.36.)  344;  (0.1.34) 
355 ;  — ,  The,  (1.0.28.)  349  ; 

—  Barn  Field,  (5.3.12.)  349 

Hunger  Ley 341 

Hungerdown,  324, 328,  330,  341 ; 

—  Field,  345 
Hungerdowns     . .  325,  328,  346 
Hungry  Downs      . .  321 
Hunts,  320,  325,  336,  341  ;     — 

Wood,  320 

Hurds  Field        328 

Hurrells,   349;     —  Mead,   351 

Husbands  Field 337 

Husks      344 

Hutch  Field       336 

Hutchens  Croft,  321 ;   —  Croft 

Spring,  321 
Hutleys  Field,  322;  — Land,  335 

Huzleys       327 

Hyde,  The, 341 


Ice  Meadow  or  Hides  Hoppet  342 

Ingrains 325,  341 

f     Inward  Field       336 

I     Ireland     ..      ..      320,  33 ^  339 
Island,  Great  and  Little,  . .   325 

Ivetts  Field 353 

Ivory,  Great  and  Little,   . .   356 
Ivy  Chimneys         . .      . .       358 

Ivy-leaf  Garden 320 

Ivy  Wood        349 

I     Jack  Croft,  332  ;   —  Eases,  342 

I     Jackets,  Little, 356 

j     Jacks  Croft      331 

Jacksons  Field 358 

'     James  Moors,  Great  and  Little, 

I  341 

Jarvis  Field         329 

I     Jaseys       . .       345 

I     Jays,   Great   and    Little,   341 ; 
!  —  Field,  354 ;     —    Mead, 

1  341 

JeflFery  Rolls       336 

Jeffreys 338 

Jenkin  Shots       352 

Jenkins  Field 331 

Jennets  (Whites  and)        . .  336 

Jennings,  321  ;     —    Field,  321 

Jenny  Croft 354 

Jepps  Croft      332 

Jesus  Croft 341 

Joan  Simmers                . .  341 
Jobs  Treat,  328;  -  Wood,  351 

Jockilns 325 

John  Meadow,  Little,       . .  355 

Johns  Land 332 

Joiners  Field       322 

Jones  Field     331 

Joslins,  328  ;     —   Hoppet,  336 

Journeys,  Three,    . .      . .  326 

Joyces  Field        344 

Joys,  320  ;  —  Field,  328 
Judds  Field,  337  ;  —  Mead,  336 


THE  HUNDREDS  OF  DUNMOW  AND  WITHAM. 


Kebley  Field 348 

Kebleys  Field 326 

Keers  Mead 334 

Keifred,  Great,  329;  —  Ley,  329 
Kelvedon  Field  . .       352 

Kemps,  Long 349 

Kemptons       358 

Kentish,  Upper  and  Lower,  344 

Kents  Field 321 

Ketches       322 

Ketleys  Field. .      . .       326,  336 

Kettle  Field        327 

Kew  Pasture 325 

Keys,  Great        347 

Kidd  Common        . .      . .       321 

Kidds  Common 321 

Kiffers      342 

Kilhouse  Mead 327 

Killings 341 

Kihi  Field,  329,  346,  348,  355 ; 

—  Pasture,  326 ;    —  Shot, 
336 ;  —  House  Field,  338 ; 

—  House  Hoppet,  336 ;   — 
House  Mead,  339 

King  Field,  349,  350 ;  —  Wood, 

Kings  Croft,  Great  and  Little, 
339 ;  —  Field,  326, 33 1,353; 

—  Land,  327 ;  —  Mead,  358 

Kingstons        328 

Kingsland,  Great  and  Little,  341 

Kisse,  The,     352 

Kit  Howard,  Hither,        . .   351 
Kitchen  Croft,  (2(>.)  321 ;  (1.2.24.) 

325 ;  (3^-)  331 

Kitchen  Field : — This  name  oc- 
curs over  forty  times,  and  in 
twenty-six  different  parishes. 
The  areas  of  the  fields  thus 
indicated  vary  between  seven- 
teen and  two  acres.  In  one 
case  (332)  a  Kitchen  P'ield 
contained  twenty-nine  acres. 


85 

Kitchen  Mead,  (5a.)  323;  (1.1.27.) 
326;  (2.3.17.)  (3«.)(9«-)»  327; 
(5«0(5«-)>334*»  —Meadow, 
348;  —  Pasture  (3a.),  322  ; 
(3^.)»  326 ;    (2a.),  330 ;    (3) 

(3«0»  341 

Knapps,  The      334 

Knee  Field      358 

Knights       . .      . .  320,  342,  356 

Knockley  Field  . .  342 

Knolls,  Little, 354 

Knowles  Field        . .      . .  351 

Konjohns  Hole 328 

L  Field 350 

Lacey  Field        350 

Lacies      324 

Lady  Field,  355 ;  —  Lands,  343 ; 

—  Leys,  336 

Ladies  Field,  333 ;  —  Hole,  320 ; 

—  Land,  327 ;  —  Tile,  333 

Lair  Field 325 

Lamb  Bones 342 

Lamballs  Croft 352 

Lambert  Hoppet    . .      . .       322 

Lambs  Croft       349 

Lammers  Land     . .      . .       354 

Lammas  Mead 354 

Lancastrian  School  . .  358 
Lancers,  Great  and  Little,  331 
Land  Croft,  325  ;  —  Mead,  322, 

354 ;   —  Mead  Field,  354  ; 

—  Way  (Wood),  335 

Lander  Field      355 

Landley,  Upper  and  Lower,  343 
Langham  Lands  . .  . .  348 
Langleys,  322,  332  ;    —   Mead, 

342,  343 
Langlins,  Upper  and  Lower,  334 

Lanhams  Wood 355 

Lards  Land 328 

Larks  Field,  Great  . .  . .  328 
Lavers  Field 348 


86 


ESSEX   FIELD-NAMES. 


Lawn,  The,  322,  342 ;  —  Long, 
336  ;   — ,  Part  of  the,  345  ; 

—  Park,  335 ;  —  Wood.  335 
Lawrence  Croft  . .  . .  336 
Laxters,  Great  and  Little,    351 

Layer  Brench 353 

Lea  Field,  352 ;  —  Lane  Field, 

345 
Leach  Pond  Ley  Wood    . .   352 

Leaden  Croft 322 

Leads,  Great,     35^ 

Lean  Bexon,  321 ;  —  Field,  321 
Leathern  Bottle  Field       . .   328 

Ledgertons      3^9 

Lee  Moors 35^ 

Leggetts  Spring     . .      . .       321 

Leighs  Field       35 1 

Leighton,  Low  . .  . .  323 
Lemon  Brook,  325 ;  —  Pasture, 

325 
Let  Field,  Great  and  Little,  333 

Levers  Land 322 

Ley,  The,  321 :   —  Hams,  325 ; 

—  Hook,  341 ;  —  Lands, 
336  ;  — ,  Old,  320 ;  — 
Pasture,  The,  325 

Leys,  Old 323*  339 

Lie  Alone        334 

Lime  Field 328 

Lime- Kiln  Field     . .       34i»  357 

Lingot  Field       352 

Linguards  Field     . .      . .       328 

Linkey  Wood 344 

Links       355 

Linstead  Pasture       . .      . .   328 

Linton  Field 33 1 

Lions  Field        . .  33i»  337»  344 

Liran  Wood 325 

Littlemores 344 

Litteys,  Great  and  Little,  346 
Littlebury  Wood  . .  . .  354 
Littley,  9-acre,       . .      . .       325 


William  Loper  figures  as  a  tenant  in  Broxted 


Live  Heriot        343 

Livermeres      322 

Living  Tree  Ley  . .  .329 
Livings  Mead  . .       336 

Lobley  Field       353 

Lockharts        328 

Locust  Croft       330 

London  Field  . .      . .      342,  35^ 

Longs  Pen 352 

Loopers  Field        . .      . .       329 
Lopers  ;   —  Meadow,  341  * 
Lords  Croft,  325,  330 ;   —  Mea- 
dow, 329,  344  ;   —  7-acres, 
322 ;  —Wood  Field,  334, 337 
Lost  Croft, 354;  —Field, 349;  — 
Land,  Hither  and  Further, 

351 

Loucey 321 

Loungers  Mead 336 

Lovells  Field..      ..  328 

Loves  Field,  341 ;  —  Spring,  321 
Lovett  Barn  Field. ...  341 
Low  Cries  and  I'ond  Cries    329 

Low  Croft       321 

Lowes,  The 355 

Lows  Field 325 

Lucas  Field  . .  321,  326,  337 
Lucerne  Field  .  .  328,  344 
Luckings  Hoppet       . .      . .  327 

Lucks  Field 334 

Lukes  Land,  343  ;  —  Mead,  326 
Lushbury  Wood  . .  . .  349 
Lye  Field  and  Mead. .  . .  334 
Lynders  Ley 353 

Mab  Field 339 

Maceys  Mead 327 

Madgemans  Hoppet..      ..  337 

Maddocks        336 

Maggots,  328  ;     —   Mead,  358 

Maggs  Croft 322 

Magpie  Ley  341 

temp.  Edward  II.,  in  the  Cartulary  of  Tiltey  Abbey. 


THE  HUNDREDS  OF  DUNMOW  AND  WITHAM. 


87 


Maiden   Croft,    323,    325,   339; 

—  Croft  Bottom,  349 ;  — 
Crout  Field,  320;  —  Crout 
Wood,  320 

Maidens  Field  328 

Maids  Croft,  354;  —  Field,  336; 

—  Park,  341 ;   —  Plat,  341 

Maitlands 354 

Majors  Field 325 

Mallerdines 341 

Mailers,  Great  and  Little,  336 
Mallyans  Lane  Field  . .  345 
Malting   Field,   322,    325 ;     — 

Pasture,  323 
Man  Field,  Little  . .      . .       325 

Mann  Wood       339 

Manchester  Field  . .      . .       342 

Manfield      325 

Mankins 333 

Mannings    Hoppet,    340 ;      — 

Mead,  339 
Manns  Croft,  334;  —  Wood,  328 
Maple,  Great  and  Little,  328 ;  — 

Croft,  348  ;   —  Field,  339  ; 

—  Mead,  336  ;  —  on  the 
Nail  (farm),  336 

Marble  Piece 341 

Mares  Parlour 321 

Margaret  Shots  . .       346 

Marks,  Little.  349;  — ,  Long,  325 ; 

—  Spring,  325  ;  —  Wood, 
339  ;  —  Hill  Wood,  325 

Marl  Pits        358 

Marlin  Field       332 

Marlins 348 

Marrowbone  Field  &  Mead,  337 
Marshall  Field       . .  325 

Martin,  Further  and  Old,  328 
Martins,  322,  341 ;  —  Meadow, 

355 

Marvel  Field 343 

Marwell       349 

Mary  gold  Field      . .  356 


Mash  14-acres 341 

Mashbury ,  343 ;  —  Field,  327, 332 

Mashgates 334 

Mashways,  Great  &  Little,  339 

Masis  Mead        332 

Masons  Field 345 

Match  Croft        322 

Matthews  Field     . .  ^29 

Mawbyns  Pasture     . .      . .   330 
Maxeys  Spring       . .      . .       344 

May  Field 325 

Mays,  322,  325  ;  —  Pasture,  329 

Maylands 321,  358 

Mayletts 323 

Maynard      . .      . .  341,  349,  35^ 
Maypole  Field        . .       337,  341 

Mazeys  Spring 344 

Measely  Field 339 

Meeting  Field 322 

Meg  Pear-tree       . .      . .       355 

Mens,  Broad,      358 

Michaels,  Great  and  Little,  336 

Mid  Croft 321 

Midleys 356 

Milbourns  Field 330 

Mile-stone  Field     . .      . .       351 

Miles  Mead 342 

Mill  Field,  321,  322,  323,  324, 
325»  326,  327,  328,  329,  331, 
332,  334.  335»  336,  337.  33^, 
339.  340,341.342,344.345. 
347.  348,  352,  353.  354.  357. 
358 ;  —  Garden,  327  ;  — 
Hill,  323  ;  —  Hill  Field, 
341 ;  —  Hoppet,  327  ;  — 
Lye,  334 ;   —  Marsh,  357  ; 

—  Mead,  325,  334, 351,  356 ; 

—  Meadow,  346,  358  ;     — 
Pasture,  330 

Milldown 335 

Millers,  322;  — Bleach,  333;  — 

Mead,  341 ;  —  Pasture,  341 

Millets  Meadow 341 


88 


ESSEX    FIELD-NAMES. 


Millons 349 

Millstone  Field 325 

Minchin  Field 325 

Mings,  Long  and  Short,  . .   343 

Minums 341 

Mitchell       354,  356 

Mitchells  Croft       . .  325 

Moat,  323 ;  — ,  The,  329 ;  —  Field, 
324,  327,328,334,341,343, 
349»  35 1 »  356  ;  —  Lands, 
353  ;  —  Ley,  (or  Motley) 
336;  —  Pasture,  353 
Mob  Trenches        . .  349 

Mockstead 352 

Mole  Field      327 

Mole-hill  Ley,  341 ;  —  Mead, 
337  ;  —  Meadow,  333  ;  — 
Pasture,  334 

Moley  Leys 352 

Money  Field       328 

Monk  Field,  332;  — Street  Field, 

341 ;  —  Wood  Field,  325 
Monks  Field,  325, 334;  — ,Long, 

356 

Moon  Mead 322 

Moonscroft 348 

Moor,  326;  — ,  The,  328,  351, 
353 ;  — »  Great  and  Long, 
320;  —  Pasture,  320;  — 
341 ;  —  Field,  341  ;  — , 
Further,  355;  —  Hedges, 
326  ;  —  Lane  Field,  326 
Moors,  322,  323,  358  ;  — ,  The, 
321,  324,  325,  328,  329,  330, 
341,  344,349,352;  — ,  The 
Old,  331;  — Upper  &  Lower, 
328;   —  Pasture,  325,  345 

Morants  Field 351 

Morlands 348 

Morrel  Acre        322 

Mortells  Spring      . .      . .       325 

Mortiers  Hill      330 

Mosley,  First  Second  &Third,  358 


Moss  Field,  328,  341 ;  —  House 

Field,  329 
Mot  Ley  (or  Moat  Ley)  . .   336 

Mother  Crow 332 

Motts,  335 ;  —  Green  Field,  327; 

—  Meadow,  328 

Moulstrams        348 

Mount,  The 322 

Mountneys  Spring     . .      . .   335 

Mow  Mead     334 

Mowlands 328,  339 

Much  Field,  329;  —  Field,  Great 

and  Little,  321 ;   —  Little, 

356  ;    — ,  Great,  356  ;    — , 

lo-acres,  356 

Muck  Field     328 

Mucks  Meadow 392 

Mud  Field       351 

Muddox  Spring 356 

Mudhall  Ley 341 

Mugbeggars        355 

Munges -   336 

Munns  Field       328 

Muskets 343 

Mustards 349 

Myall  Pasture         . .      . .       326 

Nash  Long  Field       . .      . .   339 

Nats  Field       321 

Natsby,  Upper 351 

Neales  Field,  331;  —  Further,  336 
Ned  Martins  Park  . .   341 

Neds  Field      349 

Nells  Field 350 

Nelly  Pasture 348 

Nether  Field,  320;  — Wood,  325 

Nettle  Spring 325 

Nettles  Well       327 

New  England .  .  . .  328,  348 
New-taken-in- Piece  .  .  . .  337 
Newarks  Chase,  327 ;    —  Hall 

Field,  343 
Newells,334;  — and  Everitts,328 


THE   HUNDREDS  OF  DUNMOW  AND  WITHAM. 


89 


Newgate,  Great,    . .  324 

Newland  Park 341 

Newlands,   321,  324,  341,  343, 

346,  352,  353 

Newless 341 

Newman  Field 325 

Newmans,  336 ;  —  Bottom,  330 

Newneys      356 

Nickles  Croft,  354  ;     —   Cross 

Field,  353 

Night  Croft 327 

Nightingales  Field  . .   328 

Nightless,  332  ;  —  Long,  357 
Nine  Corners,  322,  347,  328,  359 
No  Mans  Piece      . .  325 

Noke  Field  and  Pasture  .  .  339 
Nokes,  Great  and  Little,  356 ;  — 

Field,  348  ;    —  Sparlie,  328 

Nook  Field      358 

Norfolk        326 

Norman  Mead  356 

Normans  Mead 356 

Norrels  Pasture     . .      . .       356 

North  Field         323 

Norwich  Yard 336 

Notley  Field,  350;  — Thrifts,  353 
Nounsley,  351 ;     —  Field,  351 

Nuneys  Field     349 

Nunnery 355 

Nursery  Field 347 

Nut  Crofts      345 

Nut-tree  Wood 349 

Nut-hedge  Field     . .  331 

Nuttery  Croft      328 

Oak  Field,  322,  327,  332,  341 ; 
—  Mead,  34 1 ;  —  Shots,  348, 
35o»  354  ♦  — »  The  Spread, 
352  ;   —  Spring,  325 

Oakey  Field 354 

Oakley  Hoppet 342 

Oaks,  High,  329  ;  —  Ley  Field, 
321 


Oak  Shot 337 

Oblongs       348,  354 

Oifery  Ley      341 

Ogle  Field 351 

Ogles        328 

Old  Harrys  Field,  341 ;  — House 

Field,  335 
Oldbury,  Great  and  Little,  327; 

—  Field,  332  ;  —  Hill,  356; 

—  Slip,  Meadow,  327 
Olives  Wood,  East  &  West,  325 

Olivers,  Great 355 

Omseys  Wood  Field     . .       344 
Onions,  325 ;    —  Corner,  344  ; 

—  Field,  348 

Orfords  Croft      327 

Orphans 356 

Osborns  Meadow       . .      . .   358 

Outlets  Wood 331 

Oven  Field 328 

Overlands       328 

Ox  Ley,  Great,  321 ;  —  Pasture, 
320 ;   —  Leys,  353 

Oxney  Mead       333 

Ozier  Bed,  339,  354,  358 ;  — 
Garden,  331 ;  —  Ground, 
321,  322,  323,  325,  326,  327, 
328,  329,  336,  341,  345,  346, 
347»35i,  357>358;  —Holt, 

351 
Oziers      353 

Packmans 327 

Padgeons,  Upper  . .      . .       333 
Pages  Croft,  330 ;    —  Pasture, 

321 ;   —  Hose  Little  Shot, 

339;   —Hose,  339 
Pains  Herveys, 358;  —Orchard, 

349 
Palace  Field,  First  &  Further,  341 
Pale  Field,  320 ;  —  Gate  Pasture, 

321 
Pall  Piece 325 


90 


ESSEX   FIELD-NAMES. 


Pan  Croft,  336 ;   —  Field,  328, 
337»  356;    —  Mead,  325; 

—  Saving,  Little,  358 

Pantile  Pasture 328 

Pantlins 352 

Papwells      325 

Parish  Cage,  354 ;  —  Field,  336 
Park,  The,  327,  347,  354 ;     — 

Field,  322,  329,  335,  340, 
342,  354 ;  —  First,  Second 
and  Lower,  355  ;  —  Upper 
and  Lower,  325  ;  —  Hill, 
341;  —  Ley,  321,  336;  — 
Mead,  337 ;    —  Shot,  325  ; 

—  Gate  Field,  328 
Parkers,  342 ;  —  Pasture,  320 
Parley  Bottom  . .  . .  352 
Parlour  End,  348 ;  —  Field,  355 
Parsleys  Croft  . .  . .  327 
Parsons  Field,  336  ;    —  Land, 

333  *'  —  Piece,  332,  339 
Parsonage  Wood       . .      •  •   337 
Parting  Wood,  The,  356 

Parts  Field 325 

Paradise 328 

Partridge  Field 321 

Pauls  Wood 353 

Pavetts        341 

Pavilon,  Hither  &  Further,  339 

Paynes 355 

Pea  Croft 334 

Peacocks  Field 321 

Peacons,  322 ;   —  Ley,  322 
Peakins  Field,  328 ;  —  Mead,  336 
Pear  Croft,  340 ;  —  Cross,  Great 

and  Little,  351 
Pear-tree    Bandlay,    335  ;      — 

Bottom,  358;  —Croft,  358; 

—  Field,  321,  325,  328,  329, 
33i>335>34i»344»345»  34^, 
349»  352,  356,  358;  —Mead, 
339 ;  —  Meadow,  341 ;  — 
Pasture,  327 


Peckatory 344 

Peg  Piece        355 

Peggy  Field        339 

Pekins  Field,  328  ;  — ,  Home 
and  Further,  328 

Pell  Croft        341 

Penny  Common,  333 ;  —  Croft, 
320 ;  — ,  Field,  Upper  and 
Lower,  329;  —  Rods,  351 ; 
—  Mores,  325 

Pentley  Field     328 

Pepper  Field,  335  ;  —  Meadow, 

358 ;  —  Mills,  (ar.  i  la.)  320 

Pepperage  Mead    . .      . .       322 

Peppers       334 

Percys  Hoppet       . .      . .       342 

Perrins  Pasture 323 

Perry,  Little,  328 ;  —  Common, 
333 ;  —  Field,  322,  327,  328, 
329»  330»  332,  334»  33^,  339» 
342,  345»  353i  354.  35^  ;  — 
Hills,    321 ;     —    Meadow, 

344 
Perry s,  356  ;  —  Field,  351 
Pesthouse  Field,  330,  341 ;   — , 

Upper  and  Lower,  325 
Pet  Field         . .      . .       347,  354 

Fetches        331 

Peters  Field,  341  ;   —  Ley,  325 

Pettis  Field        341 

Pettits  Field 331 

Phillips  Home  Field         .  .   348 

Philpot  Mead 323 

Philpots  Field 326 

Phoenix  Field,  356 ;  — ,  Part  of, 

349 

Piccadilly         328 

Picket  Field        338 

Picket ts  Leys 341 

Pickney  Field 328 

Pickpurn  Field       . .      . .  353 

Pickstones 345 

Pies  Mead       341 


THE   HUNDREDS  OF  DUNMOW  AND  WITHAM. 


91 


Pightle,  321,  322,  325,  327,  329, 
331 »  332,  336,34i»344»345» 
347i  348,  351.  352,  353»  354. 
355»  358 

Pig  Hogs 355 

Piggots  Ley,  331 ;  —  Pightle,  341 
Pigs  Field  9  acres,  341 ;  —  Land, 

343 ;  —  Mead,  338 
Pigwell        . .      . .  -332 

Pike  Hills,  351 ;    —  Hose,  339 

Pilgrims  Croft 358 

Pill  Croft         . .      . .       325,  337 
Pincher  Field  . .  355 

Pinklands        354 

Pipers  Mead,  327  ;    —  Oak,  341 

Pippin  Hall 333 

Pit  Field,  322;     —  Shaw,  357 
Pitmons  Field  352 

Plaguesomes       355 

Plains  Field 348 

Planwell  Field 345 

Platts       321 

Pleach  Field       333 

Plean  Mead 351 

Please  your  Honour  (ar.  8a.  iy, 

18/.)  320 
Plegden  Hall  Wood  . .  . .  321 
Pleshey  Field  . .  328,  332,  333 
Plogden  Wood  Field  . .  321 
Pluckendon,  Upper  and  Lower, 
(15/1.  19a.)  342^ 

Plumbeys        352 

Plumkin,  Upper  and  Lower,  339 
Plummers  Wood    . .  341 

Plump  Lands 351 

Plumpton,  Long    . .  334 

Plums,  Upper  and  Lower,    341     1 
Poachen  Field        . .  352     | 

Poaching  Field 325 

Pockets 348 

Pods  Hall 348 

Poets  Bottoms  349 


Pokers  Mead      355 

Pole  Shot,  324  ;    —  Mead,  324 

Poles  Pasture 325 

Pollens       344,  348 

Pondwick 347 

Pool  Mead.  320;  — Pasture,  325 
Poor  Field,  356 ;    —  Ley,  329, 

341  ;    —   House,  322 ;    — 

House  Field,  334,  340 ;    — 

House  Wood,  337 
Poors  Land,  325,  336,  344  ;   — 

Land  Mead,  336 
Poplar,  321,325,328;  —  Mead, 

321 ;   —  Piece,  351 
Poplars  Chase,  336 ;  —  Mead,  339 

Popley  Field 352 

Porch  Mead  Shaw  . .  . .  336 
Pork  Field  and  Mead  . .  339 
Porridge- pot  Field     . .      . .   356 

Port  Field        355 

Portable       341 

Porters  Meadow  . .  . .  328 
Post  Bridge,  333 ;  —  Leys,  341 ; 

—  House  Field,  356 
Posting  Barn  Field  . .  . .  325 
Poseborough  Wood  . .  354 
Postern  Field  . .  . .  325,  326 
Pot  Croft,  Great  and  Little,  353 
Potash  Field,  325,  342,  345,  349, 

354  ;     —   Land,  349  ;     — 

Mead,  336  ;     —    Meadow, 

353  \    —  Wood,  356 

Potatoe  Field      320 

Potlids 358 

Pottens        334 

Potts  Croft      341 

Poulters  Croft,  336 ;  —  Field,  320 
Pound  Bamerly,  348  ;   —  Croft, 

327*  339;  —  I'^ield,  325,  326, 

329/3331 341. 345»  351 ;  — 

House  Field,  322;  —  House 
Mead,  Upper  &  Lower,  340 


*  ArUtpp.  333,  376 — Mr.  J.  H.  Round's  notes  on  Pleskichou. 


92 


ESSEX   FIELD-NAMES. 


Poverty  Field,  Great  &  Little,  334 

Pratt  Field      330 

Presley  Field      . .  • .   321 

Press  Croft      322 

Price  Field,  334 ;  —  Lands,  334 
Prickney  Mead      . .      . .       332 

Prices 336 

Priests  Land 352 

Priestly  Field      342 

Prings      325 

Priors  Row 349,  350 

Priory  Field 326 

Princes  Croft,  341 ;   —  Garden, 

327 

Prouds  Meadow 341 

Prows  Long  Field         . .  339 

Provender  Shot 327 

Puckles,  Long               , .  344 

Pulley  Field       355 

Pulpit  Mead    . .              . .  331 

Punchley 354 

Puns,  Hither  and  Further,  323  ; 

—  Ley,  323 

Purr  Hill  Field      . .      . .  344 

Purse  Field 324 

Pursetts,  Great      . .      . .  351 

Purvins  Field 329 

Puttock  End  Field        . .  322 

Puttocks,  Little,        . .      . .  322 

Quadsdon        336 

Queen  Wood       356 

Queens  Croft,  327 ;  —  Orchard, 

333 
Quinces,  Great  and  Little,  349 
Quoins 325 

Radishes  Field        . .      . .        348 

Radley  Ley 348 

Rad winter  Ley       . .        .        341 
Rag  Field  (or  Biggots),  322, 351 ; 

—  Lands,  351,  355 

Rail  Mead 343 


Railey  Mead 321 

Raighleys  Field 344 

Rain  Croft, 321, 347;  —Hill, 323 
Rainbow,  320, 334,  355 ;  — ,  The, 
338 ;  — ,  Little,  356 ;  —  Field, 
325»  326,  328,  329,  331,  333, 
334»  336,  337.  338,  339»  341. 
344»  345»  348»  349»  35 1»  352, 
353;  —  Mead,  322;  — 
Norrels,  356  ;  —  Pasture, 
323 ;  —  Shot,  343 ;  —  6-acre, 
326;  — ,  Butlers,  320 

Rake  Pasture 331 

Ram  Mead 321 

Ramley  Marsh  Field     . .       352 

Rams 320 

Ramscroft,  Upper  &  Lower,  339 

Ramsey  Field 329 

Ramseyes,  Upper  &  Lower,  322 

Ramsley      325 

Ramstones      328 

Ranbets       326 

Rancroft,  Great  and  Little,  348 

Rass  Bottoms 355 

Ravens  Croft,  327 ;  —  Field, 
330*335;  —Hope,  332;  — 
Nest,  Great  and  Little,  350 

Ravenstock 348 

Ravenstocks 344 

Ray  Field,  320,  339 ;    —  Field 
Pasture,  320;  —  Lands,  328 

Ray  ley  Field       339 

Rayments  Croft  . .       326 

Raystones 334 

Reach   Caps,    341  ;     —     Pond 

Field,  341 

Reading  Field        . .      . .       325 

Readings     .  .      . .  329,  336,  343 

Red  Field,  328,  334,  337,  356;  — 

Land,  348;  — Robbins,35i; 

—  Shot,  328 

Redding,  Old      342 

Redricks 348 


THE  HUNDREDS  OF 

Readers  Ley,  321 ;  — ,  Little  and 

Great,  321 

Reeding       340 

Reedings  .  .      . .      321,  329,  355 

Reedon,  Great 322 

Reeds,  344 ;  — ,  Great  &  Little, 

328;    — ,  Long,  &c.,  338; 

—  Hoppet,  322 

Reeves  Ley         325 

Remnants,  Hither  &  Further,  334 
Revels  Field,  329,  353 ;  — ,  Great 

and  Little,  345 

Rewes  Field       342 

Reynolds,  325, 355 ;  —  Field,  321 

Rich  Field 356 

Riches  Field 341 

Richmonds  Green  Field  . .   341 

Rickets  Rows 351 

Riddens       335 

Ridges,  Long 353 

Riding,  North,  331 ;  — ,  lo-acre, 

331 
Ridley,  Part  of,  349,  356;     — 

Wood,  325 

Rigs  Ale      326 

Rileys      354 

Ringers,  320,  356;  —  Field,  356 
Ringsteads      . .  322,  323 

Ripley  Close       330 

Rivers 320 

Roaches  Park 335 

Roasts   343 

Robin  and  James  . .   325 

Robins  Croft,  334;  —  Field,  328 
Roblets  Field,  328  ;   — ,  Round 

and  Long,  327 

Rochford  Ley     355 

Rockmans  Croft     . .      . .       325 

Roe  Field 322 

Rogers 325,  341 

Rogues  Ley  . .  341 
Rolfes  . .  . .  328,  336,  354 
Rollers  Croft      328 


DUNMOW  AND  WITHAM. 


93 


Romanlands  Spring      . .       354 

Rook  Field 323 

Rookery  Pasture    . .  325 

Rookhall  Field 352 

Rooters  Hill 333 

Roothing  Bottom       . .      • .   351 

Rose  Croft      326 

Roseland  Mead,  Great  &  Little, 

336 
Rotehards,  Great  and  Little,  327 
Roughie  Field,  325  ;   —  Wood, 

320 
Round  Acre,    327  ;     —    Field, 

327»   332  ;     —  and    Long 

Handsome.  332 ;  —  Pasture, 

323;    —  Spring,  323;    — 

Tree  Field,  325 
Roundabout  Field     . .      . .   342 

Roundells        325 

Rounds  Park      324 

Row  Wood 339 

Rowes  Pasture,  342 ;  —  Wood, 

342 
Rowlands,  Great  &  Little,  326 ; 

—  Field,  336 
Rowley,  326 ;  —  Field,  328 ;  — 

Mead,  352  ;  — ,  9-acre,  329; 

— ,  Upper,  341 
Rowleys      ..      • .  321,  34i»  354 
Rows,  The,  351,  35^  ;  —  Field, 

335 

Roy  Ailing      329 

Royston  Field 341 

Roystons 341 

Rufley 355 

Rugby      341 

Rumballs  Garden  . .   333 

Rush  Mead       323, 324,  327,  339 
Rushy  Field,  336,  351 ;  —  Mead, 

320,  329  ;    —  Pasture,  327, 

340  ;   —  Piece,  353 
Russells  Meadow  . .  345 

Rust  Wood 344 


94 


ESSEX    FIELD-NAMES. 


Rye  Ash,  331  ;  —  Field,  329, 
344, 348,  352, 354;  —  Grass, 
320;  —  Grass  Field,  321, 
328,  33i»  335.  349.  350,  356; 

—  Grass  Meadow,  341 

Ryegrasses 325 

Rye  Pightle 355 

Ryleys  Field       338 

Sacks  Field 344 

Sadds,  323,  330;    —  Field,  321 

Saflfron  Field,  321,  325,  327,  338, 

341;   —  Garden,  331,  35 1 J 

—  Ground,  321, 322, 328, 341 
Saggers  Meadow   . .  341 

Sage  Garden       328 

St.  Johns  Ley,  353;  —  Pasture, 

341 
Sale  Field       . .      . .      328,  339 

Salings 324 

Salmons,  355 ;  —  Hill,  321,  341 ; 

—  Great  and  Little,  354 
Salve  Tree  Field    . .      . .       351 

Salt  Field 328 

Sampsons  Field     . .  321 

Sams 320 

Sand  Field,  336;     —   Pasture, 

323  ;  —  Pit  Field,  325,  328, 

345»  347»349i35i.355»357. 
358 ;   —  Pit  Warren,  344 ; 

—  Pits,  332,  348,  352 
Sanders  Field . .      . .       322,  351 

Sandfords  Mead 342 

Sands  Croft 352 

Sandy  Common,  341 ;   —  Field, 

329 ;  —  Mead,  356 

Sannels        341 

Sauls  Pasture 358 

Savages       341 

Savills  Field 321 

Savill  Earth  Field     . .      . .  351 

Sawyers,  Great  and  Little,  343 

"camps        341 


Scarletts  Wood      . .     . .       356 

Schooling 34^ 

Scoots      341 

Scooty  Field       339 

Scotch  March 357 

Scotchers 334 

Scotches  Common  and  Field  334 

Scotts 325,  356 

Scotty  Field,  Great  &  Little,  329 

Scratch  Croft      325 

Screed  of  Wood  (0.1.14.)       337 

Seacocks 328 

Sears  Field,  330 ;  — ,  Great  and 
Little,  336 

Seed  Cobs       323 

Seedskips 328 

Sellers,  Great  and  Little,     325 

Sellgraves 328 

Serpentine  Mead    . .      . .       342 

Sewlands     358 

Shadows,  Great  and  Long,  354 

Shaens  Meadow 351 

Shaley  Field 351 

Shalford       325 

Sharmans        324 

Sharp  Croft,  349 ;  —  Field,  328 ; 

—  Lands,  355 

Sharps  Ley 341 

Sharpwells,  Upper  and  Lower, 

343 
Shaw,  345  ;    — ,  The,  332  ;    — 
W^ood,  342 

Shealey  Spring 356 

Shedds  Field 321 

Sheep  Coombe,  320;  —  Cote, 
326;  —  Croft,  329,  336 ;  — 
Cote  Spring,  344  ;  —  Gate 
Mead,  339 ;  —  Ley,  322 ; 

—  Shadow,  331 

Sheer  Croft 336 

Sheldrake        325 

Shellow  Bowells  glebe  inWillin- 
gale  Doe  par.  (12.3.39.)  342 


THE   HUNDREDS  OF  DUNMOW  AND  WITHAM. 


95 


Shelly  Bridge  Field  . .      . .   335     ' 
Shepherd  Field,  Upper  &  Lower, 

323  I 

Shepherds     Roost,    Great  and 

Little,  338 

Shettles 325 

Shirleys       347 

Shoebridge  Field    . .  351 

Shonks  Field 328 

Shooters  Hatch,  Little  328,  329 

Shooting  Field,  The  . .      .  358 

Shootland  Field             . .  356 

Shortlands,  321,  322,  323,  328, 

329*  347.  352 
Shot  Weights,  Lower,  325  ;  — , 
Double,  327 ;  — ,  Great  and 
Little,  321 ;  —  Long  Field, 
325  ;   — ,  Middle,  327  ;   — , 
Two,  328 ;    — ,  3 -acre  and 
Middle,  354 
Shots,  Broad,  341 ;  — ,  Long,  352 
Shoulder  of  Mutton  Field,  330, 
341,  343  ;    —  Hall    Mead, 
320 

Shovels  Field 341 

Shraggs       353 

Shrub  Croft 351 

Shung  Field        341 

Siblers  Green  Common  Field  341 

Silver  Croft 331 

Simms  Field 358 

Simons  Field,  328;    — ,  Hither 
and  Further,  332 

Sixes  Field 325 

Skeels  Grove 357 

Skinners      326,  329 

Skir  Bridge 343 

Skirrells,  Long,  etc.  . .   338 

Skit  Hill 349 

Skreens  Plantation    . .      . .   340 

Skulls       348 

Slack  Field 348 

L   Mlddle-Eng.,  a  piece,  a  bit. 


Slade,  355  ;    — ,  First,  347 ;    — 
Middle  and  Further,  344  ; 

—  Field,  353  J  —  Mead,  338 ; 

—  Meadow,  344 

Slades,  Great  and  Little,       346 

Slamseys  Folly 353 

Slanch  Field 336 

Slanders  343 

Slate  Field      333 

Sleeds,  First  and  Second,  . .   345 

Slender  Croft 341 

Slate  Field 329 

Slipe,  324, 325, 326, 342;  — ,The, 
322,326,331,341,351,358; 

—  Field,  328,  335,  336, 339; 

—  Long,  355  ;   —  Pasture, 

332,  356 

Slipes 334 

Slips,  First  and  Second,        320 
Slooping  Elm  (ar.  4a.)      . .   358 

Slop  Field       322 

Slough  Field,  328, 351 ;  —  Mead, 

335»  339 
Slow,  The,  329 ;   —  Close,  321 ; 

—  Croft,    334 ;     —   Ozier 
Ground,  321 

Slowmans  Field 352 

Slugs  Acre      324 

Sluts  Green  Wood    . .      • .   325 
Slys  Field       . .  358 

Small  Shoes  Field     . .      . .   327 

Smellings         327 

Smithers  Field 321 

Smiths  Croft,  322,  334;  —  Field, 
321  ;    —  Green   Field,  322 

Smock  Ley     328 

Smoker  Lands 332 

Snade,  The,^ 348 

Snakes  Field       340 

Snarelands       . .      . .  336 

Snow  Field 344,  354 

Sodhams  351 


96 


ESSEX    FIELD-NAMES. 


Sokens  7-acres,  5-acres,  2-acres, 

328 
Sour  Ley,  341 ;  —  Pasture,  320 
Southers  Cross  Field  . .  327 
Southey,  Great  and  Little,  323 
Sow  Field,  Great  and  Little,  320 
Spains    Hall    Mead,   343 ;     — 

Wood  Field,  342 
Spaniel  Pasture  337 

Spanners      328 

Spare  Croft     336 

Spark  Mead        327 

Sparkes,  355 ;  —  Field,  351 ;  — 

Mead,  325 
Sparkey  Meadow   . .      . .       358 

Sparlings 320,  328 

Sparrows 325 

Speck  Field         328 

Specks     325 

Spelmans 341 

Spelters  Field 322 

Spite  Field 322 

Spitmans  Garden  . .      . .       351 

Spittle  Croft        339 

Spout  Meadow,  341;   —  Field. 

341 

Sprat  Field 325 

Spratts  Field       344 

Spriggs,  342;     —    Mead,  335 
Spring  Ley,  321 ;  —  Field,  334 ; 

—  Mead,  323 
Springs  Croft      335 


Spruggs  ..      .. 
Spur  Croft  . . 
Spurgate  Field 
Square  Field 
Squeaking  Gates 
Squires  Field,  The, 
Squirrel  Field 
Squirrels  Quarters 
Stafford  Croft . . 
Stagdens  Field   . 
Stamers,  Less  . 


325= 


356 
346 
321 
342 
326 
357 
341 
341 
347 
328 

343 


Stainer  Croft      327 

Staines  Field 338 

Stanch  Field       334 

Standford  Piece      . .      . .       342 

Standing  Field 325 

Standrums       325 

Stanfields 354 

Stanfield  Croft        . .      . .       331 

Stanwell,  Long 353 

Start  Mill  Field     . .      . .       332 

Starve  Goose      341 

Stavels  Field,  Old. .      . .       351 

Steiny  Spring 320 

Stephen  Croft 348 

Stetch  Lands      333 

Stilemans  Mead     . .      . .       326 
Stiles  Field,  327 ;  —  Wood,  337 

Stitlands 327 

Stock  Field,  341,  342,  347 ;  — 
Field  Spring,  343;  —Leys, 
Great,338;  — Mead,327,332 

Stocken  Field 329 

Stockley  Harp,  356  ;   —  Wood, 

349,  356 
Stocks  Field,  321;   —  Pasture, 

336  ;    —  Wood,  356  ;    — , 

Old,  and  New,  322 
Stokes  Pasture       . .      . .       323 
Stone  Field,  325 ;  —  Hill,  323  ; 

—  Leys,  351 

Stonel,  Upper,  Lower,  etc^  343  ; 

—  Mead,  343 

Stones  Pasture   . .      . .  322,  326 
Stony  Field,  324 ;  —  Land,  320; 

—  Shots,  334 

Stories     355 

Stors,  Great 341 

Stow,  Ploughed,  341 ;    —  Pas- 
ture, 341 ;  — ,  The,  324 
Stradds,  Great  and  Little,     323 
Strawberry  Field,  3245  — ,  Great 
and  Little,  354 ;  —  Ley,  324, 
349,  354,  355 ;  —  Field,  356 


THE  HUNDREDS  OF  DUNMOW  AND  WITHAM. 


97 


Stringlands     342 

Stubb  Field,  351 ;  —  Mead,  320 

Stubble  Hills 325 

Stubbs 325 

Stubby  Grove  (ar.)       . .       352 
Study,  Great  and  Little,  . .  341 

Stulps      333 

Stumbles,  354 ;   — ,  20-acre  and 

Great,  353 

Stump  Field       355 

Stumps 322,  356 

Stylestead,  Great  and  Little,  322 

Sugar  Croft 356 

Sudden,  Great 334 

Sunday  Field 328 

Sundries,  Great  and  Little,  325 ; 

—  Field,  328 

Suntall 325 

Surridges 322 

Swan  Meadow 358 

Swans  Field,  Upper  and  Lower, 

320 ;   —  Nest  Pasture,  328 
Sward  Meadow,  Great,        341 

Swedens      349,  354 

Switches 325 

Sweetings 33  ^ 

Sydaires,  Great  and  Little,   336 

Tables 35^ 

Tabor,  Long, 33  ^ 

Tabrams      357 

Tail  Field        . .      . .      328,  34^ 

Tale  Field 343 

Tan  Croft  (wood),  355 ;  —  Mead, 
331,  351 ;  —  Office  Field, 

352 
Tangleys,  Great  and  Little,  356 
Tanners,  327,  349 ;  —  Moor,  354 
Tare  Croft,  335,  34i»  3Si »    — 

Field,  334 ;    —  Piece,  321 

Tarters,  Little, 328 

Taylors  Croft,  320;    —   Field, 

326,334.348;  —Mead,  341 
G 


Tays,   326  ;     — ,    Round,    326 

Teasdale  Field 341 

Teazle  Field,  Great  &  Little,  341 

Tedmans  Way 325 

Ten  Acred  Plain    . .      . .       320 
Temple,  358 ;  —  Field,  336 ;  — 

North  Field,  348 
Tenter  Field       . .  325,  347,  348 
Terling  Croft,  349 ;  —Spring,  351 
Tey  Croft,  Great  and  Little,  328 
Thaxted  Mead       . .      . .       341 

Thicks 355 

Thistle  Croft,  355 ;  —  Downs,  335, 

340,  342  ;    —  Langley,  325 
Thistly  Croft,  329, 352 ;  —  Field, 

321,  325.328,  34i»349»35i» 

354,  356;   —  Swans  Field, 

320 
Thomham,  i3-acre,   ..      ..  358 
Thompsons,  354 ;  —  Wood,  352 

Thorn  Croft        321 

Thorns,  355 ;   —  Field,  325 

Thorogoods 348 

Thorps 341 

Thousand  Acres  (0.1.9.)  ..351 
Three-Comer   Field,   321,  328, 

339»  348»  350. 356;  —  Piece, 

322,341,348,354 
Three-Cornered    Pasture,    320, 

324 ;     —  Sharplands,   352 
Three    Corners,  324,  326,  328, 

331.332,334.345.351.   — 

Crofts,  322,  327 
Thrift,  The,  322 ;  —  Wood,  322, 

341 ;  — ,  Lower,  348 

Throwers        341 

Throws  Moor     326 

Thrush  Croft 351 

Thrushes 327 

Thumberland  Field       . .       350 

Thusley       356 

TibbsHill      341 

Tick  Bean  Bam  Pasture  . .  341 


98 


ESSEX    FIELD-NAMES. 


Tile  Field,  The,  345 ;    —  Barn 
Field,  333  ;   —  Kiln,  320 

Tills  Ley 341 

Timber  lands       322 

Tims  Field      325 

Ting-tang  Field 330 

Tinkers  Mead  . .       341 

Tip  Trees 325 

Titbeach  Mead,  351 ;  —  Wood, 

351 
Tithe  Field     . .      . .       349,  353 

Titmouse  Field 351 

Toad  Hole      . .      . .       347,  356 
Tollpins,  Upper  and  Lower,  328 

Tolly  Croft      335 

Tom  Acre,  Great,  344 ;  —  Croft, 

331 ;  —  Heards  Field,  346; 

—  Smiths  Field,  322 
Tooleys,  320;   —  Ley,  325 
Toppinghoe  Hall  Wood   . .   351 

Topple  Croft 328 

Tough  Field,  348;  —  Wood,  348 

Tower  Field 325 

Town  Field,  333>34i>356;   — 

Mead,  325 ;  —  Pasture,  356 ; 

—  Hill  House  Field,  336 

Tracey  Field 323 

Trefoin  Field      341 

Trites       343 

Troys  Wood       . .      .     349,  350 
Trudgers  Field       .  .  345 

Truncheons         328 

Trunk  Sewells,  Upper  &  Lower, 

341 
Truttons,  Upper,   . .      . .       325 

Tulses  Field        322 

Tunbridge  Mead,  337 ;  —  Wood 

Field,  354 

Tunnel  Mead 354 

Tunnels   341 

Tup  Field,  Great  and  Little j  341 
'^urnage  Pasture       , .      . .  328 

ners,  341 ;  —  Field,  321,  341 


Turnpike  Field 355 

Turnip  Piece 341 

Tushes,  Little 322 

Tutty  Little,  351 ;  — ,  Great  and 

Little,  358 
Tweech,  Great  and  Little.     327 

Twitch,  The,       325 

Twitches,  Great  and  Little,  325 
Twopenny  Field  •  •   3^5 

Tye  Lands,  320 ;     —  Pasture, 

328 ;  — ,  Great  and  Little, 

334 
Tylers,  Upper  and  Lower,  329  ; 
—  Field,  328,  331 

Under  Acre 320 

Union  Field        358 

Upmans  Piece        . .      . .       331 
Upney  Wood  Field   . .      . .   352 
Uptrees,  337,  339;     —    4-acre 
Shot,  339 

Valangates,  Great  &  Little,  328 

Valentines  Field         . ,      . .  342 

Valley  Field 358 

Vayley 323 

Venders  Croft         . .      . .  321 

Village  Croft  and  Mead    . .  339 

Vineyard,  The,  . .  327 

Wableton  Bottom  . .   349 

Wades     337 

Waddling  Meadow  . .   341 

Wager  Field,  356 ;  — ,  Little,  356 

Waines  Field      341 

Waiver  Field 356 

Wakelings  Field  •  •   33^ 

Wakings,  Upper  &  Lower,    356 
Waldens  Field,  328;    — ,  Little, 

326 
Waldgrooms  Field  -325 

Walkers,  343  ;  —  Field,  332  ;  — 

Land,  320 ;  — ,  Lower,  325 


THE  HUNDREDS  OF  DUNMOW  AND  WITHAM. 


99 


Walley  Field      325 

Walnut-Tree,  353 ;  —  Close,  330 ; 

—  Croft,  354 ;  —  Hoppet, 
327, 328 ;  —  Field,  328, 332, 
342, 349, 351 ;  —  Mead,  323, 
336;  —  Meadow,  341 ;  — 
Pasture,  323,  331  356  ;  — 
Piece,  344 

Wan  Field      356 

Want  Field,  Great  &  Little,  321 

Wants  Piece 337 

Wash  Field        337 

Washup  Meadow  . .  351 

Wasps 356 

Warbury,  Great  and  Little,  351 
Wardens  Common  . .  .329 
Wards,  355  ;  —  Great  &  Little, 

328  ;   —  Spring,  356 
Ware  Croft,  322 ;  —  Field,  327, 

328,  332,  334 
Wares  Croft,  326 ;  —  Mead,  327 

Warley  Wood 349 

Warners  Field  . .  . .  341 
Warren,  Old,  321;    — ,  Lower 

and  Cross,  322 

Warreners 330 

Warrens  Common  .  . .  321 
Water  Gall,  355  ;  —  Lane  Croft, 

333  ;    —  Lane  Field,  341 ; 

—  Slip  Hill,  329 
Watches,  Upper,    . .      . .       325 
Waterhouse  Field     . .      . .  342 
Watermans  Pasture      . .       327 

Waterloo  Field 339 

Watsons  Croft       ..      ..       328 

Watts  Field        325 

Watlses,  Upper  and  Lower,  320 

Way  Croft 323 

Wear  Field,  Great  &  Little,  353 

Weary  Holes      336 

Weavers  Field  . .  . .  355 
Webbs,  351 ;    —  Acre,  321 ;   — 

Field,  336, 356 ;  —  Leys,  341 


Weights,  Upper  and  Lower,  325 

Well  Croft,  325  ;  —  Field,  325, 

328,  340 ;   —  Hoppet,  332  ; 

—  Mead,    327 ;     —    Stye 
Mead,  320 

West  Croft,  341 ;  —  Field,  321 ; 

—  Mill,  347 

Westleys 320 

Westwards  Mead  . .  321 

Wetridge 323 

Wheelers,  341, 358;  —Field,  354 
Whistick,  1 1 -acre  . .      . .       355 

Whitbreads         336 

White  Field,  349;  —  Lands, 
324*  325*  355 ;  —  Gate  Field, 
323»  325 ;  —  Ley  Spring, 
343;— Post  Field,  336, 353, 
354;  —  Root  Field,  335 ;  — 
Shots,  328 

Whitmoor       358 

Whites  and   Jennets,  336 ;    — 

Field,  322,  344,  353 
Whittakers,  Great  &  Little,  354 
Wicker  Field,  341  ;  —  Pasture, 

351 

Wickers 328 

Wilbrams  Field 321 

Wilby  Lands  . .  . .  320,  325 
Wild  Croft,  329;  —  Duck,  341 ; 

—  Field,    346;     —   Mark 
Field,  329 

Wilderness  (ar.  i6a.),  320;    — 

Moor,  341 ;  —  Pasture,  341 

Wildwood  Field     . .      . .       344 

Wilkes  Field      341 

Wilkin,  Great        . .      . .       339 

Willbrook 339 

Williams,  326  ;    —  Field,  349  ; 

—  Piece,  325 

Willis  Field 328 

Willow  Croft,  333 ;  —  Mead,  327 
Wills,  Field,  Old,  ....  336 
Wilmore  Field 351 


lOO 


BSSBX   FIBLD-NAMES. 


Wilmots  Common . .      . .       322 

Wilsters,  Little 327 

Wimbish  Common  Field       341 
Winch   Field,   339  ;     —    Gate 

Field,  347 
Winchmoor  Hill  Field     . .   327 

Windalls 334 

Windleys 328 

Windmill  Downs,  351 ;  —  Field, 

338*  356,  348 

Wingfields      346 

Winter  Field      . .  325,  336 

Winters  . .  . .      320,  336 

Wire  Head,  328 ;   —  Field,  328 

Witch  Croft 325 

Withers  Chase,  348 ;  —  Spring, 

355 ;  — »  Great  &  Little,  328 

Wood  Croft        321 

Woodcocks,  Hither  and  Further, 

328 
Woodgate  Field     . .      . .       321 
Woodhams,  341,  352;  —  Land, 

331 

Woods  Mead      322 

Woodstalls      324 


Wool  Field 334 

Woolmans      333 

Woolpits      321 

Woolsman,  Great . .     . .       353 
Worbors',  Great  Old,  358  ;    — 

Grove,  358 
Workhouse,  Old.  358 ;  —  Field, 

344 ;  —  Meadow,  345,  355  ; 

—  and  Garden,  346 
Worlds  End  Field,  357  ; 

Mead,  351 

Worthens,  The, 341 

Worm  W^alks 351 

Worms  Pasture,  Flat,      . .   345 

Wren  Park 352 

Wrens  Park  (0.2. 11)321, 336, 338 

Wrestlers        341 

Wrights,   320 ;     —    Field,  341 

Wrong  Field 321 

Wyatts,  326 ;   —  Piece,  329 

Yaldins 33 1 

Yeumans  Mead 334 

Yew-tree  Field       . .      . .       328 
Youngs  Field      348 


ARCH^OLOGICAL    NOTES. 


Little  Oanfield  Church. — The  great  cartulary  of  Lewes 
Priory,  (Cott.  MS.,  Vesp.  F.  xv.)  contains  transcripts  of  several 
early  documents  relating  to  this  church,  which  had  been  given 
to  that  house,  a  foundation  of  its  Warenne  lords.  The  first  (fo. 
307)  is  a  confirmation  by  William  Fitz  Ranulf,  in  the  time  of  Prior 
Hubert,  of  the  gift  of  "Caneveld**  church,  as  his  predecessors, 
the  Earls  de  Warenne  had  given  it.  To  this  charter  Roger  Dux 
is  a  witness. 

The  third  is  the  admission  and  institution  by  William  bishop 
of  London  (1198 — 1221)  of  Roger  Dux  to  this  church,  on  the 
presentation  of  the  Prior  and  monks,  saving  their  annual  pension 
of  30  marks  {£26)  from  it.  To  this  document  the  first  witness  is 
David  abbot  of  St.  Osyth. 

The  second  charter  is  that  of  Wiscard  Laidet  and  Berta  his  wife, 
granted  "  on  a  Sunday  in  Lent."  On  the  altar  of  the  church  of 
St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  **  Kanefed,"  they  give  their  tithe  to  the  Priory 
in  the  sight  of  all  the  parishioners.  The  first  witness  is  **  Ernaldus 
monachus  Sancti  Walerici  qui  in  illis  diebus  dominus  erat  super 
terram  Sancti  Warici  (sic)  in  Anglica  terra."  This  is  an  interesting 
reference  to  the  'alien  priory'  of  St.  Walery  at  Takeley  of  which 
little  is  known.  The  term  *  W^arici  *  seems  to  bring  us  nearer  to 
•Warish*  Hall. 

The  seventh  of  these  documents  gives  us  the  alternative  name  of 
the  parish  as  "parva  Canefeld"  or  "Childer  Canefeld." 

J.  H.  ROUND. 

Churohing  Custom. — Morant  observed,  under  Horndon-on- 
the-hill. 

"  Here  has  been  a  custom,  time  out  of  mind,  at  the  churching  of  a  woman,  for 
her  to  give  a  white  cambric  handkerchief  to  the  Minister  as  an  offering.  This  is 
observed  by  Mr.  Lewis,  in  his  account  of  the  Isle  of  Thanet,  where  the  same 
custom  is  kept  up  (I.,  219)." 


I02  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  NOTES. 

Is  not  this  a  survival  of  the  custom  referred  to  in  a  paper  on  female 
head-dresses  on  brasses  in  Surrey  Arckaological  Collections^  xvi.,  54  ? 

In  former  times  when  a  woman  was  churched  she  wore  a  kerchief  on  her  head, 
and  in  1640,  it  was  complained  that  the  vicar  of  Godalming  refused  to  church  a 
certain  Mrs.  Buckley  "because  she  was  not  attyred  with  an  hanginge  kerchief." 

An  article  of  enquiry  in  Chichester  Diocese,  1638,  was  as  follows  : 
"  Doth  the  woman  who  is  to  be  churched  use  the  ancient  accustomed 
habit  in  such  cases  with  a  white  veil  or  kerchief  upon  her  head  ?  '* 

Lewis*  Thanet  (1736)  is  a  difficult  book  to  find  one's  way  about, 
but  the  only  passage  I  can  find  as  likely  to  be  referred  to  by  Morant 
is  on  p.  145,  which  seems  to  refer  to  the  chrysom  or  face-cloth,  a 
very  different  matter,  and  is  taken  from  a  table  of  fees  in  the  parish 
of  St.  John  the  Baptist,  1577.  In  this  passage,  however,  the  "face 
cloth**  is  definitely  recognised  as  the  minister's  perquisite.* 

J.  H.  R. 


Essex  Charters  at  Berkeley  Castle.— The  printed  catalogue 
of  "  select  charters  '*  at  Berkeley  is  probably  unknown  to  Essex 
antiquaries,  but  it  contains  some  evidence  of  interest  to  them. 

The  most  important  Essex  charter  relates  to  a  medieval  Hospital, 
apparently  at  East  Tilbury,  of  which  Morant  makes  no  mention. 
It  is  thus  calendared : — 

"Grant  from  Geoffrey  de  Helyun,  for  the  salvation  of  the  souls  of 
his  wife  and  parents,  to  the  Poor's  Hospital  of  St.  Mary  in  Tillebury 
of  eight  shillings  rent  from  land  in  Alvidelea  [Aveley],  the  Warden 
of  the  said  Hospital  to  pay  the  said  Geoffrey  one  pound  of  wax  at 
Easter  for  the  light  at  the  altar  of  St.  Margaret  in  Tilbury  Church, 
Witnesses  :  John  de  Mathan  ;  Henry  de  Kemesoc  ;  Nicholas  de 
Walesham ;  Aulf  de  Malegrave ;  William  de  Thorend ;  William 
Torell ;  John  son  of  Pagan ;  Richard  de  Berdestapel ;  John  de 
Langedun;  Godselm  de  Tillebury;  Clement  de  W^alesham;  Clement 
son  of  Turold  ;  Walter  de  London.  Early  Henry  HI.  Latin,'' 
(p.  72.) 

We  recognise  local  names  among  those  of  the  witnesses.  The 
Kemesecs  held  under  the  Mandevilles  the  chief  manor  in  East 
Tilbury;  the  Malegraves  gave  name  to  the  manor  of  Malegreffs 
in  Horndon-on-the-hill ;  "Thorend"  should  be  '*Thorend[one],"  i.e., 
Thorndon  ;  "  Berdestapel  "  is  Barstable  in  Basildon  ;  and  **  Lange- 
dun" is  Langdon. 


^   Compare  Walcotfs  S<w:f<rf  ^  irft«o/og)',  p.  155. 


ARCHiEOLOGICAL  NOTES.  IO3 

Another  charter  assigned  by  the  editor  to  the  same  date  is  a  grant 
from  Edmund  son  of  Henry  de  Bronesho  of  Neuport  to  Roger  son 
of  Walter  the  glover  (Gantoris)  of  Neuport  of  3J  acres  in  Neuport 
"lying  in  Norrfield  between  the  land  of  the  Hospital  of  St.  Leonard's 
and  the  highway  called  Nortuneweye"  (p.  106).  Thomas,  "clericus 
de  Wyditone  "  (Widington)  is  among  the  witnesses. 

Of  a  different  character  is  a  contract  (22  June,  1491)  between 
William  Marquis  of  Berkeley  and  John  Bury  of  Cambridge,  mason, 
for  the  building  of  eight  "grete  chambers"  in  his  Manor  of  Great 
Chesterford ;  "  and  also  the  foundacion  of  the  said  8  chamberes  to 
be  made  10  fote  of  high  thoroughly  all  the  stone  walles  above  the 
ground,  and  the  said  John  shall  make  in  the  sed  chamber  4  dubble 
chymneys  conteyning  6  fote  and  an  half  of  brede  with  8  fyers 
perteyning  to  the  seid  chamberes  and  shall  fynde  all  manere  of  stuf 
to  the  same  excepte  mantel  trees"  (p.  198).  The  contract  price 
was  £1-^  1 6s.  8d. 

J.  H.  R. 


East  Tilbury  Hospital. — Since  the  above  note  was  in  type 
I  have  lighted  on  further  information  which  proves  that  the  hospital 
in  question  was,  as  I  suspected,  at  East  Tilbury,  and  which  gives 
us  its  origin. 

In  Easter  term,  1232,  Henry  de  Kemeseck  (*  Kemesinge')  brought 
a  suit  against  Roger  de  Dauntesia  and  Maud  his  wife  for  the  ad- 
vowson  of  East  Tilbury  (*  Esttilburia ')  church  which  they  were 
detaining  from  him  {Bracton's  Note  Book,  H.,  531).  This  Maud  was 
widow  of  Humphrey  de  Bohun,  Earl  of  Hereford,  and  was  at  this 
time  sole  heiress  of  the  Earls  of  Essex,  and,  as  such,  tenant  in  capite 
of  East  Tilbury. 

In  Michaelmas  term,  1233,  Henry  renewed  his  suit  {ihid^  p.  611), 
but,  this  time,  against  John  Fitz  Geoffrey,  Maud's  half-brother, 
having  been  successful,  he  alleged,  against  Maud  and  her  husband. 
John's  defence  was  that  the  church  belonged  to  **  a  certain  hospital 
at  Tilbury  "  (quoddam  hospitale  de  Tillehuria)  which  his  father  Geoffrey 
constructed  on  property  he  had  acquired  (fecit  de  perquisitsuo),  which 
had  belonged  to  Clement  *  de  Monasterio,'  who  held  it  of  Tilbury 
church.  Clement  gave  witness  that  Geoffrey  had  taken  the  land 
from  him  by  force,  and  John  admitted  that  the  advowson  of  the 
church  "  belonged  to  Fleshy  "  (the  seat  of  the  Earls  of  Essex.) 

The  point  seems  to  have  been  that  John,  a  younger  son  of  Geoffrey 
Fitz  Piers,  Earl  of  Essex,  had  only  a  right  to  certain  lands  acquired 


104  ARCHJBOLOGICAL  NOTES. 

by  his  father  and  settled  specially  on  him.  As  it  was  admitted  that 
the  land  on  which  the  hospital  was  built  belonged  to  the  church, 
which  in  its  turn  "  belonged  to  Pleshy  "  (i.e.  was  part  of  the  ances- 
tral fief  of  the  Earls  of  Essex),  it  was  decided  that  he  had  no  right 
in  either  church  or  hospital,  and  he  was  condemned  in  costs. 

The  interest  for  us  of  the  case  is  that  it  proves  this  hospital  to 
have  been  founded  by  Geoffrey,  Earl  of  Essex,  who  died  14th  Oct., 
1 213.  It  is  noteworthy  that,  among  his  "  Works  of  Piety,"  Dugdale 
mentions  the  hospital  of  St.  John  the  Baptist  at  Berkhampstead, 
and  that  of  Si.  John  the  Evangelist  for  lepers  there ;  also  a  hospital 
that  he  founded  at  Sutton,  Yorks,  "  to  the  honour  of  the  Holy  Trinity 
and  the  Blessed  Virgin."  We  may  now  add  his  Tilbury  hospital 
to  the  list. 

J.  H.  R. 


QUARTERLY    MEETING   &   EXCURSION, 
THURSDAY,  7th   AUGUST,  1902. 


COGGESHALL,  GrBAT   TeY,  LiTTLE   TeY,    AND    KeLVEDON. 


Nearly  one  hundred  persons,  members  and  their  friends,  took  part 
in  this  excursion.  The  morning  was  devoted  to  a  visit  to  Coggeshall. 
Arriving  at  the  abbey  about  eleven  o'clock,  the  visitors  were  met 
by  the  honorary  secretary,  Mr.  G.  F.  Beaumont,  F.S.A.,  who  gave 
a  short  account  of  the  foundation  of  the  monastery  and  a  general 
description  of  such  of  the  ancient  buildings  as  remained,  and  pointed 
out  what  he  believed  to  be  the  site  of  the  conventual  church,  in  the 
meadow  to  the  north  of  the  present  buildings,  explaining  that  he 
had  frequently  traced  the  foundation  lines  when  a  lengthened 
drought  had  rendered  the  verdure  more  parched  along  the  lines 
of  the  walls.  Through  the  kindness  of  Mrs.  Fischer  and  Mr. 
Appleford,  an  inspection  was  made  of  interesting  architectural 
remains  dating  from  the  twelfth  century  onward  to  the  Tudor  era. 

The  charming  little  thirteenth  century  chapel,  dedicated  to  S. 
Nicholas — the  capeUa  extra  pottos  of  the  monastery — was  next  visited. 
It  is  constructed  of  rubble  with  brick  quoins  and  contains  widely 
splayed  windows  with  moulded  brick  dressings.  The  vicar  of 
Coggeshall,  the  Rev.  C.  C.  Mills,  received  the  party  at  the  chapel 
and  gave  some  account  of  the  building  and  of  the  recent  work  of 
preservation.  *  After  leaving  the  abbey,  some  of  the  ancient  houses 
of  Coggeshall  were  inspected,  that  of  the  Paycock  family,  opposite 
the  vicarage,  receiving  special  attention.  At  Coggeshall  church, 
Mr.  Beaumont  pointed  out  the  principal  features  of  the  building 
and  gave  extracts  from  his  collection  of  ancient  wills  of  inhabitants 
of  the  town.  Mr.  Beaumont  afterwards  exhibited  various  Roman 
remains  found  in  his  garden  and  elsewhere. 

After  a  short  adjournment  for  refreshment,  the  party  visited 
Great  Tey  church,  where  they  were  received  by  the  vicar,  the  Rev. 
£.  Godft'ey,  who  produced  a  drawing  of  the  church,  made  early 
in  the  nineteenth  century,   and  read  the  following  report  of  the 


Io6  QUARTERLY  MEETING  AT  COGGESHALL. 

architects  who  were  called  in  to  advise  upon  the  restoration  which 
was  then  considered  necessary.  A  comparison  of  the  two  illus- 
trations will  show,  to  some  extent,  what  destruction  was  wrought 
shortly  after  the  work  of  **  restoration  "  was  put  in  hand.  It  is  said 
that  the  cost  of  demolishing  the  nave  more  than  doubled  the 
estimated  expense  of  its  reparation.  The  congregation  are  now 
seated  in  the  chancel  and,  until  recently,  they  sat  with  their  backs  to 
the  east  end  in  order  that  they  might  face  the  pulpit,  which  was  by 
the  tower. 

"  Report  made  by  Mr.  William  Tite,  architect,  and  Mr.  James 
Beadel,  architect,  of  the  state  of  the  tower  and  church  of  Great  Tey, 
to  the  archdeacon,  the  Rev.  W.  Lyall. 

"  Sir,  -  In  obedience  to  your  wishes  and  directions  we  attended 
on  Wednesday,  the  i8th  inst.,  at  the  c)iurch  of  Great  Tey,  in  the 
county  of  Essex,  where  we  were  met  by  the  Revd.  the  vicar  (J.  B. 
Storry)  and  churchwardens,  and  after  a  very  minute  survey,  we 
directed  some  of  the  plastering  to  be  beaten  off  the  walls  and  arches, 
in  order  to  develop  the  settlements  more  distinctly,  and  after  a 
farther  survey  on  the  following  day,  we  now  have  the  honour  to 
report  the  result  of  our  observations  upon  the  condition  of  this 
ancient  building. 

**The  architecture  of  this  church  exhibited  two  very  distinct 
periods  in  its  construction.  The  tower,  and  the  columns,  arches, 
and  walls  of  the  nave  having  in  all  probability  been  erected  prior 
to  the  Norman  conquest,  whilst  the  chancel,  the  western  wall  of  the 
nave,  the  aisles,  and  the  transepts  do  not  appear  to  be  older  than 
the  beginning  of  the  15th  century.  The  earlier  work  is  composed 
of  rubble,  with  arches,  quoins,  and  lacing  courses  of  Roman  brick 
of  the  same  character  and  apparently  coeval  with  the  very  similar 
work  at  St.  Alban's  Abbey,  in  Hertfordshire.  The  aisles  and 
transepts  are  rather  better  built,  but  principally  of  the  same 
materials.  The  decorative  parts  of  the  masonry  are  clunch  or  some 
other  soft  stone.  The  whole  of  this  church,  except  the  chancel, 
is  in  a  very  dilapidated  state ;  the  tower,  we  consider  to  be  in 
a  very  dangerous  condition,  and  the  defects  therein  are  certainly 
of  a  very  formidable  character,  the  mischief,  however,  may  be 
traced  very  distinctly  to  one  cause  which  has,  without  doubt,  been  in 
operation  for  centuries.  The  north-west  pier  of  the  tower,  con- 
taining the  staircase,  has  always  been  too  weak  to  support  the 
superincumbent  weight.  The  effect  of  this  has  been,  in  the  first 
instance,  to  cripple  the  pier  itself  and  to  cause  settlements  in  the 
upper  walls  of  the  tower,  and  subsequently,  from  the  weight  being 
transferred  to  the  columns  and  arches  of  the  nave,  to  thrust-  the 


TMAMS.    ■•■■X   ANONAOL.    SOO. ,    VOL.    IX.  ,    TO   rAOB    P.    10«. 


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QUARTERLY  MEETING  AT  COGGESHALL.  IO7 

whole  of  them  out  of  their  bearing,  and  the  columns  considerably 
out  of  the  perpendicular.  Several  attempts  have  obviously  been 
made  at  different  periods  to  remedy  this  defect.  The  earliest,  and 
by  far  the  most  judicious,  appears  to  be  of  the  same  date  as  the 
chancel  and  has  been  the  filling  in  the  old  Norman  arches  nearest 
to  the  tower  with  a  pointed  arch,  so  as  to  strengthen  the  then 
yielding  western  piers ;  the  other  buttresses  have  been  subsequently 
built  at  diflferent  periods,  but  never  were  advantageous  and  are  now 
worse  than  useless. 

"The  columns  are  thrust,  in  some  cases  on  the  north  side  5^ 
inches,  out  of  the  perpendicular,  but  the  most  extraordinary  effect  is 
produced  in  one  instance,  by  the  change  of  bearing  being  so  great 
as  to  deprive  the  arch  of  all  support  from  the  capital  of  the  column, 
and  a  thin  rule  may  be  passed  between  the  top  of  the  column  and 
the  arch  it  was  intended  to  support.  The  settlements  in  the  north- 
western pier  are  of  the  most  frightful  nature  and  extend  from  the 
level  of  the  ground  to  the  very  top  of  the  tower. 

**  From  the  venerable  and  curious  character  of  this  fine  specimen 
of  ecclesiastical  architecture,  we  turned  our  attention  with  much 
solicitude  to  the  possibility  of  substantially  repairing  it ;  and  we 
are  of  opinion  that,  though  not  without  risk,  it  may  be  reinstated. 
To  effect  this,  it  will  be  necessary  to  take  off  the  greater  portion  of 
the  roof  of  the  nave  and  the  northern  transept ;  to  shore  up  the 
north  and  western  faces  of  the  tower  with  raking  shores,  and  the 
arches  and  piers  internally  in  the  most  careful  manner,  so  as  to 
take  off  the  weight  from  the  piers  themselves  as  well  as  from  the 
arches  and  columns  of  the  nave,  and  to  rebuild,  piece  by  piece  and 
with  the  greatest  care,  the  north-western  tower,  together  with  the 
arches  and  piers  therewith  connected,  from  the  foundation  to  the 
top,  introducing  new  ties  and  plates  wherever  found  expedient. 
The  external  face  of  the  tower  must  be  very  carefully  repaired,  the 
settlements  and  fissures  pinned  up,  and  the  bells  rehung.  It  is 
extremely  difficult  to  speak  with  any  great  precision  upon  the  cost 
of  such  an  extensive  and  hazardous  undertaking  as  this  now  referred 
to,  but  we  cannot  think  ourselves  warranted  in  stating  it,  after  the 
most  careful  consideration  and  calculation,  at  a  less  sum  than  nine 
hundred  pounds.  And  we  beg  to  state  in  addition,  that  we  consider 
this  building  to  be,  now,  in  a  most  dangerous  state,  and  that  any 
attempt  to  repair  in  any  other  way  than  that  now  suggested,  namely, 
by  providing  for  the  weight  of  the  tower  by  the  most  careful  and 
judicious  shoring,  would  be  certainly  attended  with  the  most 
lamentable  consequences.  The  western  wall  of  the  nave  and  walls 
of  the  aisles  are  now  very  greatly  out  of  the  perpendicular,  and 


Io8  QUARTERLY  MEETING  AT  COGGESHALL. 

must,  before  many  years,  become  ruinous  and  irreparable.  If  it 
were  judged  expedient  to  take  them  down  and  rebuild  them,  to- 
gether with  the  three  other  columns  and  arches  of  the  nave  not 
included  in  the  former  calculation,  it  would  cause  an  additional 
outlay  of  four  hundred  and  eighty  pounds,  making  together  a  total 
of  ;^i38o,  for  which  sum  we  have  every  reason  to  believe,  as  far^as 
can  be  at  present  ascertained,  this  church  may  be  repaired  and 
reinstated. 

**  We  would  venture  to  suggest  in  addition,  that,  as  it  is  not 
probable  the  parish,  from  its  extent,  could  raise  so  large  a  sum  of 
money  as  this,  without  the  greatest  inconvenience  and  suffering, 
it  has  been  found  a  convenient  course  by  other  parishes,  under 
similar  circumstances,  to  borrow  such  a  sum  as  cannot  be  raised 
at  once,  upon  annuities  for  lives,  by  which  it  is  spread  over  a 
lengthened  period  and,  consequently,  is  less  onerous  and  inconvenient 
than  a  parish  rate. 

"  We  have  the  honour  to  be, 

"  Reverend  Sir, 

**  Your  obliged  and  obedient  servants, 

**  William  Tite,  Architect, 

"  29,  Jewry  Street,  Aldgate,  London., 
**  James  Beadel,  Junr., 
"  Architect. 
"  To  the  Rev.  W.  R.  Lyall,  Witham, 
'*  June  20th,  1828." 
The  population  of  Great  Tey  in  1801  was  548;  in  181 1,  552;  in 
1821,  625  ;  in  1831,  682. 

The  church  at  Little  Tey  is  a  small  Norman  building  with  a  semi- 
circular apse  without  any  defined  chancel. 

At  Kelvedon,  the  Rev.  E.  F.  Hay,  the  vicar,  acted  as  guide  and 
read  a  paper,  which,  in  extended  form,  appears  ante  pages  15-19. 
He  subsequently  kindly  entertained  the  members  to  tea. 

At  the  general  meeting  held  during  the  day,  the  following  were 
duly  elected  members  of  the  Society. 

ON  THE  NOMINATION  OF — 

Pemberton,  Joseph  H.,  The  Round  House,  Havering-atte- 

Bower,  Romford.  Col.  F.  Landon. 

Warner,  H.  B..  ^evf  Street,  Dunmow  Mr.  H.  Worrin. 

GoDMAN,  Ernest,  70.  Sibley  Grove,  East  Ham,  Essex,  Mr.  A.  P.  Wire. 

MoRO,  His  Grace,  the  Duke  de.  Hill  Hall,  Theydon  Mount, 

Epping.  Rev.  L.  N.  Prance 

Rome.  Wm..  F.S.A.,  Creeksea  Place,  Bumham-on-Crouch.  )  w     r-   t.-  n 

Smith.  Fred..  Mount  Park,  Coggeshall.  }  ^^  ^  ^  Beaumont. 


QUARTERLY   MEETING   &    EXCURSION, 
THURSDAY,  25th  SEPTEMBER,  1902. 


Mount  Bures,  Lamarsh,  Alphamstone,  and  Pbbmarsh. 


On  the  occasion  of  this  excursion,  which  was  well  attended,  Mount 
Bures  church  was  first  visited.  Owing,  however,  to  the  fact  that  a 
great  part  of  the  church  was  rebuilt  in  1875,  its  original  character  is 
almost  entirely  destroyed.  The  old  nave,  fortunately,  remains  and 
contains  a  Norman  doorway  and  some  of  the  original  windows.  A 
photograph  of  the  church,  taken  pribr  to  1875,  which  the  vicar 
exhibited,  showed  that  the  wings  on  the  north  and  south  sides  of  the 
tower  are  modem  appendages.  They  may,  however,  have  been 
built  on  the  site  of  the  former  transept,  for  the  tower  is  situate 
between  the  nave  and  chancel.  The  four  arches  in  the  tower  were, 
it  is  understood,  of  a  character  entirely  different  from  the  present 
lofty,  pointed  arches.  They  were  probably  semi-circular  and  some- 
what low. 

An  old  headstone  in  the  churchyard  attracted  some  attention,  and 
as  to  this  Mr.  C.  Partridge,  jun.,  who  has  copied  the  inscriptions  of 
many  thousands  of  graveyard  memorials  in  the  eastern  counties,  says 
it  is  the  most  ancient  he  has  yet  found.  *     It  is  inscribed : — 

"  Heere  Lyeth  Bvrie[d]  The  Body  Of  Prvden[ce]  |  Tvrner  Who  Depart[ed] 
I  This  Life  Vpon  The  4th  of  |  December  1662.  She  Died  |  Of  A  Dropsie 
Timpanie." 

The  mount  adjacent  to  the  church  was  climbed  and  explored, 
and  Mr.  I.  C.  Gould  read  a  carefully  prepared  paper  giving 
particulars  as  to  measurements  and  other  information  bearing 
upon  this  somewhat  unusual  type  of  earthwork  in  these  parts  (see 
p.  20  ante). 

After  a  bread-and-cheese  luncheon  at  the  Eight  Bells  Inn,  Bures 
St.  Mary,  a  general  meeting  was  held  under  the  presidency  of  Mr. 
F.  Chancellor,  the  only  remaining  member  of  the  original  Council  of 


Th§  Bast  Anglian,  vol.  ix.  354, 


no  QUARTERLY  MEETING  AT  MOUNT  BURES. 

the  Society.  Mr.  Chancellor,  alluding  to  the  fact  that  the  Society  had 
been  in  existence  for  half  a  century,  suggested  that  its  jubilee  should 
be  celebrated  by  a  dinner,  a  proposal  which  met  with  a  favourable 
reception.     Mr.  Gould  then  read  the  following  paper : — 

**  It  may  be  well  to  remind  ourselves  that  we  are  upon  the  dividing 
line,  not  only  of  Essex  and  Suffolk  but  also  of  the  ancient  kingdoms 
of  the  East  Saxons  and  the  East  Anglians. 

The  story  of  the  East  Saxon  kingdom  is  hard  to  glean,  the  Saxon 
Chronicle  has  little  to  say,  the  monkish  writers  throw  faint  light  on 
it,  and  numismatic  evidence  is  not  very  helpful.  The  territory  was 
not  large — simply  Essex,  Middlesex  and  part  of  Hertfordshire,  but 
as  it  included  the  even  then  important  port  of  London,  the  value  of 
the  kingdom  was  not  to  be  estimated  by  size  alone.  On  the  whole, 
we  may  say  that  East  Saxon  history  is  yet  to  be  unravelled — a  task 
worthy  of  some  member  of  the  Essex  Archaeological  Society. 

Rather  more  is  known  of  the  neighbouring  kingdom,  East  Anglia, 
which  included  Suffolk,  Norfolk  and  parts  of  Cambridgeshire,  though 
many  gaps  in  the  story  wait  to  be  filled.  We  hear  of  kings  of  this 
land  after  the  days  when  Egbert  of  Wessex  brought  all  England 
under  his  sway,  but  these  titular  kings  could  no  longer  have  been 
independent  rulers,  as  they  submitted  to  the  over-lordship  of  the 
house  of  Wessex. 

Foremost  among  these  East  Anglian  kings  stands  the  name  of 
Edmund,  martyr  and  saint,  who  was  closely  associated  with  this 
neighbourhood.  Morant  considered  that  Edmund's  coronation  took 
place  at  Bures.  He,  and  others  holding  that  view,  relied  upon  the 
words  of  Gauridus  de  Fontibus  {ante  a.d.  i  156).  •  Burum  villa  coronae 
antiquitus  regiae,  certus  limes  Est-Saxiae  et  Suffolciae,  sita  super 
Sturium  fluvium,'  but  Morant's  view  is  not  now  accepted. 

Edmund  had  been  acknowledged  as  ruler  by  the  northern  portion  in 
855,  but  it  was  not  till  Christmas  856  that  he  was  solemnly  consecrated 
and  crowned  king  over  all  East  Anglia.  It  is  now  generally  believed 
that  this  ceremony  took  place,  not  here,  but  at  Sudbury  as  the  capital 
of  the  southern  portion  of  the  little  kingdom. 

I  may  be  excused  for  dwelling  upon  this  episode  as,  though  St. 
Edmund  was  king  not  of  Essex,  but  of  East  Anglia,  he  seems  closely 
connected  with  our  county,  owing  to  that  remarkable  journey,  when 
in  solemn  procession,  his  remains  were  brought  through  Essex  in 
1013,  resting  awhile  in  Greensted's  little  shrine  on  their  way  back 
from  London  to  St.  Edmund's  Bury. 

All  East  Anglian  and  East  Saxon  lands  and  much  beside  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  Danes  under  the  terms  of  Alfred's  treaty  with 
Guthram  in  878,  and  though  Edward  the  Elder  recovered  them  in 


QUARTERLY  MEETING  AT  MOUNT  BURES.  Ill 

918,  Danish  settlements  submitted  and  remained  in  Essex.     It  is, 
then,  somewhat  remarkable  that  our  county  has  not  more  tangible 
evidence   of  their   presence   than    a   few   place    names    and   those 
possibly  dating  from  the  days  of  earlier  Danish  settlements." 
The  following  were  elected  members  of  the  Society : — 

ON  THE  NOMINATION  OF — 

DuCanb.  Charles  H.  Copley,  Braxted  Park,  Witham.      Mr.  G.  A.  Lowndes. 
Meyer.  H.  J.,  The  Grange,  Little  Laver,  Essex.  Rev.  J.  H.  Andrewes. 

Tritton,  J.  H.,  Lyons  Hall,  Great  Leighs,  Chelmsford.       Rev.  L.  N.  Prance. 

After  an  inspection  of  the  parish  church  of  Bures  St.  Mary  in 
Suffolk  (an  item  not  included  in  the  programme),  a  move  was 
made  for  Lamar sh  church.  Here  the  Society  was  met  by  the  Rev. 
A.  D.  Schreiber,  the  rector,  who  read  some  notes  upon  the  church 
and  its  round  tower,  his  observations  being  supplemented  by  some 
remarks  by  Mr.  Chancellor  upon  the  round  towers  of  the  county. 

Alphamstone  church  was  next  reached,  and  here  the  venerable 
rector,  the  Rev.  W.  Ear6e,  nearly  ninety  years  of  age,  and  Mr. 
Schreiber,  the  curate-in-charge,  pointed  out  the  features  of  interest, 
and  this  they  were  the  better  able  to  do  as  the  chancel  was  in  course 
of  restoration  and  much  of  the  old  work,  which  would  otherwise 
have  been  obscured,  was  exposed.  Several  fragments  of  the  arch 
and  tracery  of  the  old  east  window,  which  had  been  bricked  up  or 
covered  with  plaster,  were  observed  lying  in  the  churchyard  with  a 
view  to  the  reconstruction  of  the  window  as  nearly  as  possible  by 
using  the  stones  in  their  original  places  where  in  any  way  available. 
The  south  wall,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  feet,  had  been  rebuilt  some 
years  ago,  and  it  appears  that  when  this  was  done,  the  stonework 
of  the  old  sedilia  was  built  into  the  brick  wall,  the  mouldings  being 
turned  inward.  The  dedication  of  the  church  is  not  known :  perhaps, 
from  an  ancient  will  or  some  other  source,  some  member  of  the 
Society  may  be  able  to  supply  the  name  of  the  patron  saint.  The 
church  is  evidently  of  fourteenth  century  date,  but  it  was  considerably 
altered  in  the  fifteenth  century  and  later.  The  font  is  probably  as 
early  as  the  eleventh  century. 

The  last  item  on  the  programme  was  Pebmarsh  church,  an 
interesting  structure  of  the  fourteenth  century.  It  consists  of  a 
clerestoried  nave  with  aisles  of  four  bays  each,  a  chancel  and  an  em- 
battled west  tower.  The  corbie- stepped  porch  on  the  south  side  is 
of  Tudor  date  and  is  constructed  of  brick.  There  is  an  extremely 
fine  brass  in  the  chancel  which  is  said  to  be  that  of  Sir  William 
Fitzralph,  circa  1323.' 

^  Essex  Arcfutol.  Trans.,  o.s.,  vol.  iv.  13a. 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PAGB 


J  Hatchments  of   the  family  of  Wroth  (plate    presented   by 

Mr.  W.  C.  Waller) ii 

/  St.  Mary's  Church,  Kelvedon  (block  lent  by  the  Rev.  E.  F.  Hay)  15 

4    Corbels  in  roof  of  Kelvedon  Church  (ditto)  15 

J   Early  English  Capitals,  &c.  (block  lent  by  Mr.  A.  B.  Bamford)  18 

Bures  Mount,  Essex  (block  lent  by  Mr.  I.  C.  Gould)  ...  20 

Brass  of  Oswald  Fitch,  Gentleman,  161 3,  at  Booking 23 

Brass  of  Henry  Fortescue,  Esquire,  1576,  at  Faulkbourne     ...  24 

Brass  of  Dame  Mary  Fortescue,  1598,  at  Faulkbourne  ...  26 

Brass  of  Thomas  Hone,  Gentleman,  1604,  at  Homchurch     ...  28 

Brass  of  George  Stonard,  Esquire,  1558,  at  Loughton 29 

Brass  of  Thomasyn  Badby,  1532,  at  North  Ockenden 31 

Brass  of  a  Civilian  and  three  Wives,  about  1535,  at  Rettendon  33 


Brass  of  Richard  Humfrie,  Gentleman,  1607,  at  Rettendon 
Brass  of  Eustace  Sulyard,  Esquire,  1587,  at  Run  well ... 
Brass  of  Rev.  Patrick  Fearne,  1588,  at  Sandon 


Brass  of  Arms  of  William  Harris,  Esquire,  1 556,  at  Southminster  38 

Brass  of  William  Lathum,  Gentleman,  1622,  at  Stifford        ...  41 

Brass  of  Ann  Lathum,  1 627,  at  Stifford 42 

Brass  of  Mistress  Elizabeth  Lathum,  1630,  at  Stifford  ...  43 

Brass  of  Geerardt  D*Ewes,  Esquire,  1591,  at  Upminster       ...  45 

Brass  of  Mistress  Ann  Sackville,  1582,  at  Willingale  Doe      ...  47 

Brass  of  a  Scroll,  about  1420,  formerly  at  Writtle       49 

Brass  of  a  Member  of  the  Bedell  family,  about  1500,  at  Writtle  50 


Brass  of  a  Civilian,  about  15 10,  at  Writtle       

Brass  of  Mistress  Thomasina  and  others,  15 13.  at  Writtle 
Brass  of  Miss  Constance  Bemers,  1524,  at  Writtle  ... 
Brass  of  Shields  on  Tomb  of  Judge  Weston,  1572,  at  Writtle 
Brass  of  Shield  of  John  Pinchon,  Esquire,  1573,  at  Writtle  .. 
Brass  of  Edward  Bell,  Gentleman,  1567,  at  Writtle    ... 


Brass  of  William  Pinchon,  Esquire,  and  wife,  1592,  at  Writtle  61 

Brass  of  Edward  Hunt,  Gentleman,  1606,  at  Writtle 62 

Brass  of  Edward  Bowland,  Gentleman,  1609,  at  Writtle       ...  63 

Brass  of  Shields  of  John  Browne,  Esquire,  161 7,  at  Writtle  ...  64 

Brass  of  Richard  Symonds,  Esquire,  161 2,  at  Great  Yeldham  66 

J  Great  Tey  Church,  1829 106 

J  Great  Tey  Church,  1900  (block  lent  by  Mr.  G.  F.  Beaumont)  107 


34 
36 

37 


52 
53 
56 
57 
59 
60 


ESSEX  ARCH^OLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 


I 


MUSEUM,   COLCHESTER    CASTLE. 


OFFICERS     AND     COUNCIL     FOR      1903. 


GEORGE  ALAN   LOWTJDES,  E^  .  M.A. 


The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Eustace  Cecil. 

The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Rayleigh.  M.A., 
F.R.S. 

The  Right  Hon.  LordHawkesbury,  F.S.A. 

The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Claud  Hamilton. 

The  Right  Rev.    The    Bishop   op   Col- 
chester, D.D. 

The  Right  Rev.  The  Bishop  of  Barking, 
D.D.,  F.S.A. 


Sir  M.  E.  Grant-Duff,  PC,  G.C.S.I.. 

C*  I  E     F  R  S 
Sir  h!  Seymour  King,  K.C.I.E..  M.P. 
The  Right  Hon.  James  Round,  P.O., 

M.A.,  MP. 
Colonel  A.  R.  M.  Lockwood,  M.P. 
Major  F.  C.  Rasch,  M.P. 
George  Courtauld,  Esq. 


Council. 


The  President  (ex-offldo). 

G.  F.  Beaumont,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

Major-General  B.  R.  Branfill. 

Frederic  Chancellor,  Esq.,  F.R.I.B.A. 

Miller  Christy,  Esq.,  F.L.S. 

The  Rev.  A.  F.  Curtis,  M.A. 

The  Rev.  H.  L.  Elliot,  M.A. 

E.  A.  Fitch,  Esq.,  F.L.S. 

The  Rev.  F.  W.  Galpin,  M.A.,  F.L.S. 

The  Rev.  T.  G.  Gibbons,  M.A. 

A.  R.  GoDDARD,  Esq.,  B.A. 

I.  C.  Gould,  Esq. 


The  Rev.  J.  W.  Kenworthy. 
Henry  Laver.  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  F.L.S. 
William  Macandrew,  Esq. 
Francis  M.  Nichols,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
The  Rev.  Canon  Norman,  M.A. 
The  Rev.  L.  N.  Prance,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 
G.  E.  Pritchett.  Esq..  F.S.A. 
The  Rev.  E.  H.  L.  Reeve,  M.A. 
Douglass  Round,  Esq.,  M.A. 
J.  Horace  Round,  Esq.,  M.A. 
C.  F.  D.  Sperling,  Esq.,  M.A. 
W.  C.  Waller,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 


ffwasurer. 
The  Right  Hon.  James  Round,  P,C.,  M.A.,  M.P. 


PonorRrg  SSecretarg. 

G.  F.  Beaumont,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

The  Lawn,  Coggeshall. 

^tm-  Stcnbtr  of  SSnbscnpliottB. 

W.  C.  Waller,  Esq.,  M.A..  F.S.A. 
Loughton. 


^onorarg  Curator. 

Henry  Layer,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  F.L.S., 

Head  Street,  Colchester. 

j(ab.  Curator. 

Mr.  A.  G.  Wright, 

The  Museum,  Colchester. 


^ocal  jiurttarus. 


Braintree — Rev.  J.  W.  Kenworthy. 
Brentwood— Col.  F.  Landon. 
Billericay— Major-Genl.  B.  R.  Branfill. 
Bishops  Stortford — G.  E.  Pritchett,  Esq., 

F.S.A. 
Chelmsford — F.  Chancellor,  Esq., 

F.R.LB.A. 


Coggeshall— G.  F.  Beaumont,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
Colchester— H.  Layer,  Esq.,F.S.A.,F.L.S. 
Halstead — Charles  Portway,  Esq. 
Loughton — L  C.  Gould,  Esq. 
Maldon— E.  A.  Fitch,  Esq.,  F.L.S. 
Saflfron  Walden— F.  E.  Emson,  Esq. 


Printed  by  Wiles  &  Son,  Trinity  Street.  Colchester. 


_     Free  to  MemberusfSW^Mi^tt- Members,  8'-.  VT* 

'A  ir' 


OF   THE 


Clssex  Archaeological  ^Society. 


VOL.  IX.,    PART   II. 

NEW   SERIES. 


'  COLCHESTER  : 

PUBLISHED    BV  THE    SOCIETY   AT    THE    MUSEUM    IN    THE    CAsTLE 
1903. 


J^-jCfc^ 


■^=s:<^e 


CONTENTS    OF    PART    II.,    VOL.    IX. 

I.  The    Fifteenth   Century  Vestry  and   Priest's   Chamber  in 

Hatfield  Broad  Oak  Church,     By  the  Rev.  Y,  W. 
Galpin,  M.A.,  F.L.S 

II.  An  Account  oj  Some  Records  of  Tiltey  Abbey  preserved  at 

Easton  Lodge.     By  William  Chapman  Waller, 
M.A.,  F.S.A 

III.  Roman  Remains  Discovered  in  making  the  Public  Park  at 

Colchester  Castle.     By  Henry  Layer,  F.S.A. 

IV.  Taxations  of  Colchester.     By  George  Rickword. 

V.  Essex  Field  Names.    Collected  and  arranged  by  William 

Chapman  Waller,  M. A.,  F.S.A.     Part  IX. — The 
Hundred  of  Chelmsford.  

Archaological  Notes 

General  Meeting  of  the  Essex  Archaological  Society ^  held  at  Colchester 
Castle^  on  Thursday ^  the  16th  Aprils  1903 

Report  

Quarterly  Meeting  and  Excursion  MoftdaVy  25th  May^  1903 

Meeting  held  at  Colchester^  on  Thursday,  25th  fufie,  1903,  to  celebrate 
the  fubilee  of  the  Society 

Quarterly  Meeting  and  Excursion,  Thursday,  6th  August,  1903 

Quarterly  Excursion,  Thursday,  24th  September,  1903 

Donations  to  the  Society         

Balance  Sheet 


page 
113 

ii8 

122 
126 

180 

182 
184 
186 

187 
189 
189 
192 
194 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PAGE 

^) Portrait  of  George  Alan  Lowndes,  Esq.  ...  Frontispiece 

VPlan  of  Vestry  and  Priest's  Chamber  at  Hatfield  Broad  Oak         113 

Vestry  and  Priest's  Chamber  at  Hatfield  Broad  Oak 116 


vPlan  of  Colchester  Castle  and  Ground 

vPlan  of  the  Roman  Walls  of  Colchester  

vThe  Ruins  of  Thoby  Priory  

V  West  End  of  the  Church  of  St.  Lawrence,  Blackmore 
^  Porch  of  the  Church  of  St.  Margaret,  Margaretting  .. 
<The  Tower  of  Corringham  Church         


122 
124 
1 86 
186 
186 
189 


Geor(.e  Alan  Lowndks.  Esq.,  late  President  for  twenty-five   years 

OF    THE    I^SSEX    ARCH^OLO(iICAL    SoClETY. 


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Ground  Plan  of  the  Fifteenth  Century  Vestrv  and  Priest's  Chamher 
IN  Hatfield  Hroad  Oak  Church  with  details  ok  \Vinix)\v. 


THE     FIFTEENTH     CENTURY    VESTRY 

AND  PRIEST'S  CHAMBER  IN  HATFIELD 

BROAD  OAK   CHURCH. 

BY    THE    REV.    F.    W.    GALPIN,    M.A.,    F.L.S. 

The  erection  of  a  sanctuary  organ  in  Hatfield  Broad  Oak  church  as  a 
memorial  to  the  late  Right  Hon.  Lord  Rookwood,  has  brought  to  light 
many  details  in  connection  with  the  pre- reformation  arrangement  of 
part  of  the  building.  On  the  plan  which  accompanied  the  *^  History 
of  the  Parish  Church  " '  will  be  seen,  at  the  end  of  the  north  choir 
aisle,  a  small  chamber  marked  '*  vestry."  On  this  site  stands  at 
present  the  large  organ  placed  here  in  1881,  when  the  Barrington 
chapel  was  furnished  with  pews.  Previous  to  this  a  Perpendicular 
screen,  with  solid  panels  and  an  upper  stage,  separated  this  chamber 
from  the  chapel,  entrance  being  obtained  through  the  original 
doorway  of  the  screen.  Tradition  states,  and  perhaps  correctly,  that 
this  screen  was  removed  from  the  Priory  Frater  or  dining  hall,  at 
any  rate  it  effectually  hid  from  view  the  coals  and  general  church 
lumber  stored  in  the  little  room  beyond.  When  the  Barrington 
chapel  was  restored  and  decorated  by  Mr.  Lowndes,  this  screen  was 
taken  down,  the  solid  panels  removed,  and  the  lower  part  re-erected 
at  the  entrance  to  the  chapel  as  shown  on  the  accompanying  plan. 
The  upper  stage  was  used  for  the  front  of  the  first  pew,  but  in  1894 
the  tracery  was  taken  out  and  inserted  into  a  north  choir  screen 
erected  by  Mrs.  Lowndes  upon  the  old  work. 

All  this  is  comparatively  recent  history.  In  the  south  wall  of  the 
old  chamber,  however,  there  is  a  doorway  with  fine  stone  mouldings 
and  heavy  iron  hinges,  which  shows  that  the  oak  screen  with  its 
own  doorway  had  replaced  an  earlier  wall,  which  had  at  one  time 
entirely  separated  the  extreme  east  end  from  the  rest  of  the  choir 
aisle.  This  doorway,  marked  A  on  the  plan,  communicates  im- 
mediately with  the  presbytery  or  sanctuary,  though  it  is  now  hidden 
on  the  south  side  beneath  the  first  large  panel  of  the  eighteenth 
century  wainscot  which  covers  the  walls  within  the  altar  rails. 


1   Bsssx  Arcfutol.  Soc.  Trans.,  Vol.  vi.,  n.s..  p.  327- 
[VOL.  IX.      NBW  SERIES.] 

H 


1 14        THE  FIFTEENTH  CENTURY  VESTRY  AND  PRIEST  S  CHAMBER 

On  removing  the  second  large  panel,  a  one-light  fifteenth  century 
window  (B)  with  a  wooden  frame  was  discovered,  the  spandrils  filled 
with  characteristic  flower  and  leaf  carving.  The  window  was  never 
glazed,  and  across  it  are  placed  five  strong  bars  of  hammered  iron 
with  two  upright  bars,  all  let  into  the  oak  framework.  On  the  outer 
or  south  side  the  window  is  flush  with  the  face  of  the  wall,  but  on 
the  inner  side  there  is  a  recess  of  eighteen  inches  with  a  slight  splay. 
The  recess  is  now  filled  with  seventeenth  century  brickwork.  The 
iron  bars  are  similar  to  those  across  the  large  Perpendicular  window 
on  the  south  side  of  the  chantry  chapel  mentioned  below. 

In  the  wall  immediately  above  the  doorway  and  window  was 
disclosed  beneath  the  plaster  a  large  arched  window  with  three 
lights,  with  a  recess  of  seven  inches  on  both  sides  of  the  wall.  The 
stone  trefoil  heads  of  the  lights  were  perfect,  but  the  mullions  and 
sill  had  been  removed,  and  the  whole  blocked  up  with  rubble  work, 
including  parts  of  old  yellow  glazed  tiles  similar  to  those  found 
during  the  excavation  of  the  conventual  part  of  the  church.  The 
window  itself  was  only  three  feet  high  at  the  centre  of  the  arch  and 
five  feet  wide,  while  from  traces  of  the  floor- line  visible  within  the 
chamber  it  could  only  have  been  about  eighteen  inches  above 
the  boards. 

The  history  of  this  structure  seems  to  be  as  follows : — 

About  the  year  1386  the  parish  church  underwent  a  complete 
transformation,  almost  a  rebuilding.  A  solid  wall  was  placed 
between  the  western  piers  of  the  central  tower,  thereby  separating 
the  conventual  and  parochial  churches.  The  earlier  parochial  nave 
was  then  narrowed  by  the  insertion  of  a  line  of  Perpendicular  pillars 
in  order  to  secure  a  north  aisle,  as  all  extension  towards  the  north 
was  prevented  by  the  proximity  of  the  Priory  buildings.  This  line 
of  pillars  was  terminated  at  its  eastern  end  by  a  large  pier  abutting 
on  the  newly-erected  wall,  the  span  of  the  last  arch  being  twenty  feet 
and  forming  one  bay  on  the  whole  of  the  north  side  of  the  choir. 
This  late  fourteenth  century  arch,  marked  C  D  on  the  plan,  can  still 
he  seen  from  the  Barrington  chapel. 

In  the  year  1475  a  chantry  was  founded  in  connection  with  the 
altar  of  S.  John  the  Baptist  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  south  choir  aisle, 
and  a  priest  appointed.  The  new  foundation  may  have  required  a 
vestry  or  sacristy,  and  a  chamber  for  the  priest ;  at  any  rate  such 
were  found  necessary  at  some  time  in  the  fifteenth  century,  and  as  the 
two  sides  of  the  reconstructed  parochial  choir  were  unsymmetrical, 
the  south  side  being  bounded  by  an  arch  of  much  shorter  span  and 

^  See  Ess9x  Archaroln  Soc,  Trans.,  Vol.  i.,  n.s.,  p.  76,  and  Vol,  vi.,  n.s.,  p,  334. 


IN  HATFIELD  BROAD  OAK  CHURCH.  II5 

a  solid  wall  separating  the  altar  of  S.  John'  the  Baptist  from  the 
high  altar,  it  was  determined  to  make  the  north  side  correspond  and 
to  use  the  eastern  end  as  the  vestry. 

For  this  purpose  a  new  pier  was  built  (E)  and  a  half  arch  inserted 
to  meet  the  original  large  arch,  the  whole  (E  D)  having  a  span  of 
only  eleven  feet  six  inches.  The  space  betwen  the  new  and  old 
piers  (E  C)  was  filled  up  with  rubble  masonry. 

It  is  interesting  to  observe  that  owing  to  the  desire  of  the  builders 
to  make  the  two  sides  of  the  choir  absolutely  correspond,  the  capital 
of  the  new  pier  was  made  on  the  same  pattern  as  that  on  the  other 
side,  the  neck  being  cut  octagonally  instead  of  round,  as  on  all  the 
original  piers  on  the  north  side.  The  original  capitals  on  the  south 
side  of  the  choir  and  nave  are  all  octagonally  cut  in  the  neck. 

Into  the  new  rdbble  wall  (E  C)  were  literally  squeezed  the  doorway 
and  wooden-framed  window  and  the  upper  three-light  stone  window 
mentioned  above,  the  shaft  of  the  old  eastern  pier  being  cut  away  to 
facilitate  the  process.  From  the  new  pier  (E)  a  ten-inch  wall  was 
built  (E  F)  to  the  north  wall  of  the  church  and  a  vestry  formed 
ten  feet  9  inches  long  by  ten  feet  wide,  the  lower  room,  so  far  as  can 
be  gathered  from  the  remains  of  a  corbel  and  traces  of  holes  for  the 
floor  joists,  being  about  seven  feet  six  inches  high. 

But  there  was  another  opening  in  the  newly-constructed  chamber 
which  Had  to  be  dealt  with.  In  the  north  wall  a  double  door  had 
given  admission  from  the  aisle  into  the  east  alley  of  the  Priory 
cloister.  When  the  conventual  and  parochial  authorities  parted 
company,  the  door  was  no  longer  needed,  and,  either  before  or  at  the 
time  the  vestry  was  made,  it  was  entirely  blocked  up  with  rubble,  but 
part  of  the  arched  recess  on  the  church  side  was  kept  and  extended 
westwards,  a  wooden  arch  with  its  apex  one  foot  out  of  the  centre 
being  inserted  to  keep  the  work  in  position.  In  this  recess,  which 
is  twenty  inches  deep,  six  feet  wide,  and  eleven  inches  high,  were 
placed  the  wooden  stairs  which  gave  access  to  the  upper  room. 

The  question  suggests  itself  whether  this  upper  chamber  was 
lighted  only  by  the  low  window  looking  into  the  choir.  It  hardly 
seems  probable ;  in  fact,  a  window  which  originally  was  placed  in 
the  new  ten-inch  cross  wall  appears  to  exist  still  in  the  church. 
The  inner  face  of  the  muUions  of  the  low  window  are  not  finished  off 
on  the  flat  as  on  the  outside  towards  the  choir,  but  are  ornamented 
with  a  small  bead,  which  is  carried  round  the  head  and  sides  of  the 
window.  Into  the  north  wall  of  the  church,  over  the  Barrington 
chapel,  two  Perpendicular  windows — one  of  three,  the  other  of  four 
lights — have  t)een  inserted.  The  three-light  window  has  the  same 
bead  moulding  inside,  and  this  and  the  low  window  are  the  only 


1 16        THE  FIFTEENTH  CENTURY  VESTRY  AND  PRIEST*S  CHAMBER 

windows  so  decorated  in  the  church.  In  all  probability  therefore  the 
three-light  window  now  in  the  north  wall  was  originally  constructed 
for  the  cross  wall  of  the  vestry,  and  admitted  light  from  the  church 
into  the  upper  chamber.  The  purpose  of  the  low  window  with  its 
openings  unglazed  but  crossed  by  one  or  two  thin  iron  bars,  was  for 
watching  the  light  burning  before  the  altar  and  the  offerings  of  the 
worshippers.  The  unusual  width  of  the  window  suggests  that  the 
light  before  S.  John  the  Baptist's  altar  was  also  to  be  observed  by 
the  watcher;  and  the  whole,  when  perfect,  must  have  formed  a 
decorative  feature  of  the  church,  some  idea  of  which  is  given  in  the 
accompanying  sketch. 

But  ruin  and  destruction  followed  only  too  quickly.  In  consequence 
perhaps  of  the  drastic  cutting  away  of  the  old  eastern  pier  and  the 
somewhat  clumsy  building  of  the  new  half  arch,  an  alarming 
settlement  took  place,  splitting  the  head  of  the  vestry  door,  twisting 
the  wooden-framed  window,  and  starting  the  joists  in  the  upper 
window.  It  appears  as  if  this  occurred  in  the  seventeenth  century, 
and  that  previous  to  it,  owing  to  the  ritual  alterations  of  the 
Reformation  and  the  dissolution  of  the  chantry,  the  mullions  and  sill 
of  the  low  window  had  been  taken  out  and  the  whole  blocked  up 
with  rubble,  the  centre  of  the  middle  light  being  supported  by  an 
oak  post,  found  in  situ  on  uncovering  the  window,  but  very  much 
decayed.  The  cross  wall  was  also  taken  down,  the  wooden  stairs 
and  floor  removed,  and  the  solid  oak  screen,  mentioned  before  as 
obtained  from  the  Priory,  erected  between  the  site  of  the  old  vestry 
and  the  Barrington  chapel.  At  any  rate  by  the  end  of  the  seventeenth 
century  the  place  became  quite  unsafe  and  disused, '  the  recess  of 
the  lower  wooden  window  was  filled  up  with  brickwork,  and  the  arch 
of  the  doorway  supported  in  a  similar  way.  The  old  door  itself  was 
retained,  and  the  impress  of  its  moulding  and  framework  was  visible 
on  the  plaster  of  the  supporting  wall  until  it  was  removed  to  make 
room  for  the  organ  blower.  Of  the  original  door  no  trace  is  now 
discoverable. 

Owing  to  the  precarious  condition  of  the  wall  it  has  been  impossible 
to  keep  the  upper  window  open  ;  such  portions,  however,  as  were 
necessary  to  show  its  position  have  been  exposed  to  view,  and  the 
rest  supported  by  brick  and  cement.  The  doorway  has  been 
strengthened  with  iron  plates  and  cross  bars,  and,  by  hinging  the 
panels  of  the  oak  wainscot,  it  and  the  wooden  window  can  be  easily 
seen  when  desired. 


^   In  1694  the  parishioners  memorali/ed  the  Rev.  Dr.  Woodroffc  for  the  use  of  his  chapel  (the 
old  chantry  chapel)  as  a  vestry. 


FiFTHKNTH  CeNTL'KY  VeSTRV   AND  pKIESl's  CHAMBER    IN   II\TKIEI.D    HkoaD    OaK 
ChLKCH,    as    KESTokeI)    EKOM    EXISTINii    KEMMNS 


IN  HATFIELD  BROAD  OAK  CHURCH.  II7 

Interesting  also  are  the  traces  of  fifteenth  century  decoration  left 
on  the  walls  of  the  presbytery  behind  the  panelling.  The  original 
design  appears  somewhat  startling,  consisting  as  it  did  of  long  vertical 
bands  of  red  and  white,  twenty  inches  wide,  separated  by  a  black 
line.  At  the  time  of  the  Reformation  this  was  all  covered  with  a 
grey  or  light  blue  colouring,  and  in  the  seventeenth  century  the 
walls  were  adorned  with  goodly  whitewash,  relieved  by  a  little  hand- 
drawn  scroll  work  in  black  over  the  door  and  window.  It  was 
reserved  for  the  enthusiasts  of  the  nineteenth  century  to  obliterate 
all  former  efforts,  save  where  the  wainscot  protected  them,  by  an 
excellent  coat  of  restorative  plaster. 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  SOME  RECORDS  OF 
TILETY  ABBEY  PRESERVED  AT  EASTON 

LODGE. 

BY  WILLIAM    CHAPMAN    WALLER,    M.A.,    F.S.A.. 

The  few  loose  documents  to  which,  in  the  article  entitled  *»  A  Register 
of  Tiltey  Abbey,"  I  made  passing  allusion,  will  serve  to  furnish  a 
not  uninteresting  pendant  to  it.  They  comprise  three  indentures  of 
lease;  a  couple  of  extracts  from  court-rolls  of  Henry  VH.'s  time; 
a  certified  copy  of  the  Act  for  the  suppression  of  the  smaller  monastic 
houses ;  a  copy  of  the  special  verdict  of  a  jury  impanelled  to  enquire 
into  the  bona  fides  of  a  lease  granted  by  the  abbot  on  Oct.  6th  1535  ; 
and  an  Inspeximus  charter  of  Henry  VHL,  dated  Nov.  4th  1538, 
reciting  the  lease  which  was  the  subject  of  the  verdict. 

The  earliest  of  the  leases,  which  was  made  in  1487  between  the 
abbot,  John,  and  John  Pamphelon,  of  Moche  Eyston,  husbandman, 
recites  the  holding  of  a  court  and  leet  at  Tiltey  **  y*  Satyrdaye  in  y* 
weke  of  Ester  whyche  was  in  y*  yere  of  Reigne  off  Richard  off 
made  and  not  of  Right  Kynge  of  Inglande  y*  thyrde  after  y* 
Conquest,"  whereby  the  sentiments  of  the  writer  are  made  plain, 
even  though  his  language  be  somewhat  obscure.  At  this  court,  in 
the  presence  of  the  abbot,  the  steward  granted  to  John  out  of  the 
lord's  hands,  by  copy  of  court-roll,  lands  called  Tumours,  Croyes, 
Calpole,  and  others,  to  hold  by  the  rod,  etc.  Following  on  this 
copyhold  grant,  and,  as  he  says,  without  impairing  that  tenure,  the 
abbot,  at  John's  **  special  request  and  prayer,'*  let  him  the  lands  for 
life  at  the  annual  rent  of  40s.  specified  in  the  court-roll,  the  tenant 
to  make  common  suit  at  Tiltey,  discharge  the  abbot  of  all  suits  at 
the  Sheriff's  Tourn,  keep  up  fences,  repair  houses,  and  make  no 
inordinate  waste.  A  right  of  alienation  and  sale,  or  of  assignment 
on  his  death-bed,  was  reserved  to  him,  subject  to  his  treating  the 
lands  as  one  block  and  not  *  parcel  meale.*  The  fine  on  alienation, 
or  on  entry  of  an  heir,  was  fixed  at  65.  8rf.,  with  los.  for  a  new 
agreement  then  to  be  ensealed ;  for  it  was  provided  that  the  lands 
should  always  be  held  on  this  double  tenure,  and  the  abbot  bound 


RECORDS   OF  TILTEY  ABBEY.  II9 

himself  and  his  successors  to  renew  the  indenture  so  long  as  they 
were  fully  paid  in  accordance  with  its  terms.  Some  ten  years  after- 
wards, as  we  learn  from  one  of  the  two  extracts  previously  mentioned, 
John  Pamphelon  surrendered  his  holding,  and  had  a  re-grant  of  it  to 
himself  and  his  son,  under  the  terms  of  the  arrangement. 

Next  in  order  of  time  is  a  lease  of  the  dairy  at  Tiltey  Grange, 
granted  in  1520  by  Roger  Beverlaye,  then  abbot,  to  his  servant, 
Robert  Whynwere,  This  document  affords  a  capital  illustration  of 
the  strangely  complicated  nature  of  the  agreements  into  which  our 
ancient  predecessors  freely  entered.  In  this  one  the  abbot  leases 
the  dairy,  houses,  pastures,  and  thirty  milch  kine,  more  or  less  <'  as 
we  are  able  to  deliver  to  him  during  twelve  years,"  and  in  return  he 
is  to  receive  for  every  *  abyll  *  cow  having  winter  and  summer  meat, 
75.;  for  every  calf  at  five  weeks  *  abyll  to  the  kechynge*  {i.e.  kitchen), 
25. ;  for  every  weaned  calf  at  seven  weeks,  25. ;  for  every  wey  of 
cheese,  252/5.  to  the  wey,  105.  Sd.,  **  and  yf  hit  to  be  abyll  chesse 
and  y^  ys  nott  he  to  have  hyt  agayn  and  to  bring  abyll  for  hit 
agayn";*  for  every  gallon  of  butter,  i6lb.  to  the  gallon,  lorf. ;  for 
every  gallon  pf  milk,  id,  in  summer  and  2d.  in  winter ;  for  the  *  whaye* 
of  every  cow  had  of  the  abbot,  Sd. ;  and  for  every  cow,  a  gallon  of 
milk.  Moreover  the  lessee  is  bound  to  sell  no  butter,  cheese,  eggs, 
chickens,  milk,  or  calf,  without  special  licence,  and  to  render  an 
account  twice  a  year.  In  return  for  all  this  the  abbot  agreed  to 
allow  by  the  year  for  every  cow,  a  bushel  of  wheat,  and  of  malt,  peas, 
and  oats,  half  a  bushel  each  ;  while  for  every  ten  of  the  abbot's  kine 
Robert  might  have  one  of  his  own,  and  sundry  other  similar 
allowances,  of  which,  however,  the  abbot  apparently  took  tithe. 
Some  carting  the  lessor  did,  but  the  lessee  was  liable  for  repairs 
*  horn-high,'  and  was  to  keep  all  things  delivered  to  him  as  he  would 
his  own,  and  so  deliver  them  up  at  the  end  of  his  term ;  and  he 
bound  himself  in  a  sum  of  10/.  sterling  to  keep  all  the  covenants. 

Of  a  quite  different  order,  though  in  its  own  way  hardly  less 
complicated,  was  the  agreement  entered  into  in  1529  by  *  the  Ryght 
Nobyll  Lord  Thomas  lord  Marques  of  Dorsset'*  and  the  same  Roger 
Beverlaye,  when  the  former,  *  of  his  honerable  gud  mynd '  surrendered 
his  existing  interest  in  Tiltey  Grange.     The  consideration  to  be  paid 


L  This  clause  is  by  no  means  clear :  it  looks  as  though  the  los.  bd.  was  to  be  paid  in  cheese. 
But.  in  that  case,  it  is  difficult  to  see  why  it  was  expressed  in  money,  unless  indeed  to  safeguard 
the  abbot  against  loss  by  fluctuations  in  the  price  of  the  commodity. 

*  Thomas  (Grey)  Marquess  of  Dorset,  ttc.^  tic.,  was  born  in  1477;  married  Mar^raret  Medley 
{nds  Wotton) ;  and  died  Oct.  loth  1530.  His  connexion  with  Essex  probably  arose  through  his 
grandmother,  Elizabeth  Wydville,  who  was  connected  with  the  Bourchier  and  Fitz  Lewes 
fttmilies. 


I20  RECORDS   OF   TILTEY  ABBEY. 

by  the  abbot  was  20/.  a  year,  of  which  the  first  20I.  was  to  be  spent 
in  repairs  to  the  Monastery  and  Grange,  and  forty  loads  of  hay,  for 
which  the  marquess  agreed  to  pay  40s.  a  month  after  delivery. 
The  abbot  further  granted  to  him  and  his  wife,  the  Lady  Margaret, 
the  right,  on  giving  one  year's  notice  of  entry,  to  have  a  lease  for 
thirteen  years  of  **  the  playsure  of  the  new  howse  over  agaynste  the 
churche,"  with  all  the  other  houses  as  they  were  accustomed  to  have 
hitherto,  with  the  *  orteyerd '  garden,  the  *  hoppe  *  garden,  and  the 
Grange,  with  the  demesnes  thereof.  After  the  first  year  of  entry  the 
bond  of  20/.  for  repairs  and  for  forty  loads  of  hay  was  to  be  void. 
Elaborate  provisions  as  to  stock,  wood,  and  timber  follow,  with  the 
nomination  of  a  supervisor  on  each  side,  the  Abbot  of  Walden  to 
arbitrate  in  case  of  need. 

Endorsed  on  the  parchment  is  a  further  agreement,  in  respect  01 
which  both  parties  are  to  have  a  year  and  a  day  in  which  to  submit 
it  to  their  respective  *Counseil  lerned'  for  amendment.  It  sets  out 
that  the  marquess  and  his  wife,  Lady  Margaret,  shall,  at  their 
pleasure  at  any  time  during  the  ensuing  ninety-nine  years,  on  giving 
eight  weeks*  warning,  enter  into  the  said  house  over  against  the 
church,  called  the  *  Geest  Hall,'  with  Greene's  house ;  Byard's 
chamber,  with  the  new  lodging  made  by  the  same  marquess ;  and  the 
buttery,  pantry,  cellars,  parlours  and  kitchen,  the  garden,  *orteyard,' 
and  cook's  garden,  in  like  manner  as  they  have  had  them  aforetime, 
they  to  be  responsible  for  repairs,  except  when  the  abbot  used  the 
house.  Finally  it  is  agreed  that  the  marquess  is  to  have  and  enjoy 
by  convent  seal  the  office  of  Steward  of  the  Monastery,  to  him  and 
his  son,  Lord  Harrington,  their  heirs  and  assigns,  with  an  annual 
fee  of  40s. ;  and  he  and  the  Lady  Margaret  are  to  have  a  stable  for 
twenty  horses  or  more  for  their  us^  for  thirteen  years,  to  the  intent 
that  they  shall  there  spend  or  sell  the  forty  loads  of  hay  that  the 
abbot  was  bound  to  make,  carry,  and  house  yearly  for  them.  One 
wonders  what  *  Counseil  lerned '  made  of  this  document,  when  they 
came  to  examine  its  various  hypothetical  provisions.  Its  curiously 
conditional  nature  suggests  that,  with  suppression  already  in  the  air, 
the  abbot  was  in  fear  for  his  own  house,  and  anxious  to  provide 
against  possible  eventualities.  As  will  now  be  seen,  the  royal  com- 
missioners were  by  no  means  inclined  to  accept  such  convent -leases 
without  careful  investigation,  and,  in  order  to  be  valid,  they  required 
a  decree  of  the  Court  of  Augmentations.  It  was  too  obvious  that 
monastic  bodies  on  the  eve  of  dissolution  might  quite  readily,  for 
lump  sums  paid  down,  so  burden  their  estates  with  unprofitable 
leases  as  to  make  them  for  many  years  almost  worthless  to  their 
successors. 


RECORDS    OF  TILTEY  ABBEY.  121 

The  fourth  and  last  lease,  the  history  of  which  serves  to  illustrate 
the  observations  just  made,  is  contained  in  an  Inspexitnus  charter, 
dated  November  4th,  30  Hen.  VIII.  (1538).  From  it  we  learn  that 
a  new  abbot,  John  Palmer,  had,  by  indenture  dated  October  6th, 
27  Hen.  VIII,  (1535),  granted  to  Lady  Margaret,  widow  of  Thomas, 
late  Marquess  of  Dorset,  a  sixty  years'  lease  of  Tiltey  Grange  and 
the  demesne  lands,  together  with  the  manor,  etc,y  etc.  An  item  more 
interesting  to  ourselves  occurs  in  the  next  clause,  which  runs: 
**  And  also  the  house  standing  against  the  west  end  of  the  church  of 
the  said  monastery,  of  old  time  called  the  Founder's  house,  otherwise 
called  the  Gestes  Hall,  and  all  others,  as  well  those  newly  builded 
as  the  old,  and  all  other  rooms  within  the  said  Gestes  Hall,  the 
gardens,"  etc^^  and  *the  vyneyarde,'  and  all  rents  .  .  .  waifs,  etc., 
•*  which  were  lately  redeemed  and  obtained  by  the  said  Lord  Marquess, 
2ind  before  that  time  set  forth  to  certain  persons,  under  convent  seal 
or  by  copy  of  court- roll,  reserving  always  the  court  of  the  View  of 
Frankpledge  incident  to  the  manor  or  grange  of  Tiltey." 

On  her  side  the  Lady  Marchioness  covenanted  to  pay  20/.  a  year 
to  the  abbot,  and  to  carry  necessary  fuel  for  the  monastery  at  his 
request,  together  with  all  building  material  needful  for  the  repair  of 
the  monastery-church  and  the  houses  next  adjoining  it.  She  agreed 
to  supply  summer  pasture  for  three  horses,  with  hay  and  litter  in 
winter,  to  be  used  in  the  abbot's  stable,  to  say  nothing  of  pigs,  kine, 
and  steers,  limited  however  in  the  matter  of  *  bieffe  and  mottons ' 
and  other  edibles,  to  the  amount  needed  for  consumption  within  the 
walls  of  the  monastery. 

The  lease  was  sealed  on  October  6th  1535,  shortly  before  Abbot 
John  Palmer  surrendered  his  abbey  and  its  possessions  into  the 
king's  hands.  Not  long  afterwards  a  sworn  enquiry  into  the  honafdes 
of  the  lease  to  Lady  Dorset  was  made,  when  the  jury  found  that  it 
was  of  such  as  were  wont  to  be  granted  and  in  no  wise  fraudulent : 
whereupon  the  Court  of  the  Augmentations  of  the  Revenues  of  the 
Crown  allowed  it  by  decree  of  October  20th  1538,  which  decree  was 
confirmed  by  the  Exemplification,  and  enrolled  on  November  4th  in 
the  same  year. 

By  way  of  envoi  I  may  be  permitted  to  express  my  obligations  to 
the  Lady  Warwick  and  Brooke  for  the  facilities  given  me  for 
examining  these  documents,  and  to  the  Rev.  F.  W.  Galpin  for 
obtaining  them  for  me. 


ROMAN    REMAINS    DISCOVERED    IN 

MAKING     THE     PUBLIC     PARK     AT 

COLCriESTER    CASTLE. 

BY    HENRY    LAYER,    F.S.A. 

It  may  be  advantageous,  even  after  a  lapse  of  ten  years,  to  publish 
in  full  the  paper  read  before  the  Society  at  a  meeting  held  in 
Colchester  on  March  9th  1893,  of  which  only  a  short  summary 
was  printed  in  Vol.  iv.,  n.s.,  p.  298,  of  the  Society's  Transactions, 
The  subject  is  an  important  one,  and  can  now  be  illustrated  by  a 
contemporary  plan,  drawn  by  Major  Bale,  and  exhibited  at  the 
meeting,  but  which,  would  then  have  occupied  space  that  could  not 
very  conveniently  have  been  spared. 

The  subject  of  the  paper  was  the  find  of  Roman  remains,  discovered 
in  making  the  public  park  for  Colchester  in  the  grounds  of  the  castle, 
and  the  lands  near  by.  These  discoveries  were  of  considerable 
importance,  as  probably  the  remains  found  were  relics  of  the  Roman 
forum  of  Colchester,  a  matter  scarcely  admitting  of  doubt.  If  it 
is  conceded  that  here  was  the  forum,  the  answer  to  the  question, 
who  were  the  builders  of  the  castle  ?  is  considerably  simplified.  The 
Rev.  Henry  Jenkins,  and  others,  held  that  the  castle  was  a  Roman 
building ;  but  it  must  not  be  imderstood  by  this  reference  to  the 
opinions  these  gentlemen  expressed,  that  any  great  weight  has  ever 
been  attached  to  them  by  any  competent  antiquary  who  has  studied 
the  subject  without  prejudice.  These  discoveries,  then,  have  upset 
all  ideas  of  the  possibility  of  this  castle  having  been  erected  in 
Roman  times.     The  paper  read  was  as  follows : — 

"  In  the  course  of  the  excavations  and  levellings  near  the  castle  in 
the  autumn  of  1892,  in  the  formation  of  the  public  park  for  Colchester, 
discoveries  were  made,  some  of  which  were  of  considerable  interest. 
On  the  west,  north,  and  east  sides  of  the  castle-bailey  are  some  large 
ramparts  of  earth,  and  at  the  north-west  angle  of  these  it  became 
necessary  to  excavate  a  path  through  the  lowest  part  of  the  rampart, 
for  convenience  of  access  to  the  remaining  portion  of  the  pEurk,  which 
lies  at  a  lower  level.     Here  the  workmen   came  on  to  a  wall  of 


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ROMAN  REMAINS  DISCOVERED  IN  COLCHESTER.  1 23 

masonry,  the  existence  of  which  has  been  usually  overlooked  by 
visitors,  although  a  few  stones  of  it  were  apparent  in  the  bottom  of 
a  surface  drain  receiving  the  rainfall  from  the  bailey.^ 

Tracing  this  wall  westward,  it  makes  a  right  angle,  and  then 
follows  a  southern  course  under  the  whole  remaining  portion  of  the 
western  rampart.  It  was  also  traced  towards  the  northern  rampart, 
making  first  a  turn  directly  northward,  and  then  in  a  short  distance 
turning  at  a  right  angle,  which  brings  it  under  the  centre  of  the 
northern  rampart,  through  which  it  is  known  to  extend,  until  the 
eastern  *  rampart  is  reached ;  here  it  appears  to  be  covered  by  it,  as 
by  the  other  ramparts.  It  therefore  surrounds  the  castle  on  three 
sides.  On  the  fourth,  it  was  probably  removed  at  the  end  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  when  the  houses  on  the  south  side,  facing  the 
High  Street,  were  built. 

The  outer  facing  of  this  wall  is  composed  of  squared  stones,  the 
body  being  formed  of  a  rubble  of  the  same  kind  of  stone,  known  as 
septaria,  largely  used  in  Roman  times  for  building  purposes  in  this 
district.  Of  this  stone  the  town  walls  are  also  formed.  The  inner 
side  of  this  wall  is  roughly  plastered,  and  the  stones  are  not  pointed, 
shewing  clearly  that  it  was  intended  for  a  facing  to  the  mound  of 
earth  now  overlying  it. 

A  careful  examination  of  this  wall  confirmed  the  idea  that  it  was 
of  Roman  construction,  a  view  fully  borne  out  by  further  excavation, 
as,  in  baring  this  wall  under  the  west  rampart,  it  was  found  that 
there  were  portions  plastered  with  the  characteristic  salmon-coloured 
cement,  so  constantly  found  in  Roman  buildings.  A  drain,  sufficiently 
large  for  a  man  to  creep  up,  ran  from  the  bailey  under  this,  the  west 
rampart,  and  remains  of  it  could  be  traced  some  distance  within  the 
area  inclosed  by  these  walls.  The  arch  of  this  drain  is  formed  of 
Roman  brick,  and  the  sides  and  bottom  are  plastered  with  the  pink 
cement  previously  mentioned. 

Adjoining  to,  and  continuous  with,  the  red  plaster  seen  on  the 
inside  of  the  west  wall,  were  found  two  floors  formed  of  the  red 
Roman  concrete.  On  one  lay  five  human  skeletons  side  by  side, 
head  and  feet  alternately  east  and  west ;  on  the  other,  two,  similarly 
arranged.  The  heads  in  both  cases  were  protected  by  having  portions 
of  Roman  brick  arranged  on  either  side,  the  cist  being  completed  by 
another  brick  being  laid  over  as  a  cover.  As  the  bones  of  these 
skeletons  were  much  decayed  and  very  soft,  they  may  possibly  have 


^  The  wall  Is  noticed  In  the  Rev.  Henry  Jenkins'  "Colchester  Castle,"  p.  xo,  but  it  is  not 
correctly  laid  down  in  his  accompanying  m^p. 


124  ROMAN  REMAINS  DISCOVERED  IN  COLCHESTER. 

lain  there  since  the  Saxon  period,  but  there  were  no  ornaments  or 
weapons  found  from  which  an  approximate  date  might  have  been 
given  for  their  burial.  As  no  attention  seems  to  have  been  paid  to 
orientation,  we  may  perhaps  be  justified  in  supposing  the  bodies  to 
have  been  interred  in  pagan  Saxon  times. 

Inside  the  bailey  a  small  remnant  of  another  wall  was  exposed. 
This  is  parallel  to  the  one  under  the  north  rampart,  and  is  composed 
of  septaria  rubble,  but  there  are  no  squared  facing  stones  now, 
whatever  there  may  have  been  formerly. 

Every  care  is  taken  of  these  remains,  and  the  cloaca  is  now  fenced 
round  with  an  iron  railing,  and  will  be  kept  open  for  inspection. 

In  the  rubbish  thrown  out  in  the  draining  and  other  excavations, 
a  considerable  number  of  small  bricks,  about  5i  ^y  2^  by  i}  inches, 
appeared,  especially  near  to,  and  in  the  interval  between  these  two 
parallel  walls.  The  bricks  appear  to  have  been  used  in  Roman 
times  for  pavements.  In  one  fragment,  now  in  the  castle  Museum, 
they  are  arranged  herring-bone  fashion,  and  these  lately  found  bear 
marks  favouring  the  idea  that  they  may  have  been  used  in  a  similar 
manner.  There  is  no  building  stone  to  be  found  in  Essex,  and  in 
consequence  of  its  absence  might  not  the  Romans  have  done  here,  as 
they  did  at  Lincoln,  formed  columns  of  half  round  bricks  ?  It  would 
almost  appear  that  they  did  so,  for  in  these  excavations  more  half 
circular  bricks  were  found  than  had  been  discovered  in  Colchester 
before.  These  bricks  would  have  been  very  suitable  for  this  purpose, 
and  if  the  columns  were  formed  of  them,  it  is  easy  to  understand 
why  so  many  appeared  in  this  part  of  the  excavation. 

In  the  field  below  the  castle  a  tesselated  pavement,  about  eighteen 
feet  square,  was  unearthed.  It  was  composed  of  red  tesserae,  about 
an  inch  square,  set  in  concrete.  The  borders  of  the  figured  pavements 
occasionally  found,  have  generally  a  margin  of  red,  similarly  formed, 
and  this  may  well  have  been  only  a  portion  of  such  a  border,  as  at 
the  edge  of  it,  at  one  point,  the  tesserae  are  arranged  as  the  segment 
of  a  circle.  If  it  was  the  border  of  a  pavement,  the  remaining  part 
had  quite  disappeared ;  but  there  were  evidences  of  the  existence  of 
a  considerable  building  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  A  cover  has  been 
placed  over  the  best  portion  of  this  pavement  for  protection,  and  to 
enable  it  to  be  inspected  at  any.  time. 

Further  down  the  park,  excavations  just  inside  the  town  wall 
have  brought  to  light  a  squared  mass  of  masonry,  19J  feet  long  by 
6J  feet  broad,  attached  to,  and  forming  part  of  the  wall.  It  may 
probably  be  the  remains  of  one  of  the  towers,  found  in  other  parts 
of  the  wall.  This  example,  like  the  others  mentioned,  does  not 
project  beyond  the  outer  face  of  the  wall. 


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ROMAN  REMAINS  DISCOVERED  IN  COLCHESTER.  1 25 

The  question  naturally  suggests  itself,  what  is  the  meaning  of  this 
large  area,  doubly  walled,  surrounding  the  present  castle  ?  Is  it  a 
portion  of  the  defence  of  the  fortress  ?  as  asserted  by  the  late  Rev. 
Henry  Jenkins  and  Mr.  Buckler,  who  believed  the  keep  to  be  of  Roman 
origin.  This  idea  must  be  dismissed  at  once,  as  these  walls  are  so 
distinctly  Roman  that  they  could  not  have  been  erected  as  a  part 
of  the  castle,  although  they  afterwards  formed  part  of  its  defences ; 
for,  if  the  theory  be  accepted  that  here  was  the  forum  of  Roman 
Camulodunum,  no  such  building  as  the  present  castle  would  have 
been  erected  in  the  centre  of  so  important  a  part  of  the  city. 

Other  questions  arise:  are  the  small  bricks  which  have  been 
mentioned  a  portion  of  the  pavement  of  the  covered  part  under  the 
colonnade,  and  is  the  inner  wall  the  foundation  on  which  were 
erected  the  columns  supporting  the  roof,  and  are  the  half-circular 
bricks  portions  of  the  columns  standing  on  this  dwarf  wall  ? " 


TAXATIONS    OF    COLCHESTER, 
A.D.    1296    AND    1301. 

BY   GEORGE    RICKWOKD. 

Among  the  most  interesting  documents  connected  with  the  history 
of  Colchester  are  the  Taxations  made  in  the  years  1296  and  1301. 
Extracts  from  these,  mainly  copied  from  Morant,  who  had  "conveyed  " 
the  originals  in  some  unexplained  manner  to  his  private  collection, 
have  been  printed  in  every  history  of  the  borough.  He  transcribed 
them  for  the  Rolls  of  Parliament^  but  their  bulk — they  fill  thirty-three 
tall  folio  pages,  and  would  require  as  many  again  if  translated  and 
extended — prevents  any  idea  of  publication  in  these  Transactions. 
Eminent  writers,  including  Professor  Thorold  Rogers,  in  his  "  History 
of  Agriculture  and  Prices,"  Dr.  Cunninghame  in  his  *•  History  of 
English  Industry  and  Commerce,'*  and  Mrs.  J.  R.  Green  in  her 
**Town  Life  in  the  Fifteenth  Century,"  have  used  them  to  illustrate 
the  social  life  of  the  people. 

An  accurate  summary  of  their  contents  is  the  more  to  be  desired, 
since  each  writer  has  dealt  only  with  certain  selected  items.  In  the 
early  days  of  the  Essex  Archaeological  Society,  the  Rev.  C.  Hartshome 
read  a  paper,  published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  British  Archaological 
Association  for  1865,  in  which  a  partial  survey  of  the  field  was  under- 
taken, but  his  article  contains  several  inaccuracies;  and  even  the 
interesting  notice  written  by  the  late  Dr.  Cutts,  in  his  "Colchester" 
(Historic  Towns  Series),  falls  into  error  in  some  few  particulars.  The 
present  writer,  availing  himself  of  the  labours  of  his  predecessors, 
proposes  to  supplement  their  work  by  printing  the  name  of  every 
person  assessed  to  either  taxation,  to  classify  the  goods  as  valued, 
thus  avoiding  the  monotonous  repetition  of  items  common  to  all,  to 
add  such  personal  details  of  the  burgesses  as  may  be  arrived  at  from 
other  sources,  and,  with  the  aid  of  a  few  tables,  to  comment  briefly 
upon  the  returns  as  a  whole.  It  will  then  be  seen  that  in  their 
minuteness,  their  accuracy  and  their  interdependence,  they  constitute 
a  more  valuable  guide  to  the  condition  of  the  borough  at  the  opening 
of  the  fourteenth  century  than  has  hitherto  been  realized. 


TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER.  1 27 

Want  of  space  forbids  any  general  account,  such  as  might  fittingly 
be  introduced  here,  of  the  mediaeval  system  of  taxation.  The 
"  History  of  the  Exchequer  "  and  **  Firma  Burgi "  of  Thos.  Madox, 
supplemented  by  Bishop  Stubbs'  Constitutional  History,  will  afford 
the  enquirer  much  information,  and  confirm  the  assertion  that,  apart 
from  the  regular  payment  of  the  fee  £arm  rent  to  the  Crown,  these 
taxations  were  the  main  source  of  the  contributions  of  the  boroughs 
to  the  national  revenue. 

It  is  likewise  impossible  to  detail  the  special  circumstances  which 
render  this  period  so  important  in  our  constitutional  history.  The 
crisis  which  compelled  Edward  1.  to  summon  that  parliament  which 
was  to  be  the  model  of  all  future  ones,  and  in  which  Colchester  men 
first  took  their  places  among  the  legislators  of  England,  would  need 
many  pages  to  describe,  and  belongs  rather  to  the  history  of  the 
nation  than  of  a  single  locality,  though  a  knowledge  of  the  one  may 
help  to  a  comprehension  of  the  other.  But,  passing  this  by,  we  will 
proceed  at  once  to  tabulate  the  return  made  to  the  King  by  Sir 
John  de  Wastoil,  and  Richard  de  Mount viron,  clerk,  the  assessors 
appointed  by  his  writ  dated  Dec.  4th  1295. 


TAXATION    OF    A    SEVENTH,   1296. 

The  Latin  heading  is  translated  as  follows : — 

**  A  taxation  made  in  the  xxiv**'  year  of  the  reign  of  King  Edward, 
son  of  King  Henry,  within  the  precincts  and  liberties  of  the  Borough 
of  Colchester  upon  all  goods  and  chattels  assessed  as  on  the  day  of 
S.  Michael  last  past,  granting  to  the  aforesaid  King  Edward  a  con- 
cession for  the  safe  guarding  of  the  realm  and  as  a  subsidy  towards 
the  war  lately  begun  against  his  and  our  enemies,  the  seditious 
French,  by  the  following  twelve  burgesses — i  Jordan  Olyver  (336), 
2  John  de  la  Forde  (i),  3  Simon  Lotun  (2),  4  Sager  le  Parmenter  (4), 
5  John  Martyn,  6  Robert  le  Verrer  (288),  7  Rafe  Sanare  (7),  8  John 
Pecok  (8),  9  William  de  Terrington,  10  John  Jalowm,  11  Richard 
de  Stokes,  12  John  Sayer  (223),*  who  say  upon  their  oath  "  that  on 

the  day  aforesaid  each  person  had  as  follows:  the  sum  total 

of  which  was and  the  seventh  part  thereof 


^  The  Christian  names  are  In  Latin,  but  in  the  accompanying  lists  are  given  in  English  to 
save  space,  the  surnames  being  left  in  most  instances  as  in  the  original.  The  number  fDllowing 
a  name  indicates  its  positionin  the  Taxation  of  1301.  The  trade  designation  is  not  in  the  original 
but  is  arrived  at  from  the  nature  of  the  stock  taxed ;  surnames  obviously  derived  from  tnwles  are 
left  untranslated. 


128 


TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER. 


13  Richard  (186).  Prior  of  the 

Church  of  S.  Botolph. . 

14  Mr.  William  Waryn  (246) 

15  Adam  Plauntyng    . . 

16  Edward  de  Berneholte, 

coal  and  salt        . .     . . 

17  Mr.  John  de  Colchester 

(334)   

x8  Edward  Talbe,  clothier. . 

19  Henry  Godyer        . ,     . . 

20  John  deStanwey(3)  tanner 

21  Henry   Pakeman    (169) 

tanner   

22  Dulcia  Pikes  (38)    . .     . 

23  Note  atte  Laneland 

24  Gilbert  le  Brok       . .     . 

25  Edmund  leParmenter (71) 

26  Will.  Molendinarius  (20) 

27  Walter  le  Marun  (19)    . , 

28  William  Marischalls 

29  Roger  Russel 

30  Richard  Norays(65)tanner 

31  Matilda  Ban  (36)    . . 

32  Richard    Curtays    (37) 

tanner 

33  Stephen  de  Lewenhey  (85) 

shoemaker    . .     . . 

34  John    de    Leycester's 

widow  (350)..     .. 

35  Nicholas  le  Parmenter  (61 ) 

36  John  de  Tendring  (62) 

tanner 

37  John  Burgeys 

38  John  de  Burstalle.  tanner 

39  Roger  Tinctor  (11). . 

40  John  Tinctor  (9)     ... 

41  Will.01degate(5i),girdler 

42  Nicholas  Colebayn  (17) 

43  Peter  Wypet.  cordwainer 

44  Willm.fil  Adam  (15), dyer 

45  John  Aleman  . .     . . 

46  Godfrey  Mercator  . . 

47  Roger  de  Camera  (108). . 

48  Willm.  Hungelfot  (in).. 

49  Roger  Lomb  (87),  butcner 

50  Alicia  Fraunk  (57) . .     . . 

51  Vitalis  Pistor 

52  Humfrey  Tannator  (211) 

53  Robert.  Clerk  of  More  St 

54  Setole  Sutor  (216)  . . 

55  Peter  Textor 

56  Willm.  f.  John  the  Clerk 

57  Bartw  del  Haye,  forester 

58  Benedict  Pistor 

59  John  de  Tefford,   shoe- 

maker and  butcher    . . 


Grain. 


I    s.  d. 

5  14    o 
904 

6  II     o 


5    8  4 

1  16  o 

2  16  O 

I  18  8 


I  14     o 


8 
3 

II 
5 

3 

I  2 
8 
8 

I     o 


7  6 
I     3    o 

6     8 
II  10 

6  o 
134 

'e   6 

8  o 

7  6 

5  10 


Farming 
Stock?! 


1  S.  d. 

4  18  6 

7     9  4 

2  17  4 


7    o 

298 

18    4 

4    o 


5 

6 

18 

6 


3    o 
I     2    4 


13 

I 

7 

5 

13 

10 

2 

I     2 

10 

7 

4 

6 

16* 

5 
10 

3 
14 


Trade 
Stock. 


I    s.  d. 


526 

240 
4  12  8 
428 


I     o 
10    o 


8  9 

1  10  o 

2  13  4 
I  5  o 
I     7  8 

18  o 

II 

I  15  o 


4 
4 

2  II 
5 

10 

7 

15 


Household 
Goods. 


i    S.   d. 


7  o 

13  8 

13  6 

5  8 

1  6 

2  o 

1  o 

2  o 
I  o 
I  o 


5    o 


15 

2 


6 
5  10 
4    6 


Total 


£   s.  d. 

10  12     6 

16    9    8 

984 

634 

5  15     4 

6  16    8 
480 

7  8  10 

814 
8     8 

1  6    6 
II 
14 

7 
8 

7 

8 

10 

2  17  10 


12    o 


I      I     o 

14    o 


2    13 
10 

5    8 
I     8 

4  !     3  15 
I  10 

9 

4    2 

10 

7 

16 

I  19 

II 

4    5 
12 

I     9 
II 

17 

7 

13 

I     2 

7 


1  This  stock  was  doubtless  grazed  in  the  outlying  parishes. 


TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER. 


129 


60  Walter  de  Neylond  (153), 

shoemaker 

61  John    Pentecost    (341), 

shoemaker 

62  Richd  Pritte,  shoemaker 

and  butcher 

63  Robt.  le  Lindrap  (221)  . . 

64  Richd  del  Stonhus.. 

65  John  Siward 

66  Geoffrey  Mercator  (212) 

67  John  de  Sartrino  (280)  . . 

68  Roger  Page,  Greenstead 

69  John  le  Porter 

70  Duraunt  Pistor       . .     . . 

71  Matthew  le  Verrer  (10) . . 

72  Robert,  Rector  of  Holy 

Trinity 

73  Roger  de  Aynesham 

74  Geoffrey  le  Swon    . . 

75  Christiana  Holdes  . . 

76  Willm,  Presbyter deCruce 

77  Roger fil  Lecye  (i  I5)fisher 

78  Henry  le  Wolf        . .     . . 

79  Matilda  Hey  ward  . . 

80  Willm  le    Belch,   shop- 

keeper    

81  John  de  Elmested,  shop- 

keeper   

82  Petronilla  Algores  . .     . . 

83  Alexr  Tony   (113),   lime 

and  iron       

84  Adam  le  Wolf,  shopkeeper 

85  John  Boydin  (175)  . .     . . 

86  Robert  Tuttay.  fisher    . . 

87  Note  Boydines,  wool     . . 

88  Robert  Bene  (209)  . .     . . 
8g  John  Bonlefe  (213),  coal 

and  iron       

90  Rich<l  Dulch,  shoemaker 

91  Thomas  Clerk  de  Cling- 

hoe(i34)      

92  Gilbert  Oude,  fisher 

93  Roger  Juscard  (129),  coal 

94  Henry  Vinch  (130). .     . . 

95  Henry  Pungston,  fisher. . 

96  Will,  son  of  above  (33), 

fish       

97  Robert  le  Fancer,  seeds 

and  spices 

98  Richard  Fruet  (243) 

99  Richard  le  Mot 
100  Geoflfrey  Prille 

loi  William  de  Stowe.  clerk 

102  John  Faber  of  Colne  (91) 

103  German.  Pistor  (363)     . . 
X04  Adam  de  Coggesnall  (59), 

shoemaker 


Grain. 

Fanning 
Stock. 

Trade 
Stock. 

Household 
Goods. 

Total 
sum. 

i    s- 

d. 

I    S.   d. 

i    s.   d. 
7    0 
7    0 

£  s.  d. 

-/    S.T 

7    0 
7    0 

4 

6 

I     6 

15    0 
10    0 

I     I    0 
10  '  0 

is' 

0 

3    0 

, , 

I     0 

120 

IZ 

3 

2    0 

8*  0 
7    0 

I     0 

14    3 
8    0 

7    0 

2 

0 

12    0 

I     0 

15    0 

6 

II 

2    0 

, . 

2      0 

10  II 

10 

0 

3    0 

I      0 

14    0 

•• 

•• 

10    0 

•• 

10    0 

2     7 
6 

0 
6 

19    8 
6 

368 
7    0 

6 

0 

2    0 

i'  6 

9    6 

5 

9 

7    0 

.. 

8 

13    5 

10 

0 

2    0 

2    0 

14    0 

4 

0 

5    0 

13    4 
8    0 

•• 

I     2    4 
8    0 

2 

0 

5    0 

•• 

•• 

7    0 

•• 

5    0 

10    0 

8 

15     8 

8* 

8 

2    0 

14    0 

I     6 

'l\ 

8 

0 

6    0 

7    0 

I     0 

120 

8 

0 

10    0 

I     0 

19    0 

14 

0 

II     0 

I     0 

I     6    0 

2 

6 

, , 

10    0 

, , 

12     6 

6 

6 

5    0 

2    0 

13     6 

4 

0 

10    8 

•• 

•• 

14     8 

3 

3 

6 

I     3     6 

I     0 

I     8    3 

14 

0 

2     8 

4     0 

•• 

108 

4 

0 

5    0 

I     I     0 

•• 

9    0 
I     I     0 

I     8* 

4 

II     0 

10    0 

5    0 

2  14    4 

6 

0 

6    0 

4     0 

I     0 

17    0 

•• 

5    0 

10     0 

•• 

15    0 

13 

4 

•• 

9     0 

I     2    4 

I     4 

0 

4     0 

. , 

I     8    0 

15 

0 

2    0 

4    6 

I     I     6 

8 
8 

9 
0 

I     0 
5    8 

'• 

i"   6 

9    9 

15     2 

3 

0 

4     0 

I     0 

8     0 

3 

4 

3     0 

.. 

z    0 

I    ^ 

13 

4 

4     0 

•• 

I     0 

18    4 

10 

0 

3     0 

13     4 

I     6    4 

130 


TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER. 


Grain 

Farming 

Trade 

Household 

Total 

d. 

Stock. 

/  s:~d. 

Stock. 

£~srd: 

Goods. 

/~s."dT 

sum. 

£  s.  d. 

105  German  Pikerel,  fisher 

. , 

7 

0 

7   0 

1 06  John  I^man,  clothier  . . 

I     2 

0 

3 

0 

19 

0 

2 

0 

260 

107  Alexr  Haneg,  iron 

6 

0 

5 

0 

I     7 

6 

I  18     6 

108  Katherine,  formerly  ser- 

vant to  John,  clerk  . . 

7 

0 

7    0 

109  Christiana  Schrides     . . 

7 

0 

, , 

7    0 

no  Walter  le  Barbur  (267) 

12 

8 

, , 

, , 

2 

0 

14    8 

111  John  Colvn  (399)  . .      . . 

112  Kichd   Oldeman    (i6i), 

, , 

6 

0 

, , 

10 

8 

16    8 

butcher       

6 

8 

. , 

7 

0 

I 

0 

14    8 

113  Walter  de  Fonte  (351).. 

II 

10 

3 

0 

6 

6 

I     I     4 

114  John  le  Coteler     ,. 

8 

0 

, , 

, , 

8    0 

115  Elicia  Flagges       ..     .. 

I     I 

0 

I 

0 

. , 

5 

0 

I     7     0 

116  Willm    Prudfot    (359). 

shoemaker 

, , 

8 

0 

, , 

8    0 

117  Sager  de  Donilaund  (5). 

clothier       

10 

8 

12 

0 

I     7 

0 

, , 

298 

118  Willm  de  Estorpe  (362), 

mercer        

7 

0 

7 

0 

, . 

14    0 

119  John  de  Wykes  (377)  . . 

120  John     Edward     {342), 

, , 

7 

0 

. , 

7    0 

mercer        

12 

8 

, , 

18 

0 

, , 

I  10    8 

121  Henry  Pntit 

I     4 

0 

15 

0 

I 

6 

206 

122  Henry   Pearsun    (368), 

butcher       

12 

0 

II 

0 

II 

8 

I 

0 

I  15     8 

123  Will.  Frichet,  shoemaker 

12 

0 

, , 

15 

4 

I 

0 

I     8    4 

124  Richd  de  Wistone  (381). 

mercer        

8 

0 

6 

12 

0 

8 

I     I     2 

125  Roger  deElmham,  wool 

2     0 

8 

I     8 

10 

15 

0 

2 

0 

466 

126  John  Oude 

127  Thos.  de  Preston,  but- 

13 

0 

, , 

6 

13     6 

cher  and  shoemaker. . 

2  10 

0 

3     0 

0 

2 

0 

5  12    0 

128  Jno.  Ayllet  (185)    ..      .. 

, , 

11 

6 

, , 

II     6 

129  Simon   fil   I3art.,  shoe- 

maker   

^ , 

I     0 

0 

, , 

100 

130  John  Lefhefe 

131  Will.  Grey  (73),  mercer 

6 

0 

2 

0 

., 

8 

8    8 

6 

8 

I   15 

4 

220 

132  Hy.  Tothe      

3 

0 

4 

0 

7    0 

133  Juliana  Pach 

134  Margery  Chaloner  (107) 

8 

0 

I 

0 

9    0 

6 

0 

I 

0 

, , 

, , 

7    0 

135  Joan  Polites 

136  Will   Pottere,  baker  (55) 

2 

0 

5 

0 

, , 

7    0 

5 

0 

6 

0 

I     0 

0 

I  II     0 

137  Simon  Godyar,  wool    . . 

, , 

6 

0 

I 

0 

7    0 

138  Walter  le  Palmer  (349). 

mercer        

, , 

, , 

7 

0 

7    0 

139  Willm.    I'rosale    (357), 

butcher       

19 

0 

2 

0 

I  12 

4 

3 

0 

2  16    4 

140  Kobt.  Whitfot       . .      . . 

13 

8 

. , 

, , 

13    8 

141  Roger  Prille,  mercer    .. 

16 

8 

I    0 

0 

I 

0 

I  17    8 

142  Robert  Gest,  tanner     . . 

7 

0 

, . 

7    0 

143  Will,  de  Sartrino  (12), 

tanner 

, , 

8 

0 

8    0 

144  Oliver  Elys,  butcher    . . 

7 

0 

,, 

7    0 

145  Alice  Delles,  wool 

9 

8 

I 

0 

I 

0 

II     8 

146  Joan  Palkes  (294)  . .      . . 

10 

0 

2 

0 

I 

0 

13    0 

147  Peter  Cristemasse.  fuller 

2 

0 

8 

0 

, , 

10    0 

148  Gerard  le  Chaucer  (355) 

•  • 

10 

0 

.. 

10    0 

TAXATIONS  OK  COLCHESTER. 


131 


Grain. 

Fanning 

Trade 

Household 

Total 

Stock. 

Stock. 

Goods. 

sum. 

£  s.  d. 

£  s. 

d. 

£  s.  d. 

£  s:  d. 

£  s.  d. 

149  Alicia  Litel 

6 

0 

I     0 

7   0 

150  Robert  Spling       . .     . . 

1 51  Will,  le  Chaloner  (6)  wool 

'5     8 

5 

0 

, , 

10    8 

I     7     I 

220 

6     0 

3  15     I 

152  Will.Oseking(384)tannei 

8     0 

8    0 

153  John  Baude,  clothier  . . 

154  Emma  Tothe  (380) 

2     0 

7     0 

9    0 

15     0 

5 

0 

8 

I     0    8 

155  Edw.  Golaflre       . .      . . 

6     0 

8 

0 

14     0 

1*56  Juliana  filia  Roger  de  S. 

Edmund  (302T  cloth . . 
157  Sabina  Geylard  (251)  . . 

8     4 

I   10    0 

100 

2  18     4 

7 

0 

7    0 

158  Thos.  Tynnot  (263)      .. 

100 

5 

0 

I     6 

I     6     6 

159  Emma  Geylard     . .     . . 

8    4 

2 

6 

10  10 

160  Richd  atte  Gate   (257). 

wool 

I 

0 

18     0 

2     0 

I     1.0 

161  Robert  de  la  Porte  (274), 

chaplain      

12    0 

, , 

. , 

12     0 

162  Sebelia  de  Colne  . .     . . 

6    6 

6 

7    0 

163  Willm  de  Stok       . .      . . 

6     8 

4 

0 

I     0 

II     8 

164  John  Secok 

165  Margery  Bosses    . .     . . 

5  10 

2 

6 

8    4 

6    0 

I 

0 

, . 

I     0 

8     0 

166  Katerina  la  Lindrape  . . 

2 

0 

7    0 

. , 

9    0 

167  Isabella  Langare  . .      . . 

6    6 

I 

6 

,. 

8    0 

168  Note  Spar  we  (365) 

9     6 

9     6 

169  Adam  de  Castro  (356), 

salt  and  iron 

i8     0 

2 

0 

8     6 

I     6 

I   10     0 

170  Robt.  Paries  (279) 

6    0 

I 

0 

. , 

, , 

7    0 

171  Richd   Hok  (229),  iron 

and  lime 

. . 

8     0 

8    0 

172  Willm.  fil  Note  (255)   . . 

"e   8 

I     0 

7    8 

173  Matilda  Elys 

4     0 

3 

0 

6 

7    6 

174  Alexr  de  Colne's  widow 

6    0 

I 

0 

. 

. , 

7    0 

175  Willm  de  Bointone 

7     0 

, 

7    0 

17C  Andrew  Clericus  (371). 

12     0 

' 

, , 

12    0 

177  May  kin  Parmenter 

178  Hubert  Bosse  (335)      . . 

13     0 

13    0 

I     2     8 

, , 

128 

179  Elias  fil  John  (300) 

180  Richd  Wastel        . .     . . 

I     8     0 

, 

I     8    0 

4     0 

I     6 

8 

I  10    8 

181  Alice  la  Herde      . .     . . 

•    2     0 

10 

0 

12    0 

182  Willm.  Pistor  (275)      . . 

9     0 

18 

4 

. 

, , 

I     7    4 

183  Cecilia  de  Schrebbe  St. 

7 

0 

7    0 

184  Simon  Rodbrith  (270) . . 

4     0 

8 

0 

12    0 

185  Elias  Daniel  (239) 

186  Robt.  Dot  of  Horkesley 

7 

0 

. 

7    0 

(374),  shoemaker 

187  John  le  Gag  (74).  fisher 

188  Roger,    Rector    of    S. 

, , 

10     0 

10    0 

7    0 

7    0 

Rumwald  (299) . .     . . 

12     0 

12    0 

189  John  Windut 

8     0 

8     0 

190    ohn  Bungheye,  tanner 

7    0 

7     b 

191  Nicholas    de    Combes, 

clothier       

II     8 

14 

4 

4  13     4 

14     4 

6  13     8 

192  Margery  Trayli     . .      . . 

8     0 

2 

0 

6 

10     6 

193  John,  Vicar  of  Coggeshall 

194  Rafe  Carnifex  (125)     . . 

7     0 

7     0 

•• 

7    0 

•• 

7    0 

Total 

104  18     0 

51  II 

10 

80    7 

10 

12  15     8 

249  13    4 

132 


TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER. 


VILLATA     DE     MILAND. 

G--        ^s^k? 

Trade 
Stock. 

Household 
Goods. 

Total 
sum. 

195  Mr.  Simon  de  Neylond 

196  John  Springold  (157)   . . 

197  Walter  Ferthing  . .     . . 

198  Agnes  de  Cheffeld 

199  Walt,  atte  Noke    . .      . . 

200  Hugo  le  Potter  (398)    . . 

201  John  le  Hopper    . .     . . 

I    s.   d. 
I   18     8 
I  10     4 

2     0 

2  12     8 

7    0 
10    6 
5    0 
f    6 
7     6 

i    s 

.  d. 

I    s.  d. 

i    s.  d. 
4  II     4 
I  10     4 

7    0 
10     6 

7     0 
7     6 
7     6 

VILLATA    DE    GRINSTED. 

202  Will.de (?Greensted)(n2) 

100 

I     6     4 

.. 

2     6     4 

203  John  atte  Shaw  (49)     . . 

I     0 

14     8 

15     8 

204  Geoffrey,  son  of  Mr.  John 

2    0 

19     4 

I     I     4 

205    ohn  Hunwyne  (47)     . . 

70 

7    0 

206    ohn  le  Cok  (42)    . .     . . 

4     6 

I  10     8  1 

I  15     2 

207  Bart,  le  Porter  (41) 

8     2 

10   0  ! 

18     2 

208  Willm  Spakeman  (44)  . . 

8     4 

50 

13     4 

209  Rich,  atte  Birch   . .     . . 

I     7 

60 

7     7 

210  Nicholas  Molendinarius 

I     3 

6     6  1         .. 

7    9 

211  Geoffrey  Snell       ..     .. 

I     3 

8    4 

9     7 

212  Philippa  de  Broma  (43) 

19     8 

15     8 

I  15    4 

213  Andrew  atte  Bich  (99) . . 

6    6 

II     0 

17    6 

214  Bart.  Hunwyne     . .      . . 

•• 

8    4 

••• 

8     4 

VILLATA     DE    WEST     DONILAND. 


215  Wm  Fraunk  (230),  vicar 

216  \ohxi  Duse      

217  Thos.  atte  Mersch 

218  Christiana  atte  Mersch 

(182) 

219  Thos.  atte  Hathe  (235) 

220  Willm  atte  Clyne  (160) 

221  Adam  le  Rede  (120)     . . 

222  Dame  Alianora   Hovel 

(104) 

223  Alexr  atte  Helle  (121)  . . 

224  Thomas  le  Herde  (184) 

225  Agnes  atte  Hathe  (116) 

226  Gilbert  Aubri  (166) 

227  Petronilla  Pegones 

•228  Robert  Richold     . .      . . 
V29  Willm  Estmar  (164)     . . 

230  Matilda  Thomas  (123) . . 

231  Alice  atte  Hedithe  (122) 

232  Geoffrey  le  Hopper 

233  Christiana  atte  Helme 

234  Alexr  atte  Helme  . . 

235  John  Amy  (193)     . .      . 

236  Simon  Polle 

237  Walter  Elys  (159) 

238  Sager.  le  Reve 

239  Bart.  Derhunte     . . 


I  18 

0 

3  16 

8 

10 

0 

•• 

8 

0 

5 

0 

5 

0 

7 

0 

3 

6 

5 

0 

5 

6 

6 

10 

0 

I     5 

0 

5 

0 

5 

9 

10 

0 

6 

0 

I     2 

0 

7 

0 

4 

6 

4 

0 

2 

3 

5 

0 

6 

0 

I     4 

4 

2 

0 

5 

0 

2 

6 

5 

0 

8 

0 

9 

4 

M 

4 

17 

0 

5 

0 

3 

0 

6 

10 

0 

10 

6 

II 

9 

5 

0 

6 

0 

I     0 

4 

•• 

8 

0 

5 

14 

8 

10 

0 

8 

0 

10 

0 

10 

6 

10 

6 

10 

6 

I 

10 

0 

le 

9 

I 

8 

0 

7 

0 

8 

6 

7 

3 

I 

10 

4 

7 

0 

7 

6 

8 

0 

9 

4 

I 

II 

4 

8 

0 

10 

6 

10 

6 

16 

9 

I 

6 

4 

8 

0 

TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER. 
VILLATA     DE     LEXDEN. 


133 


240  Lord  Fitzwalter  (308) 

241  Margery  Osekines 

242  Geoffrey  atte  Wode 

243  Richd  le  Bescher  . . 

244  Will,  le  King  (330) 

245  Hugh  Baker  . .     , . 

246  Sager  le  King  (318) 

247  Will,  atte  Broock.. 

248  Hamo  I^vegor  (320) 

249  Simon  atte  Cherche  (332) 

250  Rafe  Overhee  ^322) 

251  Matilda  Hamund  (328) 

252  Will.  Edward  (316)      . 

253  Roger  Overhee  (313)    . 

254  Simon  f.  Priest  (333)   . 

255  Thos.  le  Herde  (184)    . 


Grain. 


i    s.  d. 

2    16  O 

3  6 

2  o 


5  10 
2     3 


Farming; 
Stock. 


Trade 
Stock. 


I  Household 
I     Goods. 


i    s.   d. 
I   18     8 

9     8 

I   10     o 

200 

18     8 


9 
19 

14 


^.i    s.  d. 


I     6 


3 

r   5  0 

3 

15  0 

7  0 

8  0 
17  0 

9 

8  0 

6 

I  9  4 

Total 
sum. 


s.  d. 

14  8 

13  2 

12  o 

o  o 

19  8 

7  4 


II 

3 
16 

7 

17 
7 
8 

17 
9     9 
18  10 


SUMMARY. 


Town       . .  . . 
Myland   . . 

Greenstead  . . 

Berechurch  . . 

Lexden    . .  . . 

Total 


104  18 
3  II 

3  14 
7    7 

4  13 


124    3    5 


51  II  10 

80 

7  10 

12  15  8 

4  ip  2 

8  8  10 

14  17  2 

13  8  4 

I  6 

•• 

92  16  4 

80 

9  4 

12  15  8 

^9  13 

8  I 

12  3 

22  4 

18  2 


310     4     9 


One-seventh 


/44    6s.    5rf. 


The  fact  that  trade  was  confined  to  the  town,  and  that  the  outlying  districts 
were  mainly  used  for  grazing,  is  worth  noting.  Myland  was  chiefly  royal  forest. 
In  the  following  Taxation  the  country  districts  may  be  identified  by  the  small 
proportion  of  traders  in  them.    Women  form  a  fair  proportion  of  the  burgesses 

The  figures  in  the  foregoing  lists  are  taken  directly  from  "Rolls  of  Parliament," 
Volume  I.,  and  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  totals  are  not  accurate  in  every  case. 
There  are  no  castings  in  the  first  Taxation,  but  the  totals  for  the  second  are  as 
printed. 


NOTES    TO     THE    TAXATION     OF    1296.^ 
A  Richard  Martyn  was  Prior  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen's  Hospital  in  1323. 


9     Roger  de  Tyrington  was  M.P.  in  1298,  at  York. 

15  M.P.  1301  at  London  ;  probably  died  that  year,  as  he  is  not  included  in  the 

next  Taxation,  but  the  name  occurs  in  1310,  and  later. 

16  Richard  de  Bergholt,  Bailiff  1277,  1287. 

una  miliare  ferri  25/-  mill.  30  qr.  carbonu  mar'  15/-  sea  coal. 
*    Names  occurring  in  both  Taxations  arc  noticed  in  the  second. 


134  TAXAtlONS  OV  COLCHESTER. 

1 8  Edward  Talbe.     Morant  prints  this  burgess's  inventory  under  the  name  of 

Richard  Tubbe,  which  designation  is  found  in  the  1301  list.  As  the 
historian  was  also  the  editor  of  the  Roll,  it  seems  probable  the  above 
rendering  is  correct.     He  was  Bailiff  in  1287. 

19  Henry  Godyear,  Bailiff  c.  1265,  1280:  Geofifrey,  1274. 

20  Coreum,  cortices  et  utens  in  tanneria  sua,  3  marks.     21     The  same. 

38  John  de  Burstall,  tanner,  had  ahouse  in  All  Saints'  parish.  Trade  plant  4  marks 

39  Panu  laneQ     woollen  cloth  15/-.     Cyneres-   ashes  6/-.     Fagatts  4/-. 
43    Sotulares  -shoes  30/-. 

49  4  flagons  of  oil  (lagenas  uncti)  3  Miliar'  de  Talewod  at  2/-. 

51  EquQ  ad  Molend.     Mill  horse. 

57  5  centenas  fagatt'  at  5/-.     3  Miliara  de  Talewod  at  2/-.     Fenum  4/-. 

63  Pann'  lineQ     linen  10/-. 

64  Stonhus  ==  stone  house :  traditionally  associated  with  Eudo  Dapifer.  who  is 

also  recorded  to  have  possessed  such  an  unusual  dwelling  in  London. 
It  occurs  in  the  Court-rolls  under  this  name  in  the  fifteenth  centur>',  and 
was  only  destroyed  about  1730. 
72     Holy  Trinity  and  Berechurch,   taxed  under  two  incumbents  in   1296,  are 
united  in  1301,  with  the  Vicar  of  Berechurch  as  Rector. 

76  Early  notice  of  Crouched  Friars  ? 

77  Pisce  et  allec.     Fish  and  herrings,  one  mark 
89     Bordes  et  robes  de  bast  2/-, 

94     I  centenam  de  Cropling  4/-. 
97     Semen  senapu  dysil  et  gingiber. 

107  This  surname  is  that  of  the  earliest  recorded  bailiff  circ.  1150.  3  centenas 
de  ferro  at  7/6.    Unctum  20/-:  if  lard,  as  Cutts,  surely  a  very  large  stock. 

112    Candel*  de  Coltn.   ? 

119    Calciamenta  et  capuc.'     Shoes. 

126    This  family  furnished  Bailiffs  and  MP's.  1307- 1439. 

132     Rector  of  St.  Martin's  in  1329.  or  his  father;  had  a  "cart  horse"  4/-. 

139     PanO  russeti   -the  famous  Colchester  russet  cloth. 

1^7    This  surname  continued  prominent  in  the  town  to  the  seventeenth  century. 

151     PanQ  laneu  20/-.     10  lb.  lane,  at  2/-.     2  paria  mot.  manual  2/-. 

155     Golaffre,  Gullofredi,  Gullifer,  Bailiffs  1296-1317. 

169     Ferru  6/-.     ^  qr.  Salt  2/-. 

171     Ferrum  et  carbones  8/-. 

195  Mr.  Simon  de  Neylond  was  son  of  Robert  and  Cicely  de  Neylond,  and 
appears  to  have  been  Canon  of  St.  Botolph  and  afterwards  l*rior  of  the 
Hospital  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene  in  1301,  in  which  year  possibly  he  died, 
and  brother  Roger  (181  in  1301  list)  succeeded  him.  In  1281,  in  the 
time  of  Simon,  lYior  of  St.  Botolph,  he  founded  and  endowed  a  canonry 
in  the  Priory  church,  and  nominated  his  brother  Thomas  as  his  first 
presentee,  who  was  succeeded  in  1296  by  Thomas  de  Brome,  then 
ordained  priest  for  the  purposes  of  the  bequest,  i.e.  to  offer  mass  at  the 
altar  of  Blessed  Thomas  (a  Becket)  the  Martyr,  for  the  souls  of  the 
founder  and  his  family  (v.  Cartulary  of  S.  John.  p.  570).  Future 
presentations  were  to  be  made  bv  the  abbot. 


TAXATIONS  OF  CoLCHESTfiU. 


135 


TAXATION    OF    A    FIFTEENTH,    1301. 

**  A  Fifteenth  of  the  Borough  of  Colchester  and  the  Four  Hamlets 
within  the  liberties — Lexden,  Myland,Greenstead  and  West  Donyland 
of  all  moveables  there  on  the  day  of  S.  Michael  in  the  xxix"*  year  of 
the  reign  of  King  Edward  made  by  the  following  jurors — i  John  de 
la  Forde  (2),  2  Simon  Lotun  (3),  3  John  de  Stanwey  (20),  4  Saher  le 
Parmenter  (4),  5  Saher  de  Donyland  (117),  6  W"-  le  Chaloner  (151), 
7  Rafe  Sanare  (7),  8  John  Pecoks  (8),  9  John  le  Teynturer  (40), 
10  Matthew  le  Verrer  (71),  who  say  upon  the  oath  that"  the  following 

persons  had  on  that  day  goods  valued  at of  which  the  xv''* 

is 


11  Roger  Tinctor  (39) 

12  Will,  de  Sartrino  (143) 

tanner 

13  Geoffrey  de  Leyston    . 

14  Will.  Schaylard    . .     . 

15  Will,  dictus  Deyere  (44) 

16  lohn  de  Wyham,  tanner 

17  Nicholas  Col  bay  n  (42) 

18  Gilbert  Agote,  fuller 

19  Walter  le  Mazun  (27) 

20  WillniMolendinarius(26) 

21  Alice  Maynard      . .     . 

22  Willm  Ode,  weaver 

23  John  fil  Elye,  weaver  . 

24  will.  Spiky ngs 

25  Matilda  Gogel 

26  Matilda  Tastard   . . 

27  Joan  Springold     . . 

28  John  Gade,  shoemaker 

29  Kicd  Skynper 

30  Catherine  Alman.. 

31  Alexander  fil  Clerk  de 

Gt.  Tey       . .      . . 

32  Stephen  Wyaer     . . 

33  Wm  Pungston  (96),  fish 

monger 

34  John  Menny,  tanner 

35  Agnes  de  Ley cester,  wool 

and  cloth    . . 

36  Matilda  la  Bau  (31) 

37  Richd Curteys  (32),  shoe 

maker 

38  Dulcia  Pikes  (22)  . . 

39  Stephen  le  Especer 

40  John  atte  Sloo 

I 
?  Greenstead.  I 

41  Bartw  le  Porter  (207),  I 

42  John  Coks  (206)    . .     . .  1 


Grain. 
2     o 


I   14 


3     2 


Live 
Stock 

£  s. 

d. 

10 

3 

5 

0 

2 

0 

6 

I 

0 

3 
3 

4     8 

0 
6 
0 

I 

9 

13 

0 

5 

0 
C 

I 

8 

2 

6 

7 
5 

0 
6 

II 

9 

8 

0 

8 

0 

6 

0 

12 

4 

7 

0 

I     I 

0 

15    o 
300 


Trade 

Household 

Total 

Stock, 

Goods. 

sum. 

I    S. 

d. 

i 

S. 

d. 

I 

s. 

d. 

I      2 

6 

I 

16 

8 

3 

II 

5 

I      0 

0 

15 

6 

2 

0 

6 

2 

0 

4 

0 

6 

6 

8 

0 

15 

3 

16 

3 

3 

0 

3 

0 

9 

0 

9 

6 

13 

0 

10 

0 

2 

I 

8 

8 

13 

8 

8 

0 

9 

9 

5 

6 

I 

13 

10 

3 

3 

4 

I 

3 

I 

3 

3 

0 

8 

4 

16 

4 

2 

0 

2 

6 

2 

0 

17 

0 

I 

0 

8 

6 

II 

9 

5 

9 

6 

9 

6 

4 

3 

4 

3 

4 

3 

5 

0 

9 

3 

I 

0 

9 

0 

17 

0 

•• 

2 

0 

9 

0 

5 

" 

16 

9 

•• 

3 

2 

3 

2 

7 

10 

I 

0 

10 

2    s' 

0 

I 

14 

2 

5 

16 

10 

9 

8 

13 

2 

I 

15 

10 

18 

7 

I 

16 

II 

10 

0 

, . 

10 

0 

7 

0 

15 

8 

6 

8 

6 

6 

I 

13 
4 

2 

2 

8 

6 

I 

7 

2 

.. 

10 

8 

4 

5 

8 

136 


TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER. 


Grain 


Total 
sum. 


43  Philippa  de  Brome  (212) 

44  Will.  Spakeman  (208) . . 

45  Maurice  Molendinarius 

46  Nichs  le  Coupere  . . 

47  John  Onewyne  (205)    . . 

48  Nichs  Gigo 

49  John  atte  Schawe  (203) 

50  John  de  Grensted . . 

51  Wills  Oldegate  /41)      . . 

52  John  Skot,  butcner 

53  Elyas  Textor 

54  John  Orpede.  butcher.. 

55  Will,  le  Pottere   (136). 

baker  

56  Simon  Carectar    . . 

57  Alice  Fraunks  (50) 

58  Edmund  Tinctor  . . 

59  Adam  de  Coggeshall  (104) 

shoemaker 

60  Matilda  le  Warener     . . 

61  Nichs  le  Parmenter  (35) 

62  John  de  Tendring  (36), 

tanner 

63  Constantine  Tannator. . 

64  John  Godgrom,  parmen- 

tarius 

65  Rich .  Noreys  (30) ,  tanner 

66  Simon    le    Grom,   car- 

penter   

67  Gilbert  Spakeman 

68  John  Vyel,  clothier      . 

69  Geoftrey  Tinctor  . . 

70  Elycia    atte    Hoogate, 

brewer        

71  Edmund  Pelliparius  (25) 

72  Gilbert  de  Rumbregge, 

fuller 

73  Willm  Gray  (131),  mercer 

74  John  le  Gags  (187),  sailor 

75  Thomas  Ix)t 

76  Thomas    Cook,     fish- 

monger        

77  Robt.  Uncle 

78  Alexr  Tigula*or,  tyler  . . 

79  Robt.  le  Heldere  . . 

80  Walter  le  Gay       . .      . . 

81  Pleysaunt  Aylmer 

82  Christina  la  Glover     . . 

83  Alice  la  Yraweres . .     . . 

84  Thomas  le  Herde . .     . . 

85  Stephen   de   Levenhey 

(33),  shoemaker 

86  Will.  Way,  furrier       . . 

87  Roger   Lomb   (49),   re- 

tired butcher   . .     . . 

88  John  de  Geywood,  cook 


TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER. 


137 


Grain. 


Pette, 
timber 


89  Edward     atte 

brewer  and 
merchant 

90  Rich.  Metiep,  weaver 

91  John  de  Colum  (102), 

f  aber  

92  Agnes  Molendinarius.. 

93  Willm  le  Bowyere 

94  Wm  le  Barbur     .,     . . 

95  Margery  Mottis  . .     . . 

96  Peter  le  Wylde   . .     . . 

97  Richd    Tabnar,    inn- 

keeper        

98  Richa  Corby n,  shoe- 

maker         

99  Andrew  atte  Bych  (213), 

Greenstead  . .  . . 
100  Thomas  Spakeman  . . 
loi  Richd  Whytebrid 

102  Matilda  la  Taselere   . . 

103  Alexr  Odyerne    . . 

104  D«  Alianora  Hovel  (222) 

105  Alexr  Tabnar, inn  keeper 

and  clothier     . . 

106  Abbot,  S.  John    . .      . . 

107  Margery  Chaloner  f  134) 

108  Roger  de  Camera  (47), 

brewer      

109  Anne  Godyar,  brewer 
no  Amycia  de  Leycester. . 

111  Willm  Ungelfot  (48)  .. 

112  Will.  deGreensted  (202) 

113  Alexr  Tony  (83),  iron- 

monger      

114  Galf.  Leuwy,  tailor    .. 

115  Roger  f.    Letice   (77), 

tailor 

?Wbst  Donyland. 

116  Agnes  atte  Hathe  (225) 

117  Henry  le  Lung    .. 

118  Henry  le  Berther 

119  Thos.  Godfelawe 

120  Adam  Godwyne  (221) 

121  Alex,  atte  Helle  (223) . . 

122  Adalycia  atte  Hedyche 

(231) 

123  Matilda  Thomas  (230) 

124  Robt.  le  Mustarder    . . 

125  Rafe.    Steleger    (194), 

carnifex 

126  WmCubber.jun.  tanner 

127  John  Hust,  sailor 

128  Jno.  atte  Crabbetrywe 

129  Rogerjuscard  (93)     .. 

130  Hy  Vmch  (94)    .. 

131  Bart,  de  Thoriton 


Live 
Stock. 


Trade 
Stock. 


:f     S.    d 


II 

3 

16 

II 

8 


18     8 
3     8 


6    4 


1  7 

2  4 

3  I 

5 

4  8 

9     o 


4     8 
II     8 


5     4 


II 

6 

10 

6 

2 

0 

15 

0 

.. 

9 

4 

I 

9 

2 

4 

I 

II 

I  s.  d. 
13  o 
16    o 


10 
I      o 

200 


7    4 


6 

II 

3 

2 

I 


7     4 

750 

I     6 


6     6 


15 
3 
5 

10 

7 
8 

7 
7 


5 

I  14 

2 

3 


£    s.  d. 


II 
4 

12 

I     4 
2 

5 


15 


Household 
Goods. 


18  6 

6  o 

2  I 

3  o 


10    o 
10    o 


16  4 

172 

17  I 
6     8 


£    s.  d. 


5    8 


o    4 

17  10 

2    6 

4 
o 
8 


I  18 

12 

3 
2 

4 
I  13     4  I     2  14 


Total 
sum. 


8 
II 


I    12  2 

I    17  9 

5  6 

9  10 

12  6 

18  9 

16  o 

I     4  9 


4     6 
I     3 

"2     6 


I  16    2 


I     4 

I 
I     o 

3 


£    s.  d. 


2  15 

4 

3  o 
2  12 

4 
9 
9 

4  4 

6 
I     5 


3  4" 
9  19  o 
I     2     8 


2  12 

2  13 

15 
12 

3  16 


1     3  II 
I    II      o 

277 


17  3 

7  6 

7  10 

12  4 

10  3 

11  I 

7  5 

II  8 

2  12  6 


0  8 

1  3 
7  I 
9  8 
o  10 

5  10 
4    o 


t3« 


TAXATIONS  OP  CoLcHESTeR. 


Grain. 

Live 

Trade 

Household 

Total 

Stock. 

Stock. 

Gooda 

. 

sum. 

7    s.-d. 

£  sr 

d. 

rs~d.- 

"/   s. 

d. 

~/~s.~d. 

132  Alex,  de  Mers      . .     . . 

I     6 

6 

0 

7    6 

133  Alice  Boy  don      . .      . . 

5 

0 

5     0 

134  Thos.  de  Clinghoo  Igi) 

135  John  de  Peldon,  sailor 

136  Margaret  Wolves 

3     0 

8 

0 

II     0 

I 

0 

14 

0 

15    0 

6*   0 

8*   0 

II 

5 

1     5     5 

137  John  Pole,  sailor 

8     0 

7 

6 

15    6 

138  ^  ohn  le  Peper      . .     . . 

, . 

3 

6 

3    6 

139  Nichs  Smart        . ,     . . 

4 

6 

4    6 

140  Ric.  de  Leyer,  clerk  . . 

2     9 

I 

4 

2 

0 

6     I 

141  John  le  Warener 

142  Rich,  ate  Wyth,  sailor 

I     2 

0 

120 

6     0 

3 

I 

9     I 

143  Julia  Boloygnes  . .     . . 

144  J  no.  le  Clerk        . .     . . 

2 

6 

2     6 

3 

9 

3     9 

145  Gilbert    le    Porcher, 

weaver      

I 

0 

3     0 

9 

2 

13     2 

146  Jno-  Dounyng,  fisher.. 

147  Simon  Lyger,  fisher  . . 

148  Agnes  Houchouns, 

5     0 

8 

10 

13  10 

II     6 

6 

8 

18     2 

weaver      

, . 

7 

7 

10 

8     5 

149  Katherine     Davyd, 

clothier 

3     0 

8 

0 

5     0 

12 

3 

I     8     3 

?  Myland. 

150  Agnes  Daniel       . .     . . 

, , 

4 

8 

4     8 

151  Amicia  Nhytald  . .     . . 

.. 

5 

0 

5     0 

152  Robt.  le  Drivere..     .. 

4     8 

2 

6 

■  7    2 

153  Elena,  widow  Walter 

de  Neyland  (60)      . . 

I 

0 

2 

6 

3     6 

154  Peter  Mot 

2 

6 

2     6 

155  Golda  ate  Helle  . .     . . 

I 

6 

I     6 

156  Hugo  Lythwyne. .      . . 

157  Springold  ope  ye  Helle, 

19     8 

3     I 

0 

408 

(196) 

3     0 

9 

0 

3 

4 

15     4 

158  Alicia  ate  Clive  . .     . . 

8 

8 

2 

0 

10     8 

159  Walter  Elys  (237)       . . 

4'   8 

I     2 

0 

I     6     8 

160  Will,  ate  Clive  (220)  . . 

6    4 

II 

0 

3 

0 

I     0     4 

161  Rich.  Oldeman  (112), 

butcher     

4 

6 

6     0 

12 

0 

I     2     6 

162  Robt.  Richold  (228)   . . 

611 

14 

0 

I     0  II 

163  Rich.  Pyegon      . .      . . 

6     I 

I     0 

2 

I     6    3 

164  Will.    Estmar    (229). 

W.  Donyland  . .      . . 

4     « 

1         16 

4 

I          I         0 

165  Will.  Crake 

I     8 

5 

0 

,          2 

0 

8     8 

166  Gilbert   Aubre    (226), 

1 

W.  Donyland  . .     . . 

2     6 

7 

0 

2 

6 

12     0 

167  Alex,  ad  P'ontem,  sailor 

10    0 

10     0 

168  Geoffrey    Dounyng, 

1 

sailor 

4     0 

3 

6 

7     6 

169  Henry  Pakeman  {21), 

tanner  and  brewer. . 

I     8     0 

10 

0 

5  13     2 

1     2     6 

8 

9  17  10 

1 70  Adam  le  Shepherd  .sailor 

5 

0 

I     6 

6 

0 

12     6 

171  Walter  Textor     ..     .. 

i           2 

S 

2     8 

172  Henry   de    Leycester, 

1 

wine  merchant 

I   10 

'           3 

0 

10 

II 

15     9 

173  Hugo  deLopham,  shoe- 

maker         

.. 

.. 

7     6 

3 

0 

10     6 

TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER. 


139 


Grain 


Live 
Stock. 


Trade 
Stock. 


Household 
Goods. 


Total 


174  Wm  f.  Springhold, sailor 

175  John  Boydin  {85) 

176  John  ate  Clyve    . . 

177  Nich.  de  Piggeslye     . . 

178  Christina  Pungston    . . 

179  Sybil  Belch 

180  Roger  Herpe 

181  Brother  Roger    . . 

182  Christina  ate   Mershe 

(218).  W.  Donyland 

183  Castanea  Trusse. .     . . 

184  Thos.  le  Herde  (255), 

W .  Donyland  . .     . . 

185  John Ayllet  (128)  brewer 

186  Prior  (13J 

187  Elyas  Aylwyne    . . 

188  Mabel  Someters.. 

189  Lucia  ate  Watere 

190  Gerard  le  Speller 

191  Saman  Carpentar 

192  Phs.  de  Aseton,  shoe- 

maker         

193  John  Amye  (235) 

194  Margery  ate  Lane  A nde 

195  Jp^"  Suarthar,  sailor 

196  Kobt.  Buks,  shoemaker 

197  Will .  de  Tendring.tailor 

198  Saher.Tuttoy, fisherman 

199  John  Rotar.  carpenter 

200  Hawise  f.  Jno.  de  Stan- 

wey 

201  Note  Holihort,  weaver 

202  Alex,  ate  Delve,  sailor 

203  Henry  ate  Newelonde 

204  Margery    la    Ventuse, 

weaver      

205  Agnes     la     Regatere, 

baker 

206  John  ope  the  Helle    . . 

207  Dyke  Cook 

208  Jno.  Morhem,  draper 

209  Kobt  By ene  (88),  sailor 

210  Henry  I-adde      ..     . 

211  Huinfrey  Tanner  (52) 

212  Geoffrey  Merchant  (66) 

213  John  le  Bonelyefe  (8y), 

ironmonger 

214  John  de  London,  smith 

215  Christina  Gilemyn     .. 

216  Sacole  Sutor  (54) 

217  Will.  Dubber,  tanner 

218  Jno.  de  Terling,  smith 

219  Roger  Faber 

220  Matilda  Finger,  baker 

221  Robt.  Lindrap  {6^)     ., 

222  Robt  le  Wodehyewere 

223  John  Sayer  (12),  tanner 


s.  d. 

£ 

s. 

d.  1 

£    s. 
5 

d.  I 
0 

£   s. 

d. ' 

£ 

s.  d. 
5  0 

I  10 

"e 

6 

, . 

5 

6 

13  10 

I 

3 

0  ' 

.. 

6 

6 

9  6 

2 

0 

9 

9  i 

II  9 

2 

0  1 

5 

6  1 

7  6 

3  10 

3 

0  ' 

.. 

13 

5 

I 

0  3 

10  , 

6 

0 

, , 

4 

0  ' 

10  10 

16  8 

.  3 

5 

4 

•• 

I 

8  ; 

4 

3  8 

3  9 

5 

0 

, , 

8  9 

2  4 

5 

0 

•• 

2 

0 

9  4 

12  8 

2 

13 

6 

18 

2 1 

4 

4  4 

2 

4 

8 

3 

5 

I  13 

2 ' 

4 

I  3 

3  8 

4 

16 

0 

6 

19  8 

I 

0 

4 

6  ' 

5  6 

7  6 

I 

0 

, . 

8  6 

7  4 

I 

0 

8  4 

I 

0 

5 

o| 

6  0 

•• 

•• 

2 

6 

2 

6 

1 

5  0 

, , 

2 

0 

13 

6 

4 

6  ; 

I 

0  0 

2  8 

12 

0 

2 

0 

16  8 

9 

3 

0 

3  9 

. . 

, . 

6 

0 

6  0 

•• 

•• 

5 

0 

3 

2 
7 

6 

0  1 

7  6 
7  3 

.. 

7 

6 

5 

3 

6 

II  5 

•• 

5 

0 

I 

8 

6  8 

4  8 

I 

6 

6 

i 
6  [ 

12  8 

4  0 

2 

0 

6 

4| 

12  4 

.. 

14 

6 

2 

6 

2 

0 

19  0 

I  7 

•• 

I 

6 
3 

2 
7 

I  ; 
0 

3  8 
7  6 
I  3 

10  5 

3 

0 

12 

4 

I 

5  9 

2 

0 

1 

2 

0  1 

4  0 

2  0 

I 

0 

4 

0 

.. 

7  0 

14 

0 

i   17 

0 

6 

0 

I 

17  0 

, , 

1 

10 

0 

10  0 

1 

I 

0 

12 

6 

5 

0 

18  6 

•• 

i 

•• 

!    13 

4 

I 

8 

15  0 

. , 

1 

, . 

1 

1    7 

0 

II 

8 

18  8 

4  8 

3 

0 

1  ^  ° 

0 

12 

6 

2 

0  2 

4  8 

2 

0 

1 

5 

0 

11  8 

,  I  0 

0 

12 

2 

I 

12  2 

,  . 

10 

8 

5 

5 

16  I 

2 

6 

2  6 

j 

6 

0 

!  "1 

6 

7  6 

15 

0 

15  0 

2 

0 

1    8 

2 

13 

10 

I 

4  0 

3 

!    3 

6 

3  9 

12  4 

1 

13 

4 

2 

10 

1  1 13 

6 

3 

2  0 

140 


TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER. 


224  Will.  Fullo 

225  Thos.  Bysouth,  tanner 

226  Agnes  Bynorth    . . 

227  Gilbert  Clerk       . .     . . 

228  Simon  Girdler     . .     . . 

229  Rich.  Hok  (171),  smith 

230  Sir  Wm  Fraunk  (215), 

Vicar  Berechurch  . . 

231  Gilbert  Roger     .. 

232  Will.  Clerk 

233  Cecilia  le  Vaux,  widow 

234  Edw.  Sutor 

235  Thos.  ate  Hathe  (219) 

Berechurch 

236  John  f.  Petronilla 

237  John  Payn 

238  Gilbert  le  Taseler 

239  Elyas  Daniel  (185)     . 

240  Alex.  Chepyng    . . 

241  Abbot,  Berechurch    . 

242  Robt.  Olyver       . .      . 

243  Rich.  Pruet  (98)  . .     . 

244  Walt,  de  la  March     . 

245  Isabel  Elys 

246  Mr  Wm  Waryn  (14)   . 

247  Thomas  Holde,  brewer 

248  Nich.  Textor 

249  John  Nooble 

250  Jno.  de  Bergholte.  tailor 

251  Sabina  Geylard  (157) 
352  Roger  Wade,  weaver. . 

253  Robt.  Andrew     . . 

254  Senicla  atte  Gate 

255  Will.  f.  Note  Pistor  (172) 

256  Will.  Bret 

257  Richard  ate  Gate  (160) , 

coal  merchant.. 

258  Richard  de   Reylegh, 

shoemaker        . .     . 

259  Jno.  Balloks 

260  Jno.  le  Especer,  tailor 

261  Walter  Motekyn,  baker 

262  Geoffrey  de  Guoy 

263  Thos.    Tynnot    (158) 

baker . . 

264  Robt.   de   Storewode, 

smith 

265  Richard  Bygor    . . 

266  John  le  Wolf,  girdler 

267  Walter  le  Barbour  (no) 

268  Elic.  Slag,  brewer 

269  Rich.  Harthemer 

270  Simon  Rodbryth  (184) 

271  Margery-    de    Schreb 

Street        

272  Richard  Lorimar 

273  John  Faber  de  Lexden 


7  8 


2  o 

3  10 


o  4 
2  o 
8  6 


3  7 
2  6 


10 

0 

16 

0 

3 

0 

10 

8 

7 

2 

10 
8 

I 

2 

4  o 

3  o 

3  4 

2  4 

19  4 


3  8 
15  o 


3  o 


6  8 

12  o 
3  o 


II 
I 

5 

I 

3 

12  16 
I  II 

I 


I  4 

19 

6 

5 
3 


7 
3 
6 

7 

9 

8 

I  14 


19  8 
II  6 


5  o 
3  o 


I  6 
18  o 


4  6 


I   o 
5  o 


3  I 

7 


II 
4  6 


I  I 

8  3 
I  o 

3 
II 

3  9 

3  o 

13  o 

12  8 

6  9 


I  6 
4  o 


Household 

Total 

Goods. 

sum. 

1 

£'^~ 

d. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

5 

0 

15 

0 

5 

0 

15 

2 

12 

2 

I 

I 

6 

2 

0 

5 
4 

0 
10 

3 

9 

8 

9 

2 

0 

3 

9 

0 

3 

0 

5 

0 

9 

0 

I 

9 
3 

6 
0 

I 

6 

3 

4 

4 

8 

19 

6 

10 

I 

14 

I 

2 

10 

7 

10 

I 

3 

2 

9 

7 

2 

10 

2 

4 

0 

4 

0 

18 

6 

0 

12 

7 

2 

19 

II 

16 

2 

I 

0 

8 

15 

II 

I 

15 

7 

10 

I 

I 

12 

3 

2 

12 

2 

12 

4 

I 

17 

I 

8 

4 

16 

I 

10 

3 

15 

3 

II 

4 

II 

10 

6 

6 

14 

II 

8 

0 

12 

6 

3 

0 

8 

0 

9 

0 

9 

0 

14 

6 

I 

I 

7 

5 

0 

5 

0 

X  4 

6 

2 

7 

I 

2 

6 

3 

6 

8 

8 

9 

6 

9 

0 

9 

3 

7 

0 

II 

9 

14 

I 

I 

12 

^ 

19 

7 

2 

4 

8 

5 

5 

15 

5 

18 

2 

I 

I 

2 

I 

6 

I 

0 

6 

2  I 

0 

3 

4 

4 

14 

2 

2 

5 

5 

7 

10 

16 

4 

12 

4 

2 

6 

4 

4 

6 

12 

6 

2 

3 

3 

9 

9 

5 

17 

n 

TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER. 


141 


274  Robert  de  Porta  (161), 

chaplain 

275  WiU.  Pistor  de  Sdireb 

St.  (182)    . .     . . 

276  Will,  de  Schreb  St. 

277  Alexr  de  Schreb  St. 

278  Gilbert  Miller     .. 

279  Robert  Paries  (170) 

280  John  de  Sartrino  (67) 

281  Peter  Pistor 

282  Barth.  Textor      . . 

283  Willm  supra  Murum 

284  Peter  Comber     . . 

285  Barth.     Niger,    shop- 

keeper 

286  Alicia  Dolekyn    . . 

287  Galf .  de  Aula      . . 

288  Robt.  le  Verrer  (6) 

289  Chileman  Smith.. 

290  Elena  Weldes 

291  Will,    de    Mulsham 

butcher 

292  J  no.    Dolekyn,    shoe- 

maker 

293  Peter  de  London,  tailor 

294  Joan  Pakes(i46)  clothier 

295  Gilbert  Faber      . .     . 

296  Will,  ate  Comhelle    . 

297  Simon  de  Firmar 

298  Thos.    de    Ratlesden, 

shoemaker        . .     . 

299  Roger  (188),  rector  S 

Runwald 

300  Elyas  f.  John  (178)     . 

301  Rich.  Tubbe        . ,     . 

302  Julian  de  Bery  (156)  . 

303  Agnes  Sparewe  . .     . 

304  Wm.   Dumberel,   car- 

penter        

305  Rich.de  Colum.clothier 

306  Nich.  Faber        . .     . . 

307  Rich.  Carpenter..     .. 

?  Lexden. 

308  Lord  Fitzwalter  (240) 

309  Adam  de  Waldyngfeld 

310  Willm.  Textor     .. 

311  John  Osekin 

312  Jno.  Poope  . . 

313  Roger  Overhye  (253) 

314  Gilbert  Poope     .. 

315  Roys  la  Parkers  . . 

316  Willm.  Edward  (252) 

317  John  ate  Broke    . . 

318  Saher  le  Kyng  (246) 

319  Simon  Aylmar    . . 

320  Hamo  Levegore  (248) 


10 

I 

4 

. 

I 

18 

2 

6 

0 

7 

6 

7 

9 

I 

17 

5 

4 

b 

I 

II 

0 

8 

0 

3 

I 

II 

3 

0 

18 

8 

6 

7 

M 

7 

5 

0 

I 

15 

2 

8 

0 

I 

10 

2 

9 

5 

I 

17 

II 

3 

0 

12 

7 

3 

6 

I 

0 

I 

142 


TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER. 


Grain. 


321  Henry  le  Verrer  . .     . . 

322  Rafe  Overhye  (250)    . . 

323  Alice  ate  Diche  . . 

324  Saloman  ate  Broke    . . 

325  Adam  de  Ponte  . . 

326  Simon  de  Ponte  . .     . . ' 

327  Peter  Edward 

328  Matilda   Hammund 

(251) 

329  Robt.  Rodbryth  . .     . . 

330  Wm  le  Kyng  (244)      . . 

331  Galfrid  ate  Diche    '  . . 

332  Simon  de  Ecclesia  (249) 

333  Simon  f.  Prepositi  (254) 

334  Mr  John  (17),  rector  of 

Tendring 

335  Hubert  Bosse  (177)    . . 

336  (ordan  Olyver  (i) 

337  Rafe  Ode      

338  Phyllyp  Bullok,  fuller 

339  Willm.  Skyp,  mercer.. 

340  James    de  Wyham, 

fuller 

341  John  Pentecost    (61), 

tanner       

342  Jno.    Edward    (120), 

draper  and  brewer . . 

343  Rafe  Sparwe       . .     . . 

344  Alured  Camifex  . . 

345  "Will.  Pentecost,  fuller 

346  Richard    de    Hadley, 

girdler       

347  Ly ving  Poope     . .     . . 

348  Gilbert  de  Yllegh.  shoe- 

maker         

349  Walter  le  Paumer  (138), 

chemist  and  spicer. . 

350  John  de  Leycester  (34) 

351  Walt,  de  Fonte  (113), 

brewer      

352  John  Elys 

353  Nich.  le  Gros      . .     . . 

354  John  ate  Cherche 

355  Gerard  le  Chaucer  (148) 

356  Adam  de  Castro  (169), 

brewer      

357  Will.    Proueale    (139), 

butcher 

358  Wyot  Carnifex    . .      . . 

359  Will.    Proudfot    (116), 

shoemaker 

360  Robt.  le  Bret,  butcher 

361  Joan  Elyanor 

362  will,  de  Estorpe  (it8). 

draper       

363  German  Pistor  (103)  . . 


£  s.  d. 


8 

3 

I 

3 

19 
7 


13     8 
9    o 


3    8 


6 
6 

I 

5 
2 

I  II 


Live 
Stock. 


3     2 


19 
18 


17 
19 

16 


106 
13    o 


Trade 
Stock. 


^■s£ 


d. 


6 
6    o 


2  6 

3  o 


I     6 


Household 
Goods.      { 

/"sT'd. 
4     8 


80     3     9  II 

o  I  4 

II  9 

4  o 

4  6 


7     o 
6    o 


3 

0 

2 

7 

I 

0 

5 

0 
6 

5 
4 

I 

6 

2 

8 

I     5 

0 

5 

0 

18 

0 

3 

18 
II 

7 
0 

I       15    o 


10     8 


4 

4 

15 

12 

9 
10 


I 
9 

7 

2 

9 

7 

7 
13 
10 


14  10 


9    2 


9 
5 

II 
3 


Total 
sum. 

18  2 

3   8 

9 
13 
16 

14 


o  I 
o 


6  o 
I  10 

17  8 

7  7 
5  8 


5  o 

2  6  j 

4  o  I 

2  6  ' 


17     2 
140 

4  2  II 

5  8  4 
I  8  8 
I  13     3 


4  14 

1  3 

2  16 
I  II 

9 
5 

I     o 
7 

5  9 
13 
12 

I     6 

9 
II 

16 

15 
II 


I     3  " 

10  4 

7     I 
6  10 

11  o 

298 

7  15    2 
16    8 

6  6 

7  2 

7    6 


TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER. 


H3 


Grain. 


364  Will,  de  Saaham.  shop- 

keeper      . .     . . 

365  Notekyna  Sparwe  (167) 

366  Hy  Counteproud,  shoe- 

maker 

367  John  de  Teya 

368  Hy.     Pearsun     (122) 

butcher     ..     .. 

369  Alice  Prentyz 

370  Stephen  Cothand 

371  Andrew  Clerk  ^176) 

372  Mr  Wm  de   Hadham, 

mercer      

373  Robt.  de  Bullockeswell 

374  Robt.  Dot  (186),  tanner 

375  Alice  Reyner       . .     . 

?  Myland. 

376  Abbot  S.  Osyth  . .     . 

377  John    Wycks    (119), 

tailor 

378  Warin  f.  William 

379  Edmund    Grimbaud, 

mercer      

380  Emma  Tothes  (154)   . 

381  Rich.  deWyseton  (124), 

draper      , 

382  Rich,    de    Dyerham, 

brewer  and  smith  . , 

383  Wysota  de  Dyham     . , 

384  Willm.  Osekyn   (152), 

tanner       

385  Will,  de    Byilham, 

weaver      

386  Michael  Naplef  . .     . . 

387  Will.  Prentiz       . .     . . 

388  Jno.  Ryel     

389  Robt.  ate  Water,  draper 

390  Roger  Chasfeld  . . 

391  Jno.  Motekyn 

392  Will.  Wyndout   .. 

393  Hy.  de  Quercu    . . 

394  Agatha  ate  Hathe 

395  Jno.  Sueyn,  linendraper 

396  Kic.  Martin        ..     .. 

397  Nich.  Spnngold  . .     . . 

398  Hugo  le  Porter  (200) . . 

399  Jno.  Colyn  (in),  wine 

merchant 

400  Henry  de    Leycester, 

wine  merchant, ».  172 


7~s: 


s: 


Total 


4     8 


3     2 

12     o 
5  10 

6*  o 


2    4 


7  4 

9  3 

I  8 

9  4 


5  " 
1     I 


I     8 
I     2 


Live 
Stock. 


£    s.   d. 


6 
10 
12 
6 
3 
3 

10 

2 


I     3    4 
I     3    4 


6  10    o 


238 


3 
12 
10 


Trade 
Stock. 


Household 
Goods. 


8     8 


£    s.  d.  ;    £    s.  d. 
10    o 


12     o 


5    o 
16    3 

4     4 
7  10 


I   13  II  I     I  13  10 
38166 
6  '  56 

13     8 

40  no 

I  10  36 

78,  37 

13  32 


6     8 


257 


3 

II 


7 
II 


2     6 


12      O   I      2    II 


10    o 
6    o 


3    o 

6    8 


10    o  , 


8  6 

13  o 

6  o 

7  6 
6  8 

10  6 

I  6 

I  7 

6  o 

8  2 

10  o 

'4  3  ' 


Total 
sum. 

£  s.  d. 


15  o 
ion 

16  4 
12  2 

5    3  I 

3  19  4 

6  o 

19  8 

15  o 

5  4 

"  3 

8  9 


6  13  o 

II  6 

2   II  o 

13  8 

I     3  4 


424 
8    6 


5    o 


12 
15 

7 
15 

8 

7 
16 
o 
7 
4 
13 


II     8 

10    6 

6    9 


2    6  10  .         17    6       3  13    o 


75  15    6    184  13    4   90    4     I  I167    6    7 


518     I     4 


One-fifteenth 


/34    125.   yd. 


144  TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER. 

NOTES    ON     1301     TAXATION. 
All  the  jurors  filled  the  office  of  Bailiff  except  Nos.  6  and  8. 

I     Forde  and  de  la  Forde — prominent  surname  till  the  end  of  fifteenth  century; 
M.Ps.  and  Bailiffs  1294- 1483.     The  ford  possibly  that  at  Middle  Mill, 
still  existing. 
5    Shop  in  St.  Runwald's  parish  1313. 

7    John  de  Sanare,  Benefactor  to  Abbey  1303.     Robert — Prior  of  St.  Mary 
Magdalen.     Sometimes  printed  Savare ;  also  qy.  de  Saiera  and  Sartrino. 
9    Will  in  Town  Records  1330 ;  houses  in  East  Street  and  the  Market. 
10     Bailiff  1332,  1349,  1 35 1,  thus  surviving  the  Black  Death,  but  query  if  a  son 

of  the  same  name.     His  father,  Robert  le  Verrer,  Bailiff  1298. 
10    In  Thesauro — in  camera — in  domo  sua — in  coquina — in   bracino,  fullest 

description  of  house.  Cineres  de  Wed  ^  mark. 
20    In  Thesauro — in  camera,  in  coquina,  in  granar'. 
26    Tunic  5/-  27.  Supertunic  5/-. 
34    2  robes  14/-    2  Beds  8/-. 

51  Coreum  album  pro  marcandisa  sua  6/8. 

52  Carnes  venales,  sepum  et  pinguedinem. 
61     In  furratur*  et  pellibus  agninis,  one  mark. 

73  In  cirotecis,  bursis.  zonis,  cera,  et  aliis  minutis  reb'  in  Mercer'  sua  16/6. 

74  Two  other  partners  in  boat,  J  no  Gog  &  Jno  de  Peldon. 

92     Lapides  p.  molis  manualib'  4/-.     cordas  divisas  5/-.    oleO  11/-. 
104    This  lady  was  taxed  under  Berechurch  in  1296,  but  it  is  expressly  stated 

here  that  her  goods  were  *'  in  camera  sua  "  at  Myland,  and  that  she  had 

now  no  grain  or  other  goods. 
113    Alexander  Tony,  Bailiff  1290. 

129    Thos.  Juscard,  Rector  of  Greenstead,  1323.    John  Juscard,  M.P. 
136    Reicia  ad  piscand.     Fishing  nets  5/-. 
131     Master  of  the  Hospital  of  Blessed  Mary  Magdalen  and  the  leprous  Brothers 

of  his  house. 
185    John  Ayllet,  Benefactor  to  Abbey,  died  13 13.     Still  a  local  surname. 
214    In  maeis  et  incude  et  aliis  iutens  suis  et  ferr  in  fabricia  sua  20/-. 
223    This  family  was  prominent  in  Colchester  till  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 

century.     A  family  in  United  States  claim  to  be  descendants. 
243    John  Pruet,  Prior  of  S.  Botolph  1327.     Richard  Pruet,  Bailiff  1283. 
279    Robt.  Paries,  M.P.  1313. 

300  Elias  f.  John,  Bailiff  1276,  and  M.P.  1295. 

301  Rich.  Tubbe,  Bailiff  1287. 

334  Founder  of  chantry  in  S.  Helen's  Chapel  1321. 

335  Bailiff  13 14,  and  earliest  MP.  1295. 

336  This  family  was  very  prominent  here  in  the  latter  half  of  the  thirteenth 

century,  and  gave  its  name  to  the  estate  still  known  as  Olivers  in  Stan  way 
parish.  Jordan  (son  of)  Oliver  gave  thirty  acres  of  land  and  five  of  wood 
in  East  Donyland  to  the  Abbey  in  1303  ;  probably  a  Bailiff. 

337  Bailiff  1307.     M.P.  1344. 
356    Bailiff  1281 ;  M.P.  1307. 
378    Bailiff  1 3 10.     MP.  1302. 


taxations  of  colchester.  i45 

Comparison   of  the  Two  Taxations. 

Hitherto  the  difference  between  the  lists,  obvious  to  the  most  casual 
observer,  has  prevented  anyone  from  attempting  a  comparison  between 
them.  Mr.  Hartshorne  asserts  that  no  name  in  the  second  list  is  iden- 
tical with  one  in  the  first,  an  assertion  which  a  collation  of  the  two  sets 
of  assessors  would  alone  have  disproved ;  while  his  statement  that  only 
82  persons  were  taxed  in  the  town  and  hamlets  is  equally  unreliable. 

Including  jurors,  254  names,  are  given  in  1296;  in  1301,  400; 
an  apparent  increase  in  the  population  of  over  50  per  cent,  in  five 
years.  An  examination  will  show,  however,  that  in  the  first  taxation 
no  one  whose  goods  were  valued  at  less  than  75.  was  recorded ;  in 
that  of  1 301  there  appear  to  be  no  exemptions.  In  1296,  except, 
partially,  in  the  case  of  well-to-do  people,  no  notice  was  taken  of 
household  goods;  in  1301  this  column  shows  a  full  account  of  all 
domestic  and  personal  property.  If  we  deduct  from  the  400  burgesses 
of  1 301  all  those  whose  property,  exclusive  of  household  goods,  was 
under  75. — i.e.  the  basis  of  the  1296  taxation,  we  find  250  burgesses 
left,  or  practically  the  same  population. 

It  has  been  assumed  that  we  get  here  a  complete  census  of  the 
town,  but  there  are  several  gaps  to  be  allowed  for.  The  religious 
houses,  except  for  their  cattle  and  the  stores  in  their  granges,  are 
unnoticed,  and  the  lists  do  not  disclose  any  of  their  retainers,  though 
they  may  include  their  tenants.  The  twenty-four  monks  of  St.  John's 
Abbey,  the  twelve  canons  of  St.  Botolph's  Priory,  and  the  brethren 
of  St.  Mary  Magdalen's  Hospital,  would,  with  their  lay  brethren  and 
servants,  account  for  more  than  a  hundred  souls.  The  friars  would 
not  make  much  addition,  but  the  parish  priests — only  three  of  whom 
are  mentioned — must,  with  their  assistant  clergy  and,  in  more  than 
one  instance  probably,  their  wives  and  children,  have  added  almost 
as  many  more.  Again,  there  is  not  the  slightest  trace  of  the  Castle 
garrison,  nor  of  its  numerous  officers,  so  prominent  in  the  Cartulary; 
these,  with  their  wives  and  families,  would  possibly  account  for  300 
souls.  We  have  then  to  allow  for  those,  of  whom  there  must  have 
been  some,  who  were  too  poor  to  be  taxed;  when  a  man  has  nothing, 
it  is  as  easy  to  skin  a  fiint  as  to  tax  him,  and  it  is  certain,  from  the 
instances  given  of  those  who  had  very  little,  that  no  great  gulf  separated 
them  from  those  who  possessed  nothing  but  the  hovel  in  which  they 
slept  and  the  clothes  they  stood  up  in.  Add  to  these  a  certain  number 
of  fugitive  villeins,  whose  residence  of  a  year  and  a  day  would  win 
their  freedom :  a  few  "  foreigners  "  who,  not  trading  in  the  town,  were 
exempt  alike  from  any  share  in  its  privileges  and  its  taxes ;  a  few 
county  folk  who  also  escaped  since  their  names  a(re  not  enrolled :  and 
it  appears  possible  that  the  population  of  Colchester  at  the  opening 
K 


146  TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER. 

of  the  fourteenth  century  was  not  far  short  of  3,000  souls — ^no  great 
increase  two  centuries  after  the  Domesday  record. 

It  is  not  possible  to  estimate  accurately  the  actual  change  of  personnel, 
since  identification  is  not  always  practicable.  About  55  per  cent,  of 
the  names  in  the  first  list  appear  in  the  second,  while  in  the  four 
villages,  in  the  names  of  the  jurors,  and  in  many  of  the  different  trades, 
the  proportion  rises  as  high  as  two- thirds ;  still  a  death-rate  among 
adults  of  over  30  per  cent,  in  five  years  would  be  sufficiently  high. 

Reference  to  the  lists  will  show  that,  while  the  first  taxation  was 
made  on  the  oaths  of  twelve  jurors,  only  ten  are  recorded  in  the 
second,  five  being  the  same.  Three  of  the  1296  jurors  are  themselves 
among  the  assessed  in  1301,  coming  among  the  moderately  wealthy 
class ;  the  remaining  four  were  apparently  dead. 

It  would  be  interesting  to  see  the  assessments  of  these  jurors,  who 
nearly  all  held,  at  one  time  or  another,  the  office  of  bailiff,  but  they 
do  not  appear  on  the  roll.  In  the  contemporary  lists  for  Chichester, 
Arundel,  and  various  Sussex  parishes,  the  juror's  valuation  is  always 
included,  and  is  generally  fairly  high. 

The  arrangement  of  the  lists  is  worth  notice.  In  the  first  practically 
all  the  wealthy  people  come  together  at  the  beginning,  then  the  rest 
in  no  particular  order,  but  the  hamlets  are  separated.  In  the  second 
there  is  no  distinction  of  class,  or  between  town  and  country,  but  there 
are  clear  traces  of  the  grouping  of  persons  from  the  same  locality. 

Agriculture  was  naturally  the  most  prominent  industry,  though  its 
fluctuation  is  somewhat  remarkable.  In  each  year  more  than  50  per 
cent,  of  the  population  appear  to  have  had  no  other  class  of  property 
(household  goods  excepted),  while  many  of  the  traders  also  went  in 
largely  for  growing  grain  and  rearing  stock  ;  we  may  safely  say  four- 
fifths  of  the.  population  were  more  or  less  engaged  in  this  industry. 

SUMMARY    OF    STOCK    OF    GRAIN. 

T.  Rogers' 

price. 

s.    d. 

Wheat —  1296     ..  55  50  6    8  69 

1301      ••  26  33  40  4    9 

Rye—        1296     ..118  75  50  52 

1301      ••133  84  30  36 

Barley —  1296     . .  233  97  4    o  44 

1301      ..  155*  92  {38}  3    ^ 


Oats—       1296 
1301 


Qrs. 

Holders. 

Price. 
s.    d. 

55 

50 

6     8 

26 

33 

4     0 

118 

75 

5     0 

133 

84 

3     0 

233 

97 

4     0 

155* 

92 

[    3     2 
I    3     8 

•  15  malted  by  18  persons 

231 

114 

2     0 

273t 

146 

1  8 

2  0 

f  52  being  fine 

oats  and  36  malted. 

5i 

5 

4    0 

5 

5 

4     0 

5 

3 

4     0 

) 


Peas—       1296     ..  5^  5  40  47 

1301     ..  5  5  40  24 

Beans —    1301 


TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER. 


147 


GRAIN    DISTRIBUTED   AMONG    BURGESSES. 


Wheat — 
(frumentum)    1296 
1301 

Rye— 
(filigis) 


Barley — 
(ordeum) 

Oats — 
(avenas) 


1296 
1301 

1296 
1301 

1296 
1301 


4qrs. 

I 


Over  lo  qrs. 
5 


3  qrs. 

3 
I 

Over  5  qrs. 

7 
5 
5-10  qrs. 
4 
5 
Over  5  qrs. 

10 

8 


1-2  qrs 
23 
15 

1-5  qrs. 

29 

39 
1-5  qrs. 

29 

28 

1-5  qrs. 
34 
33 


Under  i  qr. 

23 

17 

Under  i  qr. 

39 
40 

Under  i  qr. 

59 

59 
Under  i  qr. 

70 
105 


The  value  of  the  grain  in  stock,  on  the  feast  of  St.  Michael,  1300, 
had  fallen  to  £'^^  17s.  6i.,  whereas  in  1295  it  was;^i24  3s.  5^.  for 
one-third  less  taxpayers.  It  is  true  prices  had  declined,  as  we  see 
when  we  come  to  classify  the  different  grains,  but  stocks  had  shrunk 
in  much  greater  proportion.  Wheat,  the  quantity  of  which  hardly 
bears  out  Professor  Thorold  Rogers*  contention  that  it  formed  the 
chief  food  of  even  the  poor  in  the  fourteenth  century,  was  valued  at 
65.  8i.  per  qr.  in  1296,  and  its  55  qrs.  were  distributed  among  50 
holders,  ten  of  whom  had  2  qrs.,  or  more,  each. 

In  1301  the  value  had  sunk  to  4s.  per  qr.,  the  quantity  to  26  qrs., 
and  the  holders  to  33,  only  one  of  whom  had  more  than  a  single 
quarter.  Dr.  Cutts  was  however  in  error  in  stating  that  only  about 
half  a  dozen  persons  had  any  in  1301,  and  its  possession  was  by  no 
means  confined  to  the  wealthier  burgesses. 

Of  rye  the  quantity  rose  from  118  qrs.  to  133  qrs.,  and  the  holders 
from  75  to  84 ;  the  value,  however,  had  fallen  from  55.  per  qr.  to  3s. 
In  each  year  the  same  number  of  people,  39,  had  less  than  one 
quarter.  A  similar  coincidence  occurs  in  regard  to  barley,  of  which 
59  householders  had  less  than  one  quarter.  The  quantity  assessed 
had  shrunk  from  233  qrs.  to  155  qrs.,  but  this  loss  is  almost  accounted 
for  by  the  disappearance  of  five  persons  each  possessing  more  than 
10  qrs.  The  price  had  not  declined  so  much — only  from  45.  to  35., 
and  15  qrs.,  described  as  malted  barley,  held  by  18  persons,  were 
valued  at  3s.  8i.  The  stock  of  oats  appears  to  have  followed  the  rise 
in  the  number  of  taxpayers  more  closely  than  any  other  grain,  the 
holders  being  146  against  114,  the  stock  273  qrs.  against  231  qrs., 
the  value  only  falling  from  25.  to  15.  8rf.  In  1301,  52  qrs.  are  described 
as  fine  oats,  at  15.  8^.  per  qr.,  and  36  qrs.  as  malted  oats  at  25. 

There  remains  only  5  qrs.  of  peas  (pis)  in  each  year,  divided  among 
five  holders,  and  5  qrs.  of  beans  (fabar)  in  130 1  among  three,  to  complete 
the  tale  of  the  amount  of  grain  assessed  to  the  two  taxations. 


148 


TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER. 


In  1296,  178  people  possessed  grain  of  some  kind  out  of  243,  in 
1 301  only  191  out  of  390,  which  would  seem  to  imply  that  at  any 
rate  this  class  of  burgesses  did  not  include  many  of  the  poor  left 
unnoticed  in  the  earlier  taxation. 

One  further  question  only  appears  to  suggest  itself  with  reference 
to  the  quantities  of  grain.  The  assessment  took  account  only  of  stock 
in  hand  at  Michaelmas.  It  seems  unlikely  that  an  average  of  under 
two  bushels  a  head  of  all  kinds  would  represent  the  total  crop  of  the 
year,  and  it  would  be  somewhat  early  to  have  completed  harvesting 
and  threshing.  In  that  case  we  must  assume  that  the  growing  crops 
were  not  included,  and  so  make  a  substantial  addition  to  the  probable 
wealth  of  at  least  half  the  burgesses.  It  is  also  evident  that  no 
notice  was  taken  of  ploughs,  harrows,  or  indeed  of  any  articles  used 
in  husbandry,  which  the  returns  of  various  estates  quoted  by  Professor 
Thorold  Rogers  show  to  have  amounted  to  a  substantial  sum. 


SUMMARY    OF    FARMING    STOCK. 
1296. 


1301. 


No. 

Owners. 

Price. 

T.  R.'s 
price. 

No. 

Owners 

.     Price. 

T.  R.'s 

price. 

s. 

d. 

5.    d. 

s. 

d. 

s.    d. 

Bulls  (Tauros)    . . 

2 

2 

5 

0 

7    0 

4 

4 

il 

0 

8/ 

0 

7    6 

Oxen  (Boves)     . . 

37 

17 

(8 

ol 

9    7 

18 

5 

10 

10    5 

„     (Bovetts)  .. 

.. 

.. 

34 

22 

6 

6 

.. 

„     (Stotts)     . . 

.. 

.. 

19 

6 

(5 
6 

1) 

-. 

..     (Sters)       . . 

18 

14 

6 

0 

10 

6 

6 

0 

Cows  (Vaccas)   . . 

146 

43 

5 

0 

7    7 

181 

100 

5 

0 

6    0 

Heifers  (Juvencas) 

18 

15 

4 

0 

.. 

39 

36 

3 

4 

0/ 

.. 

Bullocks  (Boviculos) 

9 

9 

2 

0 

, , 

47 

35 

3 

0 

, , 

Calves  (Vitulos).. 

12 
242 

9 
109 

I 

0 

37 
389 

26 
240 

10 

■■ 

Sheep    (Oves)    .. 

104 

8 

8 

64 

5 

I 

0 

(Bidentes) 

192 

12 

8 

I     3 

762 

86 

I 

0 

I     0 

Lambs  (Agnellos) 

9 

2 

6 

3i 

303 

42 

6 

4i 

305 

22 

1. 129 

133 

Boars  and  Hogs  ] 
(Porcos)             J 

112 

50 

I 

'1  2 

t] 

2     3 

134 

91 

\l 

t\ 

2     8 

Pigs  and  Sows      1 
(Porcellos)         } 

19 

-1 
131 

4 
54 

I     9 

105 
239 

63 
154 

'  I 
2 

0 
0. 

I     4 

TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER.  I49 

1293.  1301- 

No.    Owners-      Price.       T'Sl*        No.    Owners.     Price.  Tv5l^ 

price.  price. 

d.         s.    d.  s.    d.  s.    d. 


6 


Horses  (Equos) . .         26  18  |  ^3    o|  ^^    ^  ^^  ^^    |  ^3    oj    ^^    ^ 

Affers 37  21  {   ^    ^}  6    9  30  23    {    I    {} 

Jumentas    ....         10  10  26          ..  29  ^^    {   3    0} 

Carts  (Carectas)          ,0  10  {,^^}        ..  14  m{,^°}        .. 

83  59  104  77 

Live  Stock.  It  is  in  connection  with  this  item  that  the  most 
astonishing  variation  occurs  between  the  two  years.  In  1296,  244 
valuations  of  this  class  were  made,  involving  761  animals;  in  1301 
we  have  604  valuations,  involving  1,861  animals, — an  increase  of 
something  like  150  per  cent. ;  the  stock-keepers  rising  from  169  in 
1296  to  269  in  1 301,  and  of  these  latter  107  were  small  stock-holders, 
having  no  grain  in  hand, — ^another  incidental  proof  of  the  close 
relationship  between  the  lists. 

Of  cattle  the  number  of  holders  had  increased  from  109  to  240, 
with  an  average  rise  in  prices  of  15  per  cent.  Two  bulls  at  ^s.  in 
1296  had  risen  to  four  at  65.  Sd.  in  1301.  Bullocks,  oxen  and  steers, 
from  64  at  6s.  to  85.,  to  128  at  65.  to  los.  Calves,  12  at  15.  to  37  at 
lod.  Cows  55.,  and  heifers  4s.,  from  164  to  220,  the  owners  ot  these 
rising  from  58  to  136,  affording  good  evidence  that  three  acres  and  a 
cow  were  nearer  the  rule  than  the  exception  in  mediaeval  Colchester. 

The  greatest  increase,  however,  took  place  in  the  number  of  sheep 
returned,  which  rose  from  305  among  22  persons  to  1,129  among 
133,  the  average  price  rising  from  8d.  to  is.  for  sheep,  and  lambs  at 
6d,,  in  both  years.  One  is  not  surprised  to  find  the  number  of 
weavers  nearly  trebled,  indeed  it  seems  a  question  whether  a  large 
number  may  not  have  escaped  untaxed. 

The  sheep  and  cattle  are  naturally  to  be  found  chiefly  in  the  out- 
lying parishes,  and  even  where  set  down  in  obviously  town  districts 
it  is  probable,  from  the  wording  of  some  of  the  entries,  that  the  cattle 
were  away  on  the  Donyland  uplands,  under  the  charge  of  Thomas  le 
Herde,  and  the  sheep  pastured  on  the  rich  meadows  bordering  the 
river  from  Newbridge  to  Middleborough,  where  Geoffrey  atte  Diche 
appears  to  have  similarly  been  in  charge  of  several  flocks. 

The  third  class — the  pigs — had  almost  doubled,  131  to  239,  and 
here  again  the  increase  is  caused  mainly  by  owners  of  a  single  pig, 
the  number  of  persons  assessed  rising  from  54  to  154.  In  1296  the 
average  value  was  6d.  each,  in  130 1,  is.,  while  a  few  boars  at  3s.  to  5s. 


'50 


TAXATIONS  OP  COLCHESTER. 


appear  in  the  later  inventory.  The  owners  of  pigs  form  a  larger  body 
than  those  of  any  other  class  of  animal,  which  is  but  natural  considering 
they  cost  practically  nothing  to  keep,  finding  their  own  food  in  the 
streets,  where  they  wandered  freely,  acting  as  town  scavengers,  or  else 
in  the  King's  wood,  in  which  all  burgesses  had  rights  of  pannage. 

Another  indication  that  the  population  was  practically  stationary, 
and  that  only  the  poorer  inhabitants  make  up  the  additional  num- 
bers in  the  second  taxation,  may  be  seen  in  the  return  of  horses. 
1 8  persons  owned  26  horses  in  1296,  19  owned  31  in  1301,  the  values 
being  the  same — 3s.  to  6s.  8i.,  and  in  one  case  in  each  year  13s.  4^. 
Affers,  rendered  horses  by  Halliwell  and  ponies  by  Professor  Rogers, 
valued  at  25.  to  45.  in  1296,  and  25.  to  65.  Sd,  in  1301,  numbered  37 
among  21  people  in  the  former  year,  and  only  30  among  23  in  the 
latter  year,  when  stotts  (stallions  according  to  Halliwell,  but  more 
probably  coarse  ponies  as  Rogers),  at  55.  to  6s.  Si.,  were  returned. 
Jumentas,  beasts  of  burden,  2s.  6d,  to  35.,  rose  from  10  to  29.  It 
should  be  borne  in  mind  that  in  the  middle  ages  the  ox  was  much 
used  in  agricultural  work,  horses  being  kept  mainly  for  journeys; 
several  are  described  as  hackneys,  or  as  carrier's  horses.  Carts, 
valued  at  25.  to  los.,  increased  from  10  to  14,  but  no  mention  is  made 
of  harness  or  saddlery.     Hay  (fenum)  was  valued  at  about  £^, 


OCCUPATIONS    OF    ALL    THE    BURGESSES. 


Household  Goods  \ 
only  j 

Agriculturalists  not  \ 
included  under  / 
any  other  desig-  I 
nation  / 

Clerks  and  Barbers 

Leather  Trades— 

Tanners      . .     . . 
Cordwainers 
Skinners, Saddlers  1 
and  Glovers       j 

Wool  Trades — 

Weavers 

Dyers  and  Fullers 


1296. 


1 301. 


15 


26 


150 


18 


12 


17 
15 


31 


41 


Clothiers 
Tailors 


and 


5 

16 

4 

II 

13 

18 

45 


1296. 
Merchants  &  Traders — 

Mercers  &  Drapers  8 

Storekeepers      . .  5 

Butchers     ....  8 
Bakers.    Cooks    I 

and  Spicers     )  ^ 

Fishmongers     . .  4 

Millers        ..      ..  2 

BrewersandWine )  , 

Merchants  / 

Coal  and    Lime    )  ^ 

Merchants  ] 


1 301. 


4 
II 

14 

2 

4 

15 


Handicraftsmen- 
Smiths  and  Cutlers       4 
Carpenters.Tylers  \ 
and  Coopers       .( 
Masons  &  Glaziers       3 
Foresters,Carters,&c.  i 
SailorsA  Fishermen    3 


—     48      —    66 


4 

7 
15 
—    43 


Note. — It  will  be  obvious  that  where  one  person  carried  on  several  trades,  he 
is  only  reckoned  once.  This  may  account  for  trifling  discrepancies  between  the 
designations  in  the  lists  and  the  result  of  the  analysis. 


'TAXAtiOKS  OP  COLCHESTER.  I5I 

The  number  of  persons  who,  from  their  surnames,  from  actual 
designation,  or  from  the  evidence  of  their  goods,  may  be  taken  as 
handicraftsmen  or  traders  is  112  in  1296,  and  195  in  1301,  falling 
naturally  into  four  groups — the  leather  and  wool  industries,  the 
shopkeepers,  and  the  miscellaneous  artizans  and  craftsmen. 

First,  however,  come  the  clerks,  of  whom  14  are  enumerated  in 
1296,  and  16  in  1301.  That  they  were  probably  all  in  Orders  may 
be  inferred  from  the  fact  that  their  possessions  are  almost  entirely 
confined  to  grain  and  live  stock,  and  never  include  articles  of 
commerce  or  household  goods.  Setting  aside  the  abbot,  the  prior, 
and  the  rectors  of  St.  Peter,  St.  Runwald,  and  Holy  Trinity,  the 
remainder  were  doubtless  the  mediaeval  forerunners  of  modern 
licensed  curates. 

The  abbot,  Robert  de  Greenstead,  does  not  appear  at  all  in  the  first 
taxation,  whether  in  consequence  o  the  Bull  of  Pope  Boniface  VIII. 
published  February  1296,  forbidding  ecclesiastics  to  contribute  to 
lay  taxation,  or  because  in  this  instance  he  asserted  his  claim  to  be 
assessed  with  the  county  rather  than  with  the  borough;  in  either 
case  he  would  be  taxed  for  his  clerical  income  with  the  Spirituality. 
In  1 301  he  was  by  far  the  wealthiest  owner  of  farming  stock  and 
produce  in  the  borough.  The  prior  of  St.  Botolph  was,  in  1296,  the 
second  in  this  category,  and  third  in  1301 ;  the  rector  of  St.  Peter, 
William  Waryn,  being  well  ahead  of  him  in  the  first  list,  but  having 
apparently  given  up  farming  to  any  great  extent  by  1301.  The 
second  place  in  1301  was  taken  by  Lord  Fitzwalter,  who  had  greatly 
increased  his  flocks  and  herds  in  the  interval.  The  abbot  of  St. 
Osyth  also  occurs  only  in  the  second  list,  but  William  Fraunck, 
rector  of  Holy  Trinity,  and  John  de  Colchester,  rector  of  Tendring, 
occur  in  each,  and  are  both  well-to-do. 

The  most  flourishing  trade  in  Colchester  at  this  period  was  in 
leather,  though  more  people  were  connected  with  the  woollen  industry. 
14  tanners  and  hve  skinners  and  saddlers  in  1296  are  compared  with 
17  and  nine  in  1301;  but  the  cordwainers  or  shoemakers,  mainly 
of  the  poorer  class,  rise  from  12  to  15.  Henry  Pakeman  was  the 
wealthiest  townsman  in  1301,  and  second  in  1296;  and  reference  to 
the  lists  will  show  that  other  tanners  held  similar  positions.  The 
richest  of  those  connected  with  the  woollen  trade,  which  in  1296 
employed  22  persons  against  45  in  1301,  was  Gilbert  Agote,  a  fuller, 
but  his  wealth  was  in  farming  stock.  The  dyers  were  only  moderately 
endowed ;  and  those  who,  from  possessing  bales  of  cloth,  may  fairly 
be  denominated  clothiers,  were  the  same  number  in  both  years. 
The  increase  is  entirely  due  to  the  poorer  weavers  and  the  small 
shopkeepers,  the  number  of  rich  traders  had  decreased. 


15^  TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER. 

Of  wool  it  should  be  noted  that  the  price  per  lb. — 2s.  to  35.,  or 
more  than  a  live  sheep — possibly  implies  that  the  weight  meant  is 
a  stone;  the  writer  recently  met  with  a  case  in  which  this  was 
shown  to  be  so. 

The  tradesmen  dealing  with  articles  of  dress  and  household  use, 
are  almost  the  same,  the  mercers  and  drapers,  of  whom  Dr.  Cutts 
gives  several  examples,  being  the  richest. 

The  purveyors  of  food,  however,  formed  by  far  the  wealthiest 
taxpayers  in  the  borough,  the  butchers  especially  being  rated  very 
highly ;  in  addition  to  their  stock  of  flesh,  whether  fresh  or  cured, 
they  were  also  graziers  and,  in  several  instances,  brewers.  The 
large  stocks  held  by  the  fishmongers  and  fancy  bakers  would  seem 
to  point  towards  a  greater  variety  of  diet,  even  bearing  in  mind  the 
observance  of  the  fasting  days,  than  one  is  accustomed  to  think  of. 

The  number  of  sailors  returned,  with  their  boats,  (none  of  which 
were  taxed  in  1296)  not  only  implies  a  fishery,  but  also  an  important 
carrying  trade — the  export  of  the  tanning  and  dying  vats  and  of  the 
looms  of  a  thirteenth  century  Leeds  and  Northampton  combined. 
The  smiths  were  a  well-to-do  body,  and  the  personal  inventories  go 
to  show  that  many  who  possessed  little  in  the  way  of  trading  or  farm 
stock,  yet  were  fairly  well  off  for  articles  of  comparative  luxury. 

The  inventories  of  household  goods  and  personal  chattels  do  not 
vary  much.  As  to  the  latter,  there  is  a  great  difference  between  the 
two  taxations ;  for  we  find  from  a  reference  in  Madox  that  in  some 
instances  the  assessors  were  strictly  forbidden  to  assess  the  robes 
and  "jocalia"  of  Burgesses,  and  instances  are  given  of  complaints 
made  on  this  subject  by  aggrieved  taxpayers. 

In  1296  less  than  one-third  of  the  burgesses  appear  in  this  column 
and  the  great  majority  of  these  only  for  one  or  two  shillings'  worth 
of  **  eneum,"  by  which  we  may  understand  brass  dishes  or  plates. 
On  what  principle  the  seven  individuals  who  were  rated  at  more 
than  ten  shillings  in  this  connection  were  selected,  it  is  impossible 
to  say. 

It  is  evident,  however,  that  even  in  the  latter  case  only  superfluities 
were  taxed,  unless  we  are  to  assume  that  the  art  of  dress  had  made 
no  progress  from  the  days  of  the  ancient  Britons.  Articles  of 
personal  adornment,  rings,  girdles,  buckles,  and  so  forth,  probably 
represented  capital ;  a  robe  at  from  55.  to  a  mark  in  value  involved 
expensive  cloth  and  furs ;  even  the  "  old  coat "  at  2s.,  which  is  all 
one  unfortunate  individual  had,  would  equal  a  respectable  sum  in 
present-day  value.  But  the  ordinary,  every-day  dress  of  the  people 
was  plainly  untaxed, — the  work  of  the  numerous  cordwainers  and 
clothiers  cannot  all  have  been  exported. 


TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER.  I53 

Similar  considerations  meet  us  when  we  turn  to  household  furniture. 
The  mention  of  beds  in  about  150  instances  among  2,000  to  3,000 
people,  can  hardly  be  held  to  infer  that  others  had  no  beds,  but  that, 
from  the  price  fixed  on  them,  those  assessed  were  of  exceptional 
value,  possibly  carved  and  ornamented.  The  fact  that  chairs  and 
tables  escape  notice  may  either  be  held  to  prove  that  they  were  all 
of  a  very  rough  and  cheap  description,  or  else  that,  like  agricultural 
implements,  they  were  exempt. 

Let  us  picture  to  ourselves  a  mediaeval  burgess'  house.  Built  on 
a  wooden  framework,  the  interstices  filled  up  with  clay,  and  the  low 
roof  covered  with  thatch ;  a  door  opening  directly  into  the  room — 
the  '*  house  "  as  it  is  still  called,  with  another  door  opposite  leading 
into  the  courtyard  behind ;  a  small  unglazed  window  on  the  inner 
side  supplied  light  and  air,  and  in  winter  allowed  some  at  least  of 
the  smoke  from  the  stone  hearth  in  the  centre  of  the  room  to  make 
its  escape.  A  low  screen,  reaching  two-thirds  of  the  way  to  the 
rough  ceiling,  separates  the  passage  through  the  house  from  the 
hving  room,  and  serves  to  keep  off  the  draught ;  the  floor  strewn 
with  rushes,  the  walls  roughly  plastered.  Such  a  room  may  yet 
be  seen  in  many  a  village  alehouse,  where  the  peasants  quaff  their 
beer  seated  on  rough -benches  round  tables  formed  of  plain  boards 
resting  on  three  or  four  legs — ^just  such  as  a  man  might  knock 
up  for  himself  in  an  hour.  The  better  class  of  house  would  have  at 
one  end  of  this  room  a  short  ladder  leading  to  a  bedroom  above,  but 
in  the  majority  of  cases  one  room  sufficed.  One  or  two  "  armuras  " 
or  cupboards  are  named,  but  not  assessed.  Behind  the  house  were 
outbuildings,  and  goods  stored  here  are  occasionally  named;  and 
also  the  dyer's  sheds,  the  brewer's  vats,  and  the  granges  and  barns 
for  corn  and  cattle,  forming  an  enclosed  courtyard. 

Most  of  the  writers  who  have  commented  upon  these  returns  think 
it  necessary  to  pity  the  poor  burgesses,  and  dwell  much  upon  their 
poverty  and  the  hardships  of  their  lot ;  but  Dr.  Cutts  strikes  a  higher 
note.  After  all  a  man's  happiness  does  not  consist  in  the  abundance 
of  his  possessions,  but  in  the  correspondence  between  them  and  his 
wants.  In  the  thirteenth  century  the  gulf  between  rich  and  poor 
opened  far  less  widely  than  now ;  the  home  life  of  the  influential 
bailiff  probably  differed  but  little  from  that  of  the  humbler  artizan  ; 
their  education  was  the  same ;  religion,  which  played  so  large  a  part 
in  their  daily  life,  had  less  of  class  and  social  distinctions  than  now ; 
they  shared  the  same  offices  at  a  time  when  the  possession  of  a  right 
carried  as  a  correlative  the  discharge  of  a  duty,  and  their  passion  for 
self-government  and  for  justice  proves  that  their  political  aspirations 
were  at  least  as  lofty  as  our  own. 


154  TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER. 

With  what  added  zest  may  we  now  turn  to  Chaucer's  picture  gallery 
and  see  our  fellow  townsmen  pourtrayed  ;   the  Lord  Fitzwalter, 
"a  verray  perfight  gentil  knight 
his  hors  was  good,  but  he  ne  was  nought  gay," 
for  a  year  or  two  later  he  donned  the  cowl ;  or  our  yeoman  Bailiffs 
and  Parliament  men,  Hubert  Bosse  and  Elias  fitz  John, 
"clad  in  coot  and  hood  of  grene 
a  shef  of  pecok  arwes,  bright  and  clene 
under  his  belt  he  bare  ful  thriftily 
wel  cowde  he  dresse  his  takel  yomanly." 
riding  to  Westminster  or  York  on  the  public  service  with  the  rates 
burdened  4/-  a  day  for  their  maintenance. 

With  pleasure  we  greet  Abbot  Robert,  **a  manly  men  to  ben 
an  abbot  able,"  who  **the  rule  of  seint  Beneyt "  found  "somdel 
streyt" — -'a  lord  ful  fat,  and  in  good  point,  now  certainly  he  was  a 
fair  prelat "  and  may  challenge  comparison  with  Roger,  St.  Runwald*s 
**pore  persoun  of  a  town"  who 

"to  draw  folk  to  heven  by  clennesse, 
by  good  ensample  was  his  busynesse, 
a  bettre  preest  I  trow  there  nowher  non  is." 
or  the  ploughman,  his  brother, 

"Lyvynge  in  pees  and  perfight  charitee." 
We  smile  at  a  crafty  rogue  like  Miller  Gilbert, 
"a  stout  carl  for  the  nones, 
Ful  big  he  was  of  braun  and  eke  of  bones." 

or  at  Sager  the  Reeve,  whose  lean  legs  showed  no  calf, 
*•  Wel  cowde  he  kepe  a  gerner  and  a  bynne, 
Ther  was  non  auditour  cowd  on  him  wynne. 
Full  wiste  he  by  the  drought  and  by  the  reyn 
The  yieldjng  of  his  seed  and  of  his  greyn," 

and  at  the  whole  company  of  traders  and  artificers 
"  wel  semed  eche  in  hem  a  fair  burgeys 
to  sit  ten  in  a  gelde-halle  on  the  deys" 
more  than  one  buoyed  up  with  the  hope 

**to  ben  an  alderman 
For  catel  had  they  inough  and  rente." 

**  Parish  Priests  and  their  People,"  and  **  Scenes  and  Characters 
of  the  Middle  Ages,"  by  Dr.  Cutts,  will  supplement  our  researches, 
but  enough  has  been  said  to  show  the  great  indebtedness  of  the 
Society  to  one  of  its  earliest  members  and  sometime  Secretary. 


TAXATIONS  OF  COLCHESTER.  I55 

TYPICAL    ASSESSMENTS. 

Abbot  of  S.  John's  had,  at  Greenstead — 8  qrs.  rye  at  3/-,  15  qrs.  fine  oats  at  1/8, 
hay  5/- ;  4  stotts  at  6/-,  4  oxen  at  10/-,  10  cows  and  i  bull  at  5/-,  2  calves  at  i/-, 
24  sheep  at  i/-.  At  Donyland — 20  qrs.  rye  at  3/-,  30  qrs.  fine  oats  at  1/8 ;  6  stotts 
at  J  mark,  4  oxen  at  10/-.  4  bovetts  at  6/-,  g  cows  at  5/-,  bull  6/-,  2  calves  at  i/-, 
80  sheep  at  i/-,  30  lambs  at  6rf. ;  hay  4/-.     Total  ;f  28  5s.     (1301.) 

Mr  Wm  Waryn  had,  on  the  aforesaid  day,  J  qr.  wheat  3/4,  10  qrs.  rye  at  5/-, 
20  qrs.  barley  at  4/-,  18  qrs.  oats  at  2/-,  2  qrs.  peas  at  4/- ;  2  old  horses  and  a  cart 
10/-,  2  aflfers  at  3/-,  4  oxen  at  J  mark,  i  bull  5/-,  12  cows  at  5/-,  3  calves  at  1/-. 
12  pigs  at  i/-,  40  lambs  at  Sd. :  hay  3/-.    Total  ;f  16  25.  Sd.    (1296.) 

Gilbert  Agote.  In  the  treasury — silver  buckle  1/6,  mazer  (bowl)  2/-.  In  the 
chamber — 2  robes  at  10/-,  bed  4/-,  towel  1/6,  2  napkins  at  i/-.  In  the  house — 
andiron  ^d.,  brass  pot  2/6.  brass  plate  i/-.  brass  saucepan  6d.,  tripod  8d.,  2  prs. 
fuller's  shears  6/-,  ashes  i/-,  i  lb.  wool  3/-.  In  the  grange — 4  qrs.  rye  at  3/-, 
4  qrs.  barley  at  3/-,  6  qrs.  fine  oats  at  1/8 ;  affer  5/-,  2  cows  at  5/-,  4  bullocks  at  3/-, 

1  pig  i/-,  60  sheep  at  i/-.     Flesh  in  larder,  J  mark.    Total  £S   135.  8d. 

Henry  Pakeman.  tanner.  Walnut  bowl  (mazer)  3/-,  silver  buckle  2/-,  4  silver 
brooches  at  i/-,  2  robes  i  mark,  cape  ^  mark,  bed  J  mark,  2  bowls  and  2  napkins 
3/4,  brass  pot  2/-.  saucepan  i/-,  plate  1/6,  pestle  and  mortar  i/io,  andiron,  gridiron 
and  tripod  1/6.  In  grange — 2  qrs.  rye  at  3/-,  6  qrs.  barley  at  3/-,  2  qrs.  malted 
oats  at  2/-;  2  cows  at  5/-,  "lardar"  10/-,  biletts  3/-,  bark  (cortices)  J  mark. 
Leather  in  tannery  6  marks,  tubs  and  vats  for  his  business  in  tannery  10/-, 
3  barrels  i/-.     Vats,  barrels  and  other  utensils  in  brewery  2/6.    £g  175.  10^. 

Julian  de  Bery.  Gold  buckle  3/-,  2  silver  rings  2/-,  2  silver  brooches  2/-, 
walnut  bowl  2/-,  silver-mounted  bowl  3/-,  2  robes  i  mark,  2  beds  }  mark,  towel 
and  2  napkins  2/-.  brass  pot  3/-.  brass  saucepan  8d.,  pestle  and  mortar  1/6; 
3  qrs.  rye  at  3/-,  10  qrs.  barley  at  3/-,  2  qrs.  fine  oats  at  1/8,  4  lbs.  wool  at  3/- ; 

2  cart  horses  17/-,  cart  5/-,  bovett  |  mark,  2  cows  at  5/-,  2  calves  at  i/-;  hay  2/-, 
biletts  2/-,  andiron  iid.,  gridiron  yd.,  tripod  5J.    Total  £6   195.  iirf. 

John  Edward.  Money  10/-,  silver  buckle  6d.,  silver  brooch  8^.,  2  robes  12/-, 
bed  3/-,  brass  pot  2/6  ;   horse  5/-,  hay  i/-,  2  pigs  at  i/- ;   |  qr.  malted  barley  1/8, 

1  qr.  malted  oats  2/- ;  cravats  8^..  i  piece  woollen  cloth  7/-,  wax  5/-,  silk  and 
muslin  20/-,  "  flaunneol "  and  purses  24/-.  girdles,  belts  and  leather  purses  6/8, 
small  mercery  3/- ;  2  barrels  9^..  barrels  and  vats  in  brewery  1/6,  tripod  4^. 
Total  £5  gs.  3d. 

William  Proneule.  2  robes  i  mark,  bed  4/-,  towel  and  napkin  1/6,  brass  pot  2/6, 
saucepan  6d.,  brass  plate  3/-,  tripod,  andiron  and  gridiron  i/i ;   J  qr.  wheat  2/- 

3  qrs.  barley  at  3/-,  10  qrs.  oats  at  2/- ;  2  cows  at  5/-,  4  hogs  at  2/- ;  walnut  bowl 
1/8,  billets  6/-.  divers  fiesh  30/-,  salted  and  spiced  meat  40/-,  axe  and  butcher's 
knives  1/4,  tubs  for  salted  meat  1/3.    Total  £y   15s.  2d. 

Richard  de  Dyerham.    Silver  buckle  6rf,,  gold  ring  i/-,  money  30/-,  2  robes  12/-, 

2  beds  5/-,  brass  pot  2/-,  saucepan  6d. ;  2  boars  at  5/- ;  J  qr.  wheat  2/-,  2  qrs. 
malted  oats  at  2/-,  i  qr.  malted  barley  3/4;  iron  and  steel  for  sale  h  mark, 
billetts  2/-.  2  barrels  gd.,  barrels  and  casks  in  brewery  1/5,  andiron,  tripod  and 
gridiron  i/-.     Total  £^  2s.  2d. 


ESSEX    FIELD- NAMES. 

COLLECTED  AND  ARRANGED   BY 
WILLIAM    CHAPMAN    WALLER,     M.A.,    F.S.A. 


Part  IX, — The  Hundred  of  Chelmsford. 


With  this,  the  ninth  instalment  of  our  Essex  field-names,  I  end 
the  work  begun  nine  years  ago.  Starting  from  the  Hundreds  in  the 
south-western  corner  we  have  gradually  worked  our  way  round  the 
county,  until,  at  last,  we  have  now  reached  its  centre  and  our  goal. 
Coincidently  with  the  retirement  from  official  life  of  Colonel  BoUand, 
R.E.,  to  whom  throughout  I  have  been  indebted  for  his  annual 
furtherance  of  my  work,  has  come  the  last  of  my  long-continued 
visits  to  St.  James'  Square,  which  began  under  the  auspices  of 
one  of  our  members,  the  Right  Hon.  Herbert  Gardner  (now  Lord 
Burghclere),  then  President  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture.  It  remains 
for  some  one  else  to  do  for  a  northern  county  what  has  already  been 
effected  for  one  in  the  south  of  England. 

The  Hundred  of  Chelmsford  comprises  over  eighty  thousand  acres, 
divided  up  among  thirty  parishes,  the  Awards  for  four  of  which — 
Buttsbury,  Ingatestone,  Mountnessing  and  Stock — furnish  few  or 
no  field-names.  The  remainder  have  yielded  something  under  three 
thousand  names,  which  differ  but  little  from  those  occurring  else- 
where. The  strange  combination  *  Cats  Brains,'  already  noted  under 
Ongar  Hundred,  reappears  in  Broomfield  parish;  and,  under  the  form 
* Cattesbrein,'  it  occurs  in  an  early  grant  of  land  in  Oxfordshire.* 
*  Hoppits'  are  again  numerous,  while  *  hopes'  are  more  in  evidence 
here  than  elsewhere,  both  alone  and  in  combination :  e^.,  Cock  Hope, 
Durrants  Hope,  Lady  Hope,  Queen  Hope,  Silly  Hopes.  *  Clark  of 
the  How'  is,  perhaps,  the  most  singular  title  in  the  whole  group; 
but  Clockticker,  Gingerbread,  Ink  Field,  and  Whispering  Tom,  run 
it  somewhat  close.  In  Ingatestone  and  Margaretting  vineyards  are 
found,  and  Great  Waltham  and  Writtle  furnish  two  Saffron  Fields. 
Single  instances  of  a  Witches  Field  and  a  PedJars  Path  will  be  noted. 
Botany  Bay,  Georgia,  Newfoundland,  Babylon,  and  others,  serve  to 
carry  one  for  the  moment  beyond  the  bounds  of  our  island  home. 

T^CaX.  Anc,  Deeds,  III.,  C3646. 


ESSEX   FIELD-NAMES. 


157 


PARISHES. 


(Continued  from 

Vol.  IX.,  p. 

69.) 

(CJidmsford  Hundred.) 

359    Baddow,  Great 

374 

Leighs,  Great 

360    Baddow,  Little 

375 

Leighs,  Little 

361     Blackmore 

376 

Margaretting 

362     Boreham 

377 

Mountnessing^ 

363     Broomfield 

378 

Rettenden 

364     Buttsbury^ 

379 

Roxwell 

365     Chelmsford 

380 

Runwell 

366     Chignal  St.  James 

381 

Sandon 

367     Chignal  Smeely 

382 

Springfield 

368     Danbury 

383 

Stock' 

369     Fryerning 

384 

Waltham,  Great 

370     Hanningfield,  East 

385 

Waltham,  Little 

371     Hanningfield,  South 

386 

Widford 

372     Hanningfield,  West 

387 

Woodham  Ferrers 

373     Ingatestone^ 

388 

Writtle 

LIST    OF    FIELD-NAMES 

5    OCCURRING    IN    THE 

FOREGOING 

PARISHES. 

Note  : — In  the  following  list  the  numerals  put  after  each  name 
indicate  the  parishes  (see  above)  in  which  the  name  occurs.  When 
the  same  name  is  found  twice  or  oftener  in  the  same  parish,  one 
numeral  serves  for  all  instances. 


Abels  Mead        374 

Abra  Field      375 

Absley  Wood 384 

Absy        388 

Acre  Bit 380 

Adams  Field,  368  ;    —  Pightle, 

375 

Addy  Field 388 

Adjers,  Little  and  Great, . .   384 

After  Croft      385 

Agers,  Little      384 

Alder  Car,  368  ;    —  Field,  361 


Aldercalf  Field 374 

Alders      384 

Alexanders  Field       . .      . .  384 

Algar,  Little 384 

Allen  Field 360,  384 

Allums  Pasture     . .      . .       384 

Angel  Field        363 

Angular  Acre 359 

Answick  Ley,  Upper  and  Lower, 

384 

Apes  Land 382 

Apple  Piece 388 


^  The  Award  for  this  parish  omits  the^field  names. 


158 


BSSEX   FIELD-NAMES. 


Apple-tree  Field,  378;  — Mead, 

379 ;   —  Piece,  372 

Apple  Trees       385 

Aragaters,  Upper  &  Lower,  368 

Arberry  Field 388 

Arbour  Field,  374;  — Park,  360 

Arbours       388 

Arbush  Field 368 

Arnolds       372 

Arnolds  Field 374 

Artkin  Field       384 

Ash  Ground,  382 ;    —  Grove, 

362 ;  — Wood  Field,  368, 379 

Ashley  Grove 376 

Ashlip 359 

Asparagus  Field     . .      . .       360 

Aspin  Field         379 

Astlings 384 

Attcrofts      374 

Attridge  Field        . ,       374,  379 

Babylon,  362  ;     — ,  Lower,  or 

Mildmay  Hills,  362 

Bacons  Croft      379 

Baddings 388 

Baddow  Mead 359 

Bakers,  Little,  385  ;    —  Field, 

372,379.384;  —  Hill,  372; 

—  Piece,  360 ;  — Wood,  376 

Bancroft      359 

Banks,  Great  and  Little,     366 

Bantlins       388 

Bamptons       386 

Bar  Field 371 

Barbers  Mead,  372 ;  —  Meadow, 

376 ;  —  Orchard,  360 

Bards  Pitts 370 

Barley  Etch        372 

Barnard,  Old 384 

Barnards 387 

Baron  Ley      374 

Barrack  Field     . .  365,  387 

Barren  Leys  . .      . .        .       381 


Barrow   Hill   Field,   384  ;     — 

Hills,   Upper  and   Lower, 

339  ;   —  Wood  Birch,  388 

Barrows  Hill,  Great  &  Little,  384 

Base  Brooms 374 

Bastards  Ley      374 

Batchford  Field     . .      . .       378 

Batteries      365,  386 

Battery  Field  and  Mead  359 
Battle  Field,  376 ;  —  Downs,  378 
Battling  Field  ..  ..  385- 
i  Bawley,  Great  and  Little,  384 
!  Bay  Croft,  385  ;  —  Field,  374 
Beach  Field,  384;  —Wood,  360 
Beadles  or  Wrangles,  384 ;  — 
Mead,  366,  388 

Bean  Hill       372 

Beards  Quarter  Mead,  Hither, 

388 
Bearmans,  Little,      . .      . .  367 

Bears  Ley       362 

Beddle  Field       379 

Bed  wells.  Little     . .      . .       379 

Beggar  Hill        372 

Beggarly 388 

Beggars  Ley      374 

Beldham  Mead      . .      . .       366 

Beldhams 368,  388 

Belgoes,  Great  and  Little,  363 
Bell  Grove,  369  ;  —  Grove 
Field,  359 ;  —  Hill  Wood, 
368;  —Mead,  387 
Bell-rope  Piece  . .  . .  361 
Bell  Ropes,  Roxwell,  . .  379 
Belleven  Pasture  . .  . .  360 
Belly  Field,  9-acre,  . .  . .  379 
Bennett,  Little,  . .  . .  384 
Bent  Field,  Great  and  Little,  382 

Berry  Field 374 

Betsys  Field       384 

Bettys  Field 388 

Bewervil      388 

Bigs 367 


THE  HUNDRED  OF  CHELMSFORD. 


159 


Bigs,  Great,        348 

Billmans         372 

Billys  Field        384 

Binck'es,  Long       . .      . .       387 
Birch  Quag,  361  ;     —   Spring, 

388 ;    —  Wood,  360 

Birches,  Great 369 

Birchells 359 

Birchin  Mead 359 

Birds   Marsh,   387 ;    —  Wood 

Field,  362 
Bishops,  385  ;     —  Great    and 

Little,  363 ;  —  Mead,  374 

Bibs,  The,      372 

Bitt      369 

Bittern  Pond  Field       . .       370 

Bitters 366 

Bittons 364 

Black  Croft,  379,  384,  385 ;   — 

Croft  Ley,  379;  —  Cross, 

388 ;  —  Field,  Little,  361 ; 

—  Grove,  360;  —  Grove 
Field,  360 ;   —  Land,  384 ; 

—  Oat  Field,  376 ;  —  Pond 
Field,  388 ;  —  Pool  Mead, 
388;  —  Rath,  379;  — 
Shots,  379,  388  ;  —  Store, 
384 ;   —  Wall  Field,  379 

Blacklands  Mead,  387 ;    —  7- 

acre,  387 
Blackley,  Little  and  Great,  374 
Blackmore  Field    . .      . .       369 
Blacksmiths  Mead    . .      . .  362 
Blackstone      . .      . .      . .       384 

Blakeleys 387 

Blakes  Wood 360 

Blatch  Field,  368  ;    —  Mead, 

363 

Blatches 364,  384 

Blatchfords  Field      . .      . .   370 

Blind  Field 387 

Blood  Lands,  371  ;    —  Leys, 

360 ;    —  Shots,  360 


Blue  Field,  388 ;  —  Barn  Field, 

374 ;    —  Coat  Field,  365 ; 

—  Hedge,  Great,  372 ;    — 

House  Field,  363,  366 
Boards  Land    Mead,  369  ;    — 

Ley,  372  ;    —  Mead,  379 

Bob  Field 376 

Bog  Field,  360,  384 ;   —  Mead, 
362 

Bogmore  Wood 376 

Bone  Croft  Field  . .      . .       387 

Boneys  Ley        384 

Bonny  Croft 374 

Boons  Field  and  Mead,  372 ;  — 

Mead,  371 
Booseys,  387  ;     —   Mead,  363 

Boot  Mead      369 

Boreham  Mead 381 

Botany.  374;  —  Field,  374;  — 

Bay  Field,  360 

Boultwoods 384 

Bow  Bridge        388 

Bowenny 384 

Bower  Field       367 

Bowling  Alley  (6a.  ar.). .       385 

Bowmans 378 

Boxted,  Upper  and  Lower,  384 

Boy  Ley      388 

Boyton  Cross,  Great  &  Llitte,  379 

Braddocks 388 

Bradley  Mead,  379 ;  —  Meadow, 

388 

Bradleys 384 

Braggs,  Great  and  Little,  382 
Brake  Hill  Field  . .  . .  376 
Brakey  Field  . .  . .  362,  372 
Bramble  Eight-acres,  378 ;    — 

F'ield,36o,379;-  Shot,  365 
Bramley  Field        . .      . .       368 

Brandies      384 

Brandocks       388 

Brank  Field        372 

Brannocks      388 


i6o 


ESSEX   FIELD-NAMES. 


Brawley  Down 384 

Braziers  Pasture    . .     . .       359 

Breakbacks        374 

Breakers  Field       . .     . .       360 
Breams,  Great  and  Little,  374 ; 

—  Wood,  374 

Brent  Hall  Lane       . .      . .  362 

Brett  Close 379 

Brewers  Field 374 

Brewhouse  Field  . .      . .       360 

Brick   Clamps,   362,   378  ;     — 

Field,   365,  371,  374,  380, 

385,  388;    —  Mead,  376; 

—  Meadow,  361 

Brick- Kiln  Field,  362,  363,  374, 
376,  386,  388;    —  Mead, 

379 
Brickley,  Hither  &  Further,  362 
Brickmores,  Great  &  Little,  374 

Brickwell  Field 360 

Bringy,  Great  and  Little,      359 

Brights  Mead 367 

Brittle,  379  ;    —    Hoppit,  305 
Broad  Oaks        . .  361,  363,  388 

Broadhams     387 

Broadovers. .      . .      . .      . .  370 

Brock  Field 374 

Brocks  Lands 375 

Broken  Back  . .      . .      368,  380 

Brokenbacks      387 

Brook  Field 359 

Brooklands  Wood     . .      . .  371 

Brookmans,  Upper  and  Lower, 

384 ;  —  Orchard,  384 

Brooks 384 

Brookshots  Mead  . .  . .  387 
Broom  Barns,  388 ;  —  Field, 
359>  360,  362,  365,  369  372, 
382,  388;  —  Hills.  368,  376, 
387;  Leys,  362;  —  Pightle, 
363;  —Pit,  387;  —Wood, 

363 
Broomfield  Field   . .      . .       366 


Brooms,  365,  375 ;  —  Bottom, 
384  ;  —  Mead,  372  ;  — 
Hither  and  Further,  385 ; 

—  Little,  374 

Brown  Field,  Little,  . .      . .  362 
Browns,  384 ;  —  Field,  380, 387 ; 

—  Mead,  379 ;    —   Piece, 

363 
Buck  End  Hoppit. .      . .       382 

Bucklands 363 

Buckley,  Great  and  Little,  362 
Buckshorn  Mead       . ,      . .  362 

Bulford  Hills 387 

Bull  Field,  381,  384  ;   —  Mead, 

387 ;    —   Land,   359  ;    — 

Baiters,  374,  375 

Bulmores 372 

Bullwards 384,  385 

Bulls  Croft,  362 ;  —  Eye  Field, 

381,  387  ;    —  Pasture,  374 
Burgess  Littley  Park   . .       384 

Burnings 369 

Burnt  Field,  361;  — Good,  365; 

—  House  Field,  374,  379, 
382 ;  —  House  Mead,  388 ; 

—  Mead,  Great  and  Little, 
376 

Burr  Field      381 

Burrells       388 

Bury,  Long  Old,   . .      . .       359 
Bushes  Land      . .     . .     . .  365 

Bushet 376,  382 

Bushetts      . .      . .  374,  385,  388 
Bushey  Clover,  366;  — Lees,  388 

Butchers  Piece 362 

Butlers,  384,  388  ;    —  Ley,  363 

Butt  Field 388 

Buttons 384 

Butts  Field 370,  381 

B winters  Field      . .      . .       374 
Byford  Tye,  388 ;  —  Tye  Field, 

386 
Bylands  Mead 359 


THE    HUNDRED   OP   CHELMSFORD. 


I6l 


Cabin  Field    . .      362,  370,  378 

Cacbridge 371 

Cadmans  Field  . .  . .  374 
Cage  Field,  376  ;  —  i  p.,  374 
Calves  Common,  372 ;  —  Coop 
Field,  378 ;  —  Coop  Hill, 
387 ;  —  Pasture,  360 
Cambinell,  Hither  &  Great,  379 

Camica  Field 387 

Camp  Field,  368;  —  Mead,  368, 

372 

Campers  Mead 387 

Campin  Mead 379 

Camsic  Ley        384 

Cannons 384 

Carraway  Field,  378;  —  Mead, 

368,  387 
Carters,  Great  &  Little,  381 ;  — 

Field,  370 ;  —  Hoppit,  379; 

— Mead,37i;  — Pasture,379 

Castle  Field        374 

Castles  Field 384 

Castor  Field       359 

Cat  Bin  Hill,  379  ;    —  Pond, 

359;   —  Tail  Field,  378 
Cats  Brains  (13a.)-  •      •  •       3^3 

Catchers  Field 360 

Causeway  Mead    . .  361 

Cavins  Field      385 

Chalk  Field  (et  alibi),  372 ;    — 

Hills,  387 
Chamberlains  Meadow. .       381 

Chamberlands 382 

Champens  Oak  375 

Champing 379 

Chandlers       387 

Channel   Field,  378,  387  ;    — 

Mead,  380 

Chantry  Field      362 

Chap       379 

Chapel  Field,  360, 367,  370,  376, 

379,381,384;  —Pin,  384; 

—  Wood,  376 
L 


1     Chapmans  Croft,  384;  —  Field, 

376 
Charles  Field,  359;  —  Shot,  380 
Chase,  360,  361,  363,  365,  366, 

372,374»375»376,379>38i, 
382,386,387,388;  — ,The, 
374»  378,  384  ;  —  Brooms, 
375 ;  —  Field*  359i  3^5  ;  — 
Lane,  362 ;  —  Ley,  376 
Chaseway  370,  385,  387,  388 
Chatterers  Field    . .      . .       380 

Chavacks  Field 374 

Chequer  Field        372,  374,  388 

Chequers  Mead 388 

'  Cherry  Garden,  359, 365, 384 ;  — 
Garden  Field,  388;  —  Gar- 
den Pasture,  384;  — Garden 
Piece,  384 ;  —  Orchard,  362, 
368 

Chest  Field 361 

Chestnut  Mead  . .  . .  380 
Chestnut-tree  Field  . .  . .  389 
Chessons  Mead  . .  . .  367 
Chi  Hands,  Upper  and    Lower, 

382 
Chimney  Corner  Field  . .       374 
China  Hall  Meadow..     ..  388 
Chobbings,  Great,. .      363,  366 

Chopping  Shots 379 

Choppins  Wood    . .  374 

Christmas  Hill 380 

Cinquefoil  Field  . .  . .  374 
Clapgate  Field,  359,  362,  363, 

374»  376,  378,  382»  385*  386, 

388 ;   —  Meadow,  386 
Clark  of  the  How  . .     . .       381 
Clarks  Croft,  384 ;  —  Field,  360, 

381 ;   —  Wood,  368 
Clatterkeys,  385 :  — ,  Great  and 

Little,  384 

Clattergate 384 

Clay  Acres,  387 ;    —   Bakers, 

359 ;   —  Oaks,  382 


l62 


ESSEX    FIELD-NAMES. 


Clay-Pit,  365, 376;  —  Field,  359, 
360,  362,  375,  382,  384,  385, 
388  ;   —  Mead,  369,  370 

Clobbs 365,  367 

Clockticker 366 

Clod  Field 363,  388 

doggers 360 

Clothes  Hedge  Field  . .  363 
Cloutens  Field  . .  . .  374 
Clouting  Common     . .      . .   374 

Clubs       384 

Clump  Mead      376 

Clutterbuck  Wood        . ,       376 

Coaby  Field        368 

Coal  Hearth,  362;  —  Mead,  374 

(See  also  Cole) 
Coarse  Piece,  374;  —  Mead,  385 
Cobblfers  Field,  372  ;   —  Croft, 
376,  385;  -  Hill,  387 

Cobs  Marsh        359 

Cock  Field,  362,  372,  378,  380, 
384,  388;  —  Hide,  365; 
—  Hope,  379 ;     —  Mead, 

387 

Cockshead  Mead  . .  •  •  375 
Codlin  Tree  Field  .  .  382 

Cokers  Pightle 382 

Cold  Harbour,  384  ;    —  Hills, 

376 
Cole  Earth  Field,  378 ;  —  Seed 

Field,  388  {See  also  Coal) 

Coleham      360 

Colehooks       374 

Colemans  Piece,  366 ;  —  Spring, 

360 

Collap  Gardens 360 

CoUey  Bridge,  Great  and  Little, 

379 

Colliers  Mead 374 

Collins 363,  384 

Coltseed  Field  . .  . .  372 
Comb  Field,  Little,  . .  . .  375 
Combes  Field         . .      . .       387 


Common,  Great  and  Little,  379; 

—  Field,  359,  360,  365,  366, 
368,370,371,372,374,376, 
382,387,388,382,387,388; 

—  Land,  360;  —  Mead, 
378,  384 ;  —  Meadow,  378, 
388 ;   —  Piece,  363 

Cooks,  384  ;    —  Field,  370,  374 

Cooley,  Great, 379 

Coopers 374 

Coppendocks      384 

Copper  Field  and  Mead         361 

Coppice       379 

Copse  Field,  371, 380;  — Wood, 

363 

Copy        388 

Copyhold  P'ield  . .  361,  372,  382 

Copyholds       380 

Cordlands 365 

Corner  Mead 387 

Cottees  Field      370 

Cottesfield  Gladwins  . .  368 
Coulter  Field  . .  .  . .  381 
Court  Field,  Great  and  Little, 

388;   -  Hill,  375 

Covalls 365 

Coverleys 384 

Cowbridges,  Great  &  Little,  380 

Cowhill  Wood 368 

Cowley 384 

Cow-water  Mead       . .      . .   388 

Coxall  Field,  Little,      . .       362 
Coxsells  ....      . .   363 

Crab-tree,  384 ;    —  Field,  372, 

384  ;    —  Mead,  365,  374  ; 

—  Meadow,  359 

Crabs  Garden 374 

Crack  Marsh 387 

Crackland 374. 

Cramphorns  Mead . .     .  *.  388 

Cranham  Wood  Field      . .  362 

Craw  leys  Mead      . .  369 

Criars,  The,  388;  —Wood,  388 


THE   HUNDRED   OF   CHELMSFORD. 


163 


Crib 381 

Crixes,  Upper  and  Lower,  381 

Croats      388 

Crooked  Croft,  374 ;    —  Field, 

376,  385.  387 
Crooks  Croft,  362 ;  —  Pasture,  363 

Crops,  Long,      362 

Cross  Croft,  384 ;    -  Path,  384 ; 

—  Path  Field,  359, 362, 365, 

369.  372,  374.378,38i»3S2, 
385,  38^»387,388 

Crouch  Field 376 

Crow  Field,  384 ;  —  Mead,  366 
Crowbars,  Lower,  . .  365 
Crows  Heath,  Great  and  Little, 

371  ;  —  Pasture,  379 

Croxons  Mead 387 

Croziers  Field  . .  . .  382 
Cuckold  Croft  Ley  . .  . .  363 
Cucumber  Field,  374;  —  Mead 

384 
Cudham  Mead       . .      . .       379 

Cudhams 388 

Cudhams,  Little,  . .     . .       379 

Culls  Field 379 

Culverts  Wood      . .     . .       362 

Culvers  Field     375 

Cumberlands 379 

Curry  Hills 378 

Cut  Bin  Hill,  388;  —  Elm  Field, 

370,  388 

Cut-throat  Field,  374 ;   —  Hall 

Field,  388 
Cuton  Mead  (very  extensive)  382 

Daffodil  Wood 388 

Daffy  Mead,  368 ;  —  Wood,  363 

Dagness      379 

Daisys     384 

Dalys 365 

Damas  Field 384 

Damsel  Croft,  374;     —  Great 
and  Little,  381 


Danes,  381 ;  — ,  Upper  &  Middle, 

382;  —  Mead,  381 

Daniel  Croft       382 

Daniels,  378 ;  —  Ley,  384 ;   — 

Meadow,  381 

Dannescroft 366 

Dark  Field 359 

Darlings 374 

Dawns  Hole       365 

Daws       388 

Days  Field 379 

Deadmans  Field  . .  359,  385 
Dedman  Lane  Field  . .  388 
Dedmons,  Great  and  Little,  376 

Dean  Hedges     385 

Deans      359 

Decoy  Mead,  362;  —  Pond,  362 
Deer  Slade  Wood ....  388 
Deers  Bridge  Meadow     . .  375 

Dial  Field       368 

Dick  Mead 372 

Dicks  Field,  384;  —  Mead,  380 

Dickens       384 

Digbys  Barn  Field       . .       382 

Dilly  Row 384 

Divers  Piece 384 

Dobbs,  Ten-acre,  . .  . .  365 
Dockey,  Lower,  369 ;  —  Field, 

369 
Doctors  Field,  359;  —  Hill,  387; 

—  Meadow,  388 

Dodds      381 

Does  Mead 361 

Dog  Kennel  Field. .      359,  365 

Doggeral  Mead 379 

Dole — See  Dool. 

Dominie,  Hither  &  Further,  374; 

— ,  Little,  374 
Dool  Field,  363,  374,  384,  388  ; 

— ,  Middle,  379 

Dools,  Long,      382 

Dorsets  Mead 372 

Double  Hills      380 


ESSEX    FIELD-NAMES. 


164 

Dovehouse,  381 ;  —  Croft,  367,     ' 
374;  —  Field,  360, 362,  374, 
381,  384  ;    —   Hop  Yard, 
379;    —  Mead,  371,  382; 

—  Meadow,  375,  376;   — 
Pasture,  379 

Doves  Hoppit        . .     . .       379 

Down  Mead       379 

Downs,  384,  388 ;  — ,  The,  360 ; 

— ,  Great  and  Little,  370, 

379»  388  ;     —  Upper  and 

Lower,  367;  — Gravelly,  388 

Downham  Mead  . .   371 

Dowsetts 369 

Dragons  Foot,  Further  &  Hither, 
363 

Drakes  Leys       384 

Driftway 365*  37^ 

Dringe,  Upper, 367 

Dripping  Pan  Meadow. .       363 

Drivers  Piece 374 

Dover  Croft 370 

Drunken  Field 384 

Duffields  Town  Field    . .       359 

Duffries  Close 384 

Dukes,  H  ither  and  Further,  368 ;     • 

—  Field,  379 ;  —  Orchard,     \ 
360, 388 ;  —  Wood  Field.  362 

Dumplings,  Great  &  Little,  363 

Duns  Hole      363 

Dunsells      384 

Dunstalls,  385  ;    — ,  Great  and 

Little,  363 
Dunstead,    6-acres,    368  ;      — 

Middle  and  Lower,  368 
Dunsteds,  360, 372 ;  —  Wood,  372 
Durrants  Croft,  382;  —  Hope,  359 

Dyer  Mead 369 

Dyers,  Great 388 

Eagle  Meadow 376 

Ealings,  Further  &  Hither,  382 
Earls,  Lower, 381 


379i 


368 

378 
362 
388 
384 
388 

363 
388 
388 
.   366 

378 
.  360 

363 
Mead, 


Earth  Barn  Field  . . 

East  Field 

Eastney  Wood  Field 
Eddy  Downs 
Edes  Field 
Edney  Wood 
Edwards  Downs    . . 
Elm  Field  . .      . .  368, 
Ellis  Wood      ..      .. 
Empty  Purse  Field  . , 
Encroachment 
Endway  Field    . . 
Ether  Downs . . 
Evans  Bottoms,  387 ; 

361 
Ewe  Lands,  376  ;    — ,   Hither 

and  Further,  388 
Exchange,  The, 378 

Fair  Field       361 

Fairsted  Mead    .....      . .  374 

Fairwood 374 

Fan  Croft,  375 ;  —  Field,  384 ; 
—  Garden,  384 ;  —  Mead, 
388  ;   —  Meadow,  388 

Fare  Field      359 

Farness  Wood 376 

Farthings  . .      370,  378 

Fenn  Mead 387 

Fens  Land      382 

Fillers  3 -acres 359 

Fir  Tree  Field        . .  363 

Fish  Field 387 

Fisher  Field 372 

Fitch  Field,  Great  &  Little,  387 

Fitz  Johns      384 

Five  Corner  Field,  369 ;  —  Cor- 
ners, 385 ;  —  Shot  Field,  387 

Flacks  Croft       379 

Flat  Field       359,  370,  371,  378 
Flats,  The,  . .      . .  . .   359 

Flax  Hill 374 

Fliams 374 


THE   HUNDRED   OF   CHELMSFORD. 


165 


Floodgate  Mead     . .     . .       365 

Folks  Wood       387 

Folly  Field     378 

Foot  Field,  Great,  380 ;  —  Cut 

Hill,   380;      —  Cut    Hill 

Shaw,  380 

Fords  Mead 359 

Fore  Field,  372 ;   —  Mead,  379 

Forebury 379 

Fourberry  Field 379 

Forest      370 

Forge  Field 363 

Foresters 388 

Forths  Field       385 

FostHill 368 

Fox  Barrows,  388  ;     —  Field, 

388;    -—  Holes,  387;    — 

Meadow,  378  ;    —  Burrow 

Field,  381;  —Burrow  Mead, 

372;    —   Earlh,  384;     — 

Earth  Wood,  371 

Foxes  Mead       376 

Framptons  Grove. .      ..       362 

Franks  Mead 384 

Free  Croft       384 

Freedoms 379 

Freemans        384 

French  Hill        360 

Frenchs  Hoppit     . .      , .       365 

Fridays       388 

Frigate  Field,  Little,  . .  369 
Fuller  Field,  374 ;  —  Mead,  372 
Fullers  Field,  384;    —   Mead, 

361 ;   —  Meadow,  361 
Furze  Field,  365,  368,  370,  376, 

380,387,3^8;  —Hill,  368; 

—  Mead,  359 ;  —  Spring,  365 
Furzy  Piece        360 

Gages  or  Copy  Field     . .       362 

Gains,  Great,  382  ;    —   Small, 

(several  in  359),  360,  362, 

3631  368,  370,  371 »  372, 374» 


378,384,385,387,388;  — 
Field,  Great,  387 ;  —  Field, 
Small,  387;  — ,  Great  and 
Little  Small,  359 

Gales  Croft 376 

Galleons,  Great  and  Little,  379 

Galleys  Field 374 

Gallows  Field    . .  365,  372,  381 

Gandys  Field 366 

Gangbridge,  385 ;  —  Mead,  376 

Gap  Field       360 

Gardiners,  385  ;   —  Field,  359 ; 
—  Barn  Field,  382 

Garlands 371 

Garlic  Marsh 382 

Garrets,  High, 360 

Gassey  Field 388 

Gay  Mead 385 

Gays  Field      359 

Gentle  Roses      376 

Gentrys  Field 384 

Gents  Hoppit 379 

Georgia 375 

Gibbs,  Little,  388  ;    —  Garden, 
388 

Gibcracks  Lane 370 

Gibraltar,  365, 372 ;  —  Field,  360 
Gibraltars,  381 ;  —  Garden,  381 
Gilberts  Ley 381 

..  381 
—  Hall 


Giles  Mead 
Gingerbread  Field,  378 

Mead,  359 
Girls..     .. 
Glaziers 
Glebe  Meads 
Glove  House  Shots 
Glovers  Ley  . . 
Goats  Moor 
Gobble  Pit  Field 
Gobies,  Round,  etc. 
Goddards  Mead 
Godfreys  Mead 
Gold  Field      . . 


.  384 

•  .  388 

•  367 
••  363 

.  365 

..  364- 

•  359 
••   363 

•  376 
..  388 

365,  388 


i66 


ESSEX   FIELD-NAMES. 


Golden  Field,  365;  — Ley,  365; 

—  Ley,  Great  and  Little, 
359 ;  —  Meadow,  376  ;  — 
Slipe,  379 

Goldings      . .  363 

Good,  Little, 365 

Goose  Leys 376 

Gooseriddles 363 

Gorbetts      388 

Gore  Field,  378,  384;  —  Mead, 

376 
Gorings  Garden  . .       372 

Gotts,  The,        380 

Graces  Cross,  381 ;.    —   Field, 

368  ;   — ,  Great,  368 

Grants  Lane 379 

Grave — see  Griggs     . .     . .  379 
Gravel  Field,  375 ;    —   Mead, 

384;  —  Gate  Pasture,  384; 

—  Pit  Field,  359,  360,  361, 
362,  365,  366,  368,  369,  372, 
374»  376,  381,  382,  384,  385, 
388 ;  —  Pit  Mead,  372 ;  — 
Pit  Pasture,378;  —  Pits, 379 

Gravelys      384 

Grays,  384  ;   —  Field,  384 
Green  Gate  Pasture,  365 ;    — 

Sops,  363 
Greens,  Great  and  Little,    382 

Greensteads 380 

Grewins,  John, 379 

Grey  Shot       384 

Griflfenhoofs,  Upper  and  Lower, 

382 
Griggs  (or  Grave  Pit)  Mead  379 
Grimsley,  Upper,  . .      . .       366 

Groats 365 

Grove  Field,  359,  368,  370,  374, 

375*382, 384;  —Mead,  362 
Grundles,  Part  of,  . .      . .       362 

Grunsell  Field 388 

Guinea  Mead 381 

Gunpowder  Mead     . .     . .  362 


Gurdons  Field 362 

Gutter  Slips 376 

Gutters  Pasture         . .     . .  365 

Habbut  Field 371 

Hadcroft      366 

Hag  Bush,  Upper,        . .       388 

Hail  Croft 363 

Half  Moon  Field  . .     . .       371 

Hales 369 

Hall  Croft,  359 ;   —  Field,  366, 

374;    —   Hooks,  374;    — 

Mead,  372 

Halls 384 

Halseys,  Long,      . .      . .       382 

Hamsoles 384 

Hamsteads      379 

Hance . .  366 

Hand-post  Field    . .      . .       365 

Hands  Field       374 

Hangings        . .      . .       374,  378 
Hanging  Hill,  Great  and  Little, 

370,  381 
Hanging  Hills  . .      . .  378,  387 

Hannikins       364 

Hanvil  Field       370 

Hanwell  Field        . .      . .       378 

Hard  Beams       384 

Hardens  Piece       . .      . .       363 
Hare,  Great,  362;    — ,    Lower 

and  Upper  Old,  368 

Harkenbags       385 

Harp,  The,  386 ;   -—  Field,  379 

Harpers  Field 361 

Harris,  Little,  382 ;   — ,  Great, 

384 ;  —  Mead,  359 

Hart  Piece      374 

Harts  Field,  374 ;  —  Wood,  379 

Harvalands 361 

Harvest  Field,  361 ;    —  Home, 

388 
Harvey s  Meadow      . .     . .  361 
Hatch  Grove 379 


THE    HUNDRED   OF   CHELMSFORD. 


167 


Hatches  Pightle  . .  . .  371 
Hatfield  Mead  360 

Haw  Bush  Mead  . .  362 

Hawks  Wood  Field  . .  362 
Hawthorn  Field,  379;  —  Grove, 

388 
Hawkins,  363  ;    —  Field,  363 ; 

—  Mead,  385 

Haycock  Field 362 

Hazel],  First  and  Second,  388 
Hearsall,  Upper  and  Lower,  384 
Hedgehog  Field     . .  3*81 

Hen  Field 372 

Hens  Croft      388 

Herns  Land       360 

Herring  Croft 384 

Hetcher  (?  Fletcher)  Field  368 
Hickerage  Meadow       . .       388 

Hickmans 371 

Higlers  Field..      ....       384 

Highland  Grove 388 

Hilliard  Field 388 

Hills 384 

Hindles 379 

Hob  Goblers      387 

Hobbles  Field        . .      . .       375 

Hobgoblins 359 

Hobley  Field 385 

Hobbs  Court,  362;  —  Field,  384 

Hobby  Johns 384 

Hockey  Ley       375 

Hockleys  Field  ..  ..  388 
Hoddocks,  Great  &  Little,  367 ; 

—  Wood,  367 

Hodges,  388 ;    —  Meadow,  378 

Hog  Field       388 

Hogs  Croft 384 

Hoggny  Downs      . .      . .       369 

Holemans 384 

Hollands  Field       . .      . .       384 

Hollings      384 

Hollow  Acres,  365  ;    —  Crofts, 
363  ;   —  Elm,  379 


Holly  Field,  388;  —  Grove,  360; 

—  Bread  Wood,  360;     — 

Bush  Field,  368 ;  —  Grove 

Field,  360 

Holly-tree  Field        . .      . .   378 

Hollys     366 

Holmes  Field 384 

Holve  Field,  372  {sualso  Wholve) 
Honey  Comb,  Upper  and  Lower, 
381 

Hook  Field 376,  388 

Hooks,  365,  388;  —,  Great,  363; 
— ,  Little  and  Great,  366, 
387  ;  —  and  Towns,  363 
Hop-Garden,  366,  368,  369,  375, 
376,  379  15)»  382,  384,  387, 
388 ;   — ,  Great  and  Little, 
382  ;  — ,  Old,  388;  —  Close, 
362;    —   Field,    362,    374, 
376 ;  — -  Mead,  365,  388 ;  — 
Meadow,  362 
Hop-Ground,  359, 369;  —  Field, 
387 ;  —  Piece,  363, 366,  384 
Hope,  Bridge,  379  ;    — ,  Long, 
379 ;  — ,  Round,  379 

Hopeless 381 

Hopes,  Small,  361 ;  —  Meadow, 

376 
Hophedges  Mead       . .      . .   370 
Hopping  Jacks      . .      . .       368 

Hoppies  Mead 368 

Hoppit,  359,  362,  363,  365,  369, 

370.  371*372,  375.376,  378, 
3791380,381,382,384,386, 
387, 388 ;  — ,  First  &  Second, 
369 ;  -— ,  Long,  361 

Hops  Croft 388 

Horn  Row  Mead,  368;  — Spring, 
362 

Horns,  Little 388 

Horselands 372,  384 

Horse-Shoes,  370;  — Field,  370 
Horsley,  379  ;     —   Down,  37^ 


i68 


ESSEX   FIELD-NAMES. 


Horsnell  Shot        . .     . .       375 

Horton  Field      384 

Hospital  Mead  . .       376 

Houghtons 359 

Houldsmiths 374 

Houndon,  Upper  and  Little,  370 ; 

—  Wood,  371 

Hounds  Lands  Grove       . .   376 

Hove,  The,     361 

How  Field,  374,  381,  384;   — 

Field,    Great    and    Little, 

385;    —  Mead,  Great  and 

Little,  381 
Howards,  Great  and  Little,  388 

Howletts 370 

Hoys,  366 ;   —  Croft,  374 
Hubbards  Yard      . .      . .       367 

Huggate      379 

Hughess  Mead  . .  . .  381 
Hulbridge  Field  . .  . .  387 
Hull  Croft,  384;  —  Field,  Great 

and   Little,  365;     —  Tree 

Field,  360,  381 

Hulls  Field 381 

Humphreys,  365 ;  -- ,  Little,  366 
Hundred  Acres   (0.1.31.)   384; 

(i. I. II.)  387;  (0.1.36.)  388; 

(0.2.16.)  363 
Hunells,  Upper,     . .     . .       370 

Hunger  Elms 387 

Hungerdown 370 

Hungerdowns,   362,    381  ;     — , 

Little,  362 
Hungry  Downs  . .      . .  368,  372 
Hunts  Croft,  388;  —  Field,  361 ; 

— ,  Great  and  Little,  382 ; 

—  Crofts,  388 

Hurrells      372 

Husketts  Mead,  Piece  in,     360 

Hutlands 382 

Hyde,  Great  and   Little,  384; 

—  Land   Croft,   384  ;    — 
Meadow,  363 


Hylands 
Hythe  Wood 


379,  384 
..       368 


lUgoers  and  Drivers  . .      . .  380 
Inghams,  Great  and  Little,  374 

Ink  Field 381 

Ireland,  Great,   .        .       . .  384 

Island  Mead 3^ 

Ivey,  Little,  388  ;    —  Hill,  376 

Jackletts  Mead 387 

Jacks  Hill       384 

James  Land, 378;  —Land  Field, 
376 ;   —  Chalks  Field,  385 

Jays      374 

Jenkins  Field 378 

Jiggins  Field      372 

Jingling  Spring      . .      . .       376 
Johns  Hills,  Upper  and  Lower, 

381 ;   —  Land,  361 
Johnstones  Hoppit    . .      . .   361 

Jollys,  Great, 384 

Jonathans  Field 360 

Joslins  Field 385 

Joyces  Mead       388 

Judges,  Upper  and  Lower,  381 

Reelings        387 

Kelly  Hop  Yard    . .      . .       379 

Kemp  Field        386 

Kemps  Croft,  388 ;  —  Field,  379 
Ketleys  Field,375;  -Pasture,  384 

KettleyWell      384 

Kettle  Field,  384;  -  Mead,  368 

Ketts  Croft 388 

Kibbons  Acre 379 

Kilderkins 374 

Killy  Field      362 

Kiln  Field,  359,  361,  368,  369, 
372,  375,  388 ;  —  Meadow, 
361;  —  Pasture,  384;  — 
House  Close,  384 ;  —  House 
Field,  379 


THE    HUNDRED   OF   CHELMSFORD. 


169 


King  Cross,  363 ;  —  Field,  374 ; 

—  Mead,  359;  —  Wood,  376 
Kings  Croft,  388 ;  —  Field,  361 ; 

—  Mead,  361 ;  —  Piece,  365 ; 

—  Well  Field,  360 
Kingstons  Mead        . .     . .  359 
Kirkhams,  385 ;   —  Hole,  372 ; 

—  Ley»  359 

Kitchen  Field  (^a,)  (6a.)  539; 
(3«0  360 ;  (3a.)  361 ;  (id.) 
(6a.){iia.)  362;  (4a.)  (12a.) 
(6a.)  363;  {iia.){isa.)s6s; 
(2»'.)(5«0  366;  (ifl.)  367; 
(ioa.)(i5a.)(iofl.)37o;  (3a.) 
(3'»-)372;  (4^0  (io«0  (5«0 
374;  (3«0  375;  (ii«0  376; 
(8a.)  379;  (4^0  380;  (6«.) 
(6a.)  382 ;  (3a.)  (8a.)  (6a.) 
(ga.)  (8a.)  (8a.)  (3a.)  384 ; 
(12a.)  385;  (2a.)  (3«.)  (4«-) 
(6a.)  (8a.)  (4a.)  (8a.)  (14a.) 
387;  (6a.)  (6a.)  (8a.)  (2a.) 
(5«.)  (9^0  388;  -Hill  (5a.) 
380;  —  Mead  (3a.)  370; 
(2a.)  (9a.)  371 ;  (3a.)  372 ; 
(6a.)  379  ;  (2a.)  388  ;  - 
Meadow,  (12a.)  359 
Knaves  Meadow  . .  . .  359 
Knightless,  388  ;  —  Hither  and 

Further,  381 
Knights  Lands       . .      . .       379 
Knobbs  Paddock       . .     . .  388 
Knowles,  Great  and  Little    365 

Ladder  Field      368 

Lads  Field      367 

Lady  Croft,  384;  —  Field,  362; 
— Grove,  388;  —  Hope,  363; 

—  Mead,  381 ;  —  Works, 
367,  388 ;  —  Grove  Field, 
388;  —Well  Mead,  381 

Lamb  Field 388 

Landbury  Hill 388 


Landseers       363 

Lan^  Mead  Field      . .      . .  360 
Langhams  Field    . .  387 

Langleys,  Little  and  Great,    — 

Lark  Field      384 

Larks,  Great  and  Little,  . .  388 

Lashes 388 

Lashlands 387 

Lashings 363 

Latchendons       381 

Lavender,  Lower,  375 ;  —  Upper, 

384 
Lavenders  Stick    • .     . .       375 

Lavers  Field      384 

Lawford  Mead       . .      . ,       388 

Lawfords  Mead 367 

Lawn,  363,  365,  370,  388 ;    — , 

The,  382;     — ,  Front  and 

Back,  361 ;     —  Mead,  388 
Lawns,  Great  and  Little,     384 

Laws,  The,     360 

Layer,  First  and  Second,     386 
Layers     . .      ....      . .       365 

Leech  Pond  Field     . .      . .  362 

Lee  Wood      374 

Lees  Piece 384 

Leg  of  Mutton  Field    . .       359 

Legus  Field        384 

Leighs,  Great  and  Little,  374 ; 

—  Mead,  374 
Lennards  Field      . .     . .       363 

Levetts  Croft      376 

Leys,  The  Old       ....       362 
Lightfoot  Ley,  379  ;  —  Spring, 

388 

Lightfoots 388 

Lilley  Field,  388;  —Mead,  371, 

380 

Lilleys 372 

Limborough       384 

Lime  Field 387 

Linces  Meadow 376 

Lincoln  Field 388 


170 


ESSEX   FIELD-NAMES. 


Ling  Downs       371 

Lingwood  Common     v , .       368 

Linkeys       381 

Linnetts  Mead       . .  368 

Liquorice  Field 368 

Little  Boy  Ley  . .  . .  388 
Little  Johns  . .  . .  361,  376 
Littlesomebrooms . ,  . .  385 
Loampit  Pasture       . .      . .  365 

Loan  Field     361 

Locust  Field      385 

London,  Little,      . .      . ,       374 

Lone  Field 368,  380 

Lones  Field 374 

Lords  Croft,  379;  —  Field,  365 ; 

—  Lands,  360, 388;  —Mead, 
372,  384 ;  —  Meadow,  363 

Lost  Field,  374,  378,  382;    — 

Piece  Pasture,  378 
Loves  Meadow,  376 ;  —  Grove 

Field,  362  ;   —  Hill  Mead, 

359 

Lowlands        365 

Lowlys  Mead 374 

Lows,  The 360 

Lowsing  Wood 375 

Loyters  Hill 370 

Lucerne  Field,  366,  382,  388 ; 

—  Piece,  380,  381,  388;  — 
Mead,  381 

Luckings  Field      . .      . .  385 

Lucklands 374 

Lucks  Field 359 

Lunborough       384 

Lye  Mead       372 

Mabbs,   384 ;     — ,    Lower   and 
Upper,  374 

Mad  Croft 384 

Maid  Field      379 

Maiden  Hill,  376;  —  Mead,  374 
Maidens  Field,  359;  —  Ley,  379 
Maids  Island      388 


Mail  Field      387 

Managerie 384 

Man  Wood 374 

Many  Waters  (grass)       . .  370 

Maple  Croft 374 

Maple-tree  Field  . .  . .  372 
Marches,  Upper  and  Lower,  384 

Mardlin  Field 387 

Mares  Ground,  Little,  . .       362 

Margaret  Mead 361 

Mare  Pit  Field  . .  365,  368 
Marshlands,  Long  . .  . .  372 
Martins   Field,   369,    382 ;     — 

Land,  384 
Mary  Appletons  Mead  . .       388 

Marygold  Field 372 

Marygolds       362 

j     Marys  Piece       388 

Mashbury  Field,  361 ;  — ,  Upper 

and  Lower,  379 
Match  Croft   . .      . .      374,  385 
Mavis,  Great  and  Little,  . .  380 
May  Bug  Hall       ....       365 

Mayer  Field       376 

Mays  Field 374 

Meanns  Field 362 

Megs  Lane  Field  . .  . .  384 
Middleditch  Field  . .  . .  363 
Middletons  Field  . .  . .  359 
Mile-stone  Field  . ,   362 

Militia  Field 359 

Mill  Field,  359,  360,  362,  363, 
367.  368,  374,  384,  385,  387, 
388 ;  —  Ley,  365,  379 ;  — 
Mead,  360,  362,  382,  384 ; 

—  Meadow,  362,  381 ;  — 
Hill,  369, 371  •  378, 380, 381 ; 

—  Hill  Field,  376,  387 ;  — 
Hill  Wood,  364;  -  Pit  Field, 
37i»376;  —Walk,  360 

Millbanks  Field 385 

Millers,  374 ;  —  Field,  359,  370; 

—  Ley,  376;  —  Mead,  379 


THE    HUNDRED   OF  CHELMSFORD. 


171 


Milksops 384 

Millows  Mead 372 

Misons 379 

Mistling  Field 363 

Mitchells 388 

Moat,  367 ;   —  Field,  363,  372, 

374»  378»  382,  384*  385*  387* 
388;  —  Mead,  371, 372,  379; 

—  Piece,  359,  381,  388 
Monks  Land,  382 ;  —  Ley,  388 

Montagues      388 

Montpeliers        365 

Moor,  Upper  and  Lower,  379; 

—  Shot,  379 

Moors,  The,  360,  368,  369,  371, 

372,374»375.382,385»388; 

— ,  Great,  379 ;    — ,  Great 

and  Little,  384 
Moreton,  High,      . .      . .       379 

Mormans  Hill 380 

Morris  Field 385 

Mortars  Field 371 

Mosies  Mead,  366,388;  — ,  Little 

Field  by,  360 

Moss  Mead 384 

Motts  Field 375 

Mountneys  Mead  . .      . .       379 

Mow  Field 385 

Mowers 384 

Mud  Field 362 

Mudwalls        374 

Mumms  Hedge  Common . .  384 
Munns  Hedge  Common  Field, 

384 

Murrell . .       384 

Mushroom  Field        . .      . .   359 

Mutcocks        365 

Mutmore  Field 379 

Nash  Field     382 

Nathans       365,  388 

Navels 363 

Neals  Pasture 376 


Neaves 381 

Needle  Field      369 

Netley  Field 363 

Nettle  Croft        359 

I     Nettlesons  Brooms        . .       362 
New  England,  360, 362, 384 ;  — 
England  Wood,  387 

Newark  Field 384 

Newfoundland        . .     . .       360 

Newfoundlands 387 

Newgate  Field       . .      360,  388 

I     Newland,  Little,  374 ;  —  Mead, 

385 
Newlands,  370,   376,  379  ;     — 

Spring,  363 
Newmans  Bottom     . .        .374 
Newny  Mead,  388 ;    —  Green 

Field,  379 
Nich  Adams  Field         . .       361 

Night  Leys         380 

Nightlands,  Long,         . .       371 

Nighten  Lees 382 

Nightingale  Field  . .      . .       384 

Nightlease 361 

Nightless,  379  ;  —  Green  Hop- 
pet,  370  ;  — ,  Hither  and 
Further,  359 

Ninniset  Field 374 

Noaks,  Little,  . .  . .  374 
Nook  Field,  384  ;  —,  The,  388 
Norman  Field  . .  . .  387 
Norrington  Field  . .  . .  379 
North  Field,  384,  387 ;  —  Hill, 
378;  —  Hills,  378;  —  Mead, 
384;  — Meadow,  363 

Nut  Beans 381 

Nut-tree  Field       372,  378,  388 

Oak  Field,  372,  374,  384,  385, 
387  ;  —  Mead,  368,  379, 
382  ;  —  Meadow,  388 ;  — 
Ridden,  369 

Oaks,  Three, 359 


172 


ESSEX    FIELD-NAMES. 


Oaking  Grove  . .       359 

Oakley,   388 ;     — ,   Great    and 

Little,  363 

Oakleys       365,  385 

Oatens  Field 360 

Ocre  Mead 366 

Odd  Field       385 

Oger  Field,  Upper  &  Lower,  381 

Ogers  Field 370 

Old  Barnard,  384  ;    —    Johns 

Spring,  374;  —  Mans  Piece, 

388 

Orphans 379 

Osborns  Land 359 

Osboums 388 

Ouseing  Mead 388 

Outling,  Little,  . .  . .  360 
Outtens  Green,  361 ;  —  Mead, 

361 
Oval  Field      . .      . .      362,  363 

Oven  Field 362 

Ox  Eyes 380 

Oxen  Hoppit      388 

Oxhouse  House  Field  .  •       362 

Oxley 388 

Oxney  Field 376 

Ozier  Bed,  368,  374 ;   —  Long, 

379 ;   —  Ground,  359,  362, 

363,381,382,384,385,388 
Oziers      . .     . .      361,  374,  388 

Padwick  Field 374 

Page  Gate      388 

Paingie  Hoppit 366 

Painters,  Great  and  Little,  388 
Palmers,  Great  and  Little,  384 ; 

—  Mead,  367,  384,  388 
Pan  Croft,  384;  —  Field,  370, 376 
Pankcake  Field      . .      369,  385 

Pandon  Wood 371 

Panfully,  Great  and  Little,  384 
Pannels  Field  . .  382,  385 
Par  Field 384 


Paradise  Field,  388 ;  —  Meadow, 

388 

Parish  Field       368 

Park,  360;    — ,  The,  361,  381 ; 

— ,  Old,  360 ;  —  Mead,  376 

Parkers 384 

Parlour  End  Field    . .     . .  362 

Parnells 384 

Parsons  Land,  384;    —  Piece, 

37A  ;   —  Spring,  388 
Partridge  Field,  384;  —  Hill,  361 

Pashmeres      381 

Patches       367 

Patentees  Meadow        . .       360 

Patience      379 

Pear  Croft 379 

Peartree  Field,  360. 362, 363, 365, 

3691  370;  372,  374»  378,  382, 

384.385,387;  —Hill,  380; 

—  Ley,  379;  —Mead,  361, 
387  ;  — ,  Meadow,  376  ;  — 
Rose  Field,  371;—  Yard,  387 

Pease  Mead,  Great  &  Little,  370, 
372;  — Wood  Meadow,  361 
Pedlars  Path  (4/1.)  . .  368 
Peeping,  N  ewland  &  Oldland,  379 
Pegs  Croft,  388 ;  —  Land,  361 ; 

—  Mead,  388 

Pending,  Long,     . .      . .       384 

Pendon  Croft      384 

Pengy  Mead,  379;  —  Mill  Field, 

388 
Penny  Loaves  (8fl.)       . .       380 
Perry  Field,  361,  363,  365,  370, 

37i,374»375»379,384.385; 

—  House  Field,  367 

Perrys  Field 360 

Pest  Field, 369;  —  House  Field, 

379,  384,  385 
Pet  Field,  Upper  &  Lower,  380 

Peter  Field 379 

Peters  Field       378 

Petticoat  Field      . .     . .       386 


THE  HUNDRED  OF  CHELMSFORD. 


173 


Petty  Croft 363 

Philpots,  Upper  and  Lower,  369 

Picard  Field       371 

Pickerings       374 

Pickle 380 

Piggery  Ley 374 

Pightle,  359,  360,  363,  365,  369, 

372,  374.  376,  378,  384.  387. 

388;  —, The,  362,  381,385; 

— ,The  Back,  362 ;  —  Field, 

363 
Pike  Pond  Field 
Pill  Croft     ..      . 
Pilgrims  Mead 
Pincham  Field  . 
Pincheons  Field 
Pinching  Hill     . 
Pingley  Field. . 
Pinnacle  Field   . 
Pinnocks.. 

Pittles 

Pint  Pot  . .      . . 
Playing  Meadow 
Playles  Field  . . 
Pleshy  Common 
Plough  Sheer  Field,  363 

Sail  Field,  370 
Pluck  Roses  House 
Plump  Goose  Field  . . 
Plumpins  Mead 
Plumpit  Mead    . . 
Plumtree  Field 
Poleighs,  Lower, 
Pollards  . .      . , 
Pollys  Field 
Pond  Wood  Oak 
Pontus . . 
Pools  Pond  Field 
Poor  Field,  369 ;  —  Guts  Field, 

387 ;     —  House,  360  ;    — 

House  Field,  361,  380,  381 

Poors  Field,  361 ;  —  Land,  382; 

—  Piece,  360 


359. 


362 
384 
361 
361 
388 
388 
363 

378 
369 
368 

359 
386 

379 

384 

-and 

359 
385 
381 
381 
372 
360 
388 

371 
366 
362 
359 


Pooty  Pooles 379 

Poplar 379 

Porters,  379  ;  —  Bottoms,  379 ; 

—  Field,  369 ;  — ,  Hither 
and  Further,  374;  — ,  Little, 
379  ;  —  Wood,  362 

Postern  Field 388 

Postings,  Little,  . .  . .  360 
Postlings,  Great,  . .  . .  360 
Potash,  381 ;  —  Field,  359,  360, 

362,363,365,375,378,381, 

387  ;    -  ,  Mead,  387  ;    — 

Meadow,  375 

Potatoe  Field     365 

Pounce  Wood  Field  ". .  368 
Pound  Field,  360,  362,  374,  381, 

382,385.387.388;  —Hall 

Field,  384 

Pounds  Ley 379 

Poyners,  Great  and  Little,  384 
Prentices  Wood     . .      . .       387 

Prentises 382 

Preserve,  The,  (ar.  21a.)       361 

Press  Field. .      385 

Pressons,  Upper  and  Lower,  371 

Price  Ley . .  374 

Prickney  Field  and  Mead      367 

Priests  Lands 360 

Priors  Mead  . .  , ,  . .  387 
Priory  Field  . .  . .  375,  387 
Prospect  Field       . .      . .       362 

Proud  Mead       379 

Prylands 370 

Pudding- Bag  Field,   369,  375  ; 

—  Mead,  386 
Puddings,  363  ;    —  Wood,  363 
Puddocks,  387,   —  Tail,  Upper 

and  Lower,  360 
Pullocks  Lees        . .      . .       366 

Pulwards 385 

Purkis  Field,  359 ;  —  Meadow, 

376 
Purleigh  Wood  Field    ..       368 


174 


ESSEX   FIELD-NAMES. 


Quag,  The, 359 

Quagmire,  362;  — ,  The,  385 
Quaintance,  Great  &  Little,  381 
Quart  Field,  380 ;  —  Pot  Field, 

359 

Queen  Elms 375 

Queens  Grove,  359  ;    —  Mead, 

382  ;     —  Wood,  374  ;  — 

Wood  Field,  362 

Quilters 376 

Quinns  Hope     379 

Radley  Green  Field  . .  388 
Rainbow  Field,  359,  365,  370, 

37i»372,374»375»376.379. 

381,384,385,387,388 
Raisons  Field         . .  387 

Raley  Bottoms 359 

Rams  Field,  359 ;  —  Wall,  388 
Ranees  Field  . .  ; .  . .  359 
Ransome  Meadow  . .  386 
Ravens  Nest,  Great  and  Little, 

370 ;  —  Nest  Field,  362 
Ray  Croft,  Great  and  Little,  384; 

—  Field,  369 

Readers  Field 359     ' 

Reading,  Great  and  Little,  374 ; 

— ,  Lower,  378 

Reedings 376,  3i86 

Readings,  Great,  385;  —,  Hither,     ' 

367 ;  — ,  Upper  and  Lower, 

375 
Red  Robin  Mead,  386 ;  —  Lands 
Spring,  371 ;  —  Barn  Mead, 
384 ;   —  Gate  Field,  368 ; 

—  Lands,  371 

Redricks 388 

Reeves. .      374 

Refan  Mead 387 

Re3niolds,  Nearer  &  Further,  370 

Rich  Field      384 

Richardsons  Field  . .  . .  359 
Richmond*     , .      . .      . .       379 


Ridden,  366  ;     — ,  Lon^,  384  ; 
— ,  Upper,  365  ;  —  Spring, 

365 

Riddens       372 

Ridge  Field 368 

Riding 384 

Rigs,  Upper  and  Lower,       376 

Risbridge 384 

Risley  Mead 362 

River  Croats       381 

Roast  Field    ....  388 

Robins 379,  384 

Robjohns  Hill,  Great  and  Little, 
360 

Rochells  Ley 379 

Rochett  Mead 361 

Rochwell  Wood     . .  361 

Rockwood 376 

Rodlands 379 

Rodney  Field,  Small,       . .   360 

Roe  Field,  Upper,. .      . .       361 

Rolphy  Green,  384  ;    —  Green 

Field,  384;    —  Plain,  385 

Romans       378 

Romley  Marsh  . ,       375 

Rooksons  Mead 388 

Rookwood  Mead    . .      . ,       376 

Ropers 388 

Rose  Field      384 

Roses,  388 ;   —  Mead,  384 

Roswells  Orchard  . .      . .       367 

Rotchall  Barn  Field  . .      . .  382 

Round  Croft,  376, 379 ;  —  Field, 

376;  —Gudgeons,  374;  — 

Mead,  360 ;     —   Meadow, 

365 ;   —  Wood,  359 

Roundabout  Field . .      . .       369 

Roundabouts      362 

Routless  Field        . .      . .       38J. 

Rowleys      367 

Ruffcrofts,  Great  and  Little,  387 
Ruffles,  Mead  behind,  . .  365 
Rumney  Marsh      . .  361 


THE  HUNDRED  OF  CHELMSFORD. 


175 


Rush  Field,  359,  371 ;  —  Mead, 

362 
Rushy  Field,  369,  372 ;  —  Mead, 

375 ;     —   Moor,  379  ;     — 

Moors,  384 ;  —  Piece,  372 
Rusty  Meadow  . .  . .  388 
Rye  Field  . .  . .  360,  363,  365 
Rye-grass  Field,  374,  378 ;    — 

Mead,  361 
Ryleys     384 

Sads  Field,  384  ;     —   Garden, 

388;   -  Hill,  384 

Sains,  Little,      384 

St.  Marys        366 

Salmon  Mead 361 

Salmons  Croft  . .       363 

Salt  Marsh 378 

Salcote  Marsh  . .  . .  387 
Salter  Down,  Inner  &  Outer,  378 
Saltings  . .      . .      378,  387,  388 

Sams  Croft 384 

Sand-pit   Field,   359,  363,  371, 

382,  386 
Sandland,  Little  and  Great,  380 
Sanders,  Little  and  Great,  387 ; 

—  Hill,  387 

Sandon  Field,  359;  —  Hills,  384 

Sandy  Acres 362 

Sanfoin  Field 384 

San  ford  Field 368 

Saunders,  374 ;    — ,  Great  and 
Little,  384 ;    —  Ley,  374 ; 

—  Wood,  374 

Sawney  Brook  Field . .      . .   388 

Sawyers  363 

Scarlets  Wood 374 

Scooley  Badams    . .  379 

Scots,  382 ;    —  Field,  375,  385 

Scravels 365 

Screens  Grove 374 

Scrub  F'ield,  360,  368,  378,  380 ; 

—  Piece,  368 


Scrubbs,  Upper  and  Lower,  378 

Scuttles  Pool      360 

Sea  Field        378 

Seabrook  Meadow     . .      . .  378 
Searls,  Great  and  Little,       379 

Sells  Land 361 

Service  Land  Field  . .  361 
Sewells  Battery,  365 ;  —  Mea- 
dow, 359  ;  —  Slipe,  365 
Shadeland  Wood  . .  . ,  374 
Shapley,  Clay-pit, . .  . .  363 
Shaw,  368,  380,  388 ;    — ,  The, 

3701  378 

Shearland 387 

Sheep  Chase,  368 ;  —  Cote  Field, 
370, 372, 388;  —  Cote  Hills, 
380  ;  —  Cote  Wood,  385  ; 
—  Cotes,  381 ;  —  Hoppits, 
360  ;  —  Mead,  379 
Sheetings,  Great  and  Little,  388 

Shellow  Field 379 

Sherry  Field       384 

Shimbrooks 374 

Shonks  Field,  375;  —  Meadow, 

376 

Shoplands 380 

Shore  Ditch 374 

Shorters  Field 384 

i     Shortland  Field      . .      . .       369 
Shortlands    .      . .  366,  367,  379 
I     Shot  Field, Three,  362 ;  —  Upper 
j  and  Lower,  378,  382 

;     Shots,  374 ;  — ,  Long,  363,  374, 
388  ;     — ,  Two,  371  ;    — , 
I  Three,  379   . 

I     Shoulder- of- Mutton,  370,  376, 
,  37^*  379»  387 ;  —  Field,  382, 

388  ;  —  Piece,  359 

Shrovegates 385 

Shutups       360 

Shuttleworth  Meadow  . .       378 

Silly  Hopes        388 

Simon  Lees,  388  ;   —  Lies,  379 


176 


BSSEX    FIBLD-NAMES. 


Simons,  Lower  and  Upper,  384 ; 

—  Meadow,  376 

Skeets  Garden 384 

Skew  Path  Mead  . .  372 

Skinleys  Ten-acres 378 

Skinners,  385 ;     — ,  Great  and 
Little,  384 

Skippings 363 

Sky  Croft,  360;    —  Field,  384 

Skyblue 365 

Slate  Field,  Great  &  Little,  363 

Slave  Ditch 375 

Sleeping  Field 384 

Sleepy  Ley 384 

Slope  . .  . .  359,  360,  365,  388 
Slipe,  359,  360,  365,  388 ;  — ,  or 
Chase,  369;  — ,  The,  371, 
372,  379»  388;  —  Field, 
379 ;  —  Meadow,  388  ;  — , 
Top  and  Bottom,  376 
Slippery  Lands      . .     . .       362 

Slize  Wood 380 

Slough  Croft,  379;  —  Field,  363 ; 

—  Mead,  388 

Slovens 381 

Slow  Crofts 379 

Slugs  Acre      375 

Sluice  Mead       359 

Smedleys . .       384 

Smith  Field        . .  379,  384,  385 
Smiths  Field,  384;    —    Mead, 

376 
Smitherley  Common . .      . .   384 
Smock  Alley,  368  ;     —   Field, 

368,  388 

Snow  Pasture 375 

Soaphouse  Field    . .      . .       361 

Soldier  Field      387 

Soles,  Great  and  Little,       379 

Solmes  Field      380 

Sorrells,  High,  360;    — ,  Mead 

360 
Southwood  Field       . ,     -  3^5 


Spaddock  Hills      ....       387 
Spains  Mead  . .  366,  388 

Span  Field      361 

Sparrowhawk  Wood . .      . .  385 
Sparrows  Hawks  . .      . .       363 

Spear  Bridge      381 

Spencers  Gap  Field      . .       360 

Spicers  Field      387 

Spike  Field 388 

Spit  Butters       361 

Sprats  Field 384 

Sprigs 361 

Springfield      374 

Springlimborough     . .      . .   384 
Spurgate  Field  360 

Spy  Field 374 

Square  Meadow     . .     . .       372 

Squider  Croft     367 

Squires  Mead 361 

Squirts 378 

Stadling  Field  . .       374 

Stains,  379 ;  — ,  Great  and  Little, 

369 

Stane  Mead        384 

Stanes  Mead 385 

Stanfields,  Great  &  Little,  363 
Starbrook,  375 ;    —   Field,  374 

Starchers 378 

Starlings '    ,.       388 

Starry,  Upper  and  Lower,    382 

Starve  Larks 380 

Stile  Ease 363 

Stiles,  High, 384 

Stock  Croft,  384;  -  Down,  388; 

—  Field,  369,  384 

Stocken  Piece 363 

Stocks  Field 370 

Stonage  Wood 385 

Stonards,    Upper   and    Lower, 

380 

Stondon,  Great, 388 

Stone  Croft,  374,  375,  388  ;    — 

Etches,  384  ;  —  Field,  385 


THE   HUNDRED  OF   CHELMSFORD* 


177 


Stony  Croft,  363,366;  — Downs, 
379>  387;  —  Hills,  370,  378, 
380, 387;  —  Land,  363,381 ; 

—  Leys,  359, 360;  —  Mead, 
360 ;  —  Shot,  388 

Stovel,  Great  and  Little,    384 

Straights 367,  385 

Straits,  Old,  .  /  . .  . .  374 
Stray  Quarters  . .  . .  388 
Strawberry  Field       . .      . .  382 

Strike  Field 384 

Stub  Field 378,  387 

Stubbs  Wood  Field       . .       385 

StudlyWood      387 

Stump  Cross 365 

Stumps 365 

Stumbles,  The,      . .     . .       366 

Sucklers  Mead 372 

Sumners 359,  365 

Surfel,  Long,      363 

Surrey  Field  . .  . .  386,  387 
Swan  Field,  382 ;  —  Mead,  388 ; 

—  Necks,  379 

Swans  Bottom,  382;  —  Bottom 
Mead,  382 

Sweet  Lips 388 

Sweetings,  363, 375;  —Croft,  386 
Sycamore  Mead        . .  379,  388 

Table  Field 384 

Tacks  Land       361 

Tail  Field       384 

Tailfoot       361 

Talboots  Mead  . .  . .  369 
Tan  Field,  Great  &  Little,  362 

Tanfield  Toy 372 

Taylors  Field  . .  363,  387 

Tazely  Field '.       371 

Temple  Grove 372 

Tench  Pond  Field. .       365,  388 

Thapes 360 

Thiefs  Wood 374 

Thistle  Downs,  359 ;  —  Field,  363 


Thistles 388 

Thistly  Field,  360, 361, 371,  376, 
380,  382 ;  —  Ley,  384 

Thompsons 388 

Thorn  Croft,  384 ;  —  Field,  381 ; 

—  Wood,  381 

Thorns,  Great,       . .      382,  388 

Thousand  Acres  370,  (35P.)  378, 

(1.1.20)  381,  (0.2.20)  381, 

(0.2.0)  387 

Three-Comer,  359, 380;  —Crook, 

361 ;  —  Field,  359,  360,  365, 

37o»  37i»  374.  375»  382,  384, 

388;    —   Mead,  372;    — 

Pasture,  361 ;  —  Piece.  360, 

365*  385.  386 
Three-Cornered  Field    374,  378 
Three   Corners,   362,  368,  369, 

384,  388 
Three  Hart  Field      . .      . .  388 
Thrift  Field,  365 ;  —  Wood,  387 

Tight  Lands       385 

Tile- Kiln,  359;    —  Field,  359 

Tilney  Field       360 

Timbertail      362 

Timkins  Field 382 

Tinkers  Field 382 

Tippet  Field       382 

Tippey  Field 362 

Tithe  Field 384 

Titsys  Mead 379 

Tom  Ileys  Field,  379 ;  —  Johns, 

386 ;  —  Keys  Field,  379 
Tomlins  Wood  Field       . .  375 

Tory  Piece      372 

Town  Croft,  363 ;  —  Field,  First, 

359,  365. 378»  387;— Mead, 

361 ;  —  Meadow,  388 

Toy  Mead       371 

Toys  Lane 362 

Traps  Field 368 

Traverse  Mead 388 

Trices      388 


178 


ESSEX   FIELD-NAMES. 


Tromp  Barn  Mead    . .     . .  382 

Tronton 388 

Truce . .     . .  384 

Trussells,  379 ;    —  Field,  368 ; 

—  Piece,  370 

Tunman  Mead       . .     . .       365 

Turners  Field,  365,  374  ;     — , 

Great  and  Little,  376 

Twitch  Croft      388 

Twitches,  Long  and  Short,  363 

Twitchy  Piece 388 

Twopenny       388 

Tye  Field,  376 ;   —  Hall  Mead, 

379 
Tylers  Mead,  372;  —  Piece,  379 
Tyrells 382 

Uncles  Field 370 

Underacres 372,  374 

Underwoods 374 

Unwins        . .  384 

Upland  Mead 375 

Vandiaimans  Land    . .      . .  369 

Ventrises 388 

View  Field 368 

Vineyard 373.376 

Vineyard  Field 384 

Wades  Wood 385 

Wains  Field       363 

Wale  Field,  Great  &  Little,  388 

Wallis  Mead      388 

Walls,  Upper  and  Lower,     369 

Walnut-tree  Close,  362, 382 ;  — 

Croft,  384;    —  Field,  359, 

360,  367,  368,388;  —Hop 

Ground,  379 ;  —  Mead,  360 ; 

—  Pasture,  363 
Waltham  Field      . .      . .       362 

Wanen  Field      360 

Want  Field     . .     . .      361,  365 
Wantry  Croft 384 


Wants  Field,  370,  380,  387 ;  — 

Mead,  370 ;   — ,  Upper  and 

Lower,  376 ;    — ,  The,  371 

Warden,  Back,  368;  —  Meadow, 

388 
Wards  Mead,  379 ;  —  Meadow, 
388 

Ware  Field 379 

Warley,  Great  &  Little,  375,  384 

Warn  Field        387 

Warren  Field,  360,  382,  388 ;  — 
Hill,  375 ;  —  Mead,  382 ; 

—  Pasture,  366 ;  — ,  The, 

359,  378,  385 
Warricks,  Great,  . .     . .       375 
Wash  Field,  368,  370,  387,  388  ; 

—  Meadow,  376 

Waster,  Upper, 384 

Waterbar  Meadows      . .       372 

Water  Shot 385 

Watermans,  Great  &  Little,  384 
Waters,  Great  and  Little,    379 

Watts      388 

Waverley  Field 384 

Wear  Field     ....      . .       374 

Webb  Field        362 

Webbs,  372 ;  —  Field,  360, 365  ; 

—  Pightle,  363 

Wedge  Field 384 

Well   Field,  370— ^<  alibi ;     — 

Hope,  384 ;    —  Mears,  388 

Wells  Field 378 

Welsh  Bam 365 

Welshes      384 

Wennells  Pightle  . .      . ,       384 

West  Field 376,  379 

Western  Mead  Field    . .       362 

Westwards 384 

W^et  Shot  Mead     . .     . .       372 
Whalebone  Field,  362;  — Shot, 

382 

Wheelers 385,  386 

Whispering  Tom,  Part  of,   362 


THE    HUNDRED   OF   CHELMSFORD. 


179 


Whitbreads  Mead     . .     . .  359 

White  Croft,  384;  —  Elm  Field, 

368;  —  Field,  371;  —  Gate 

Field,  359,  371 ;    —  Gate 

Pasture,  363 ;  —  Hays,  382 ; 

—  Oat  Etch,  372 ;  —  Post 
Field,  384, 386 ;  —  Shots,  379 

Whites,  384;  —  Field,  365,  370, 

374»  381 
Whitelands,  Great  &  Little,  361 

Whitleys 376 

Whitney  Ley 379 

Wholve — sec  Holve,  Wolve. 
Whore  Field,  Little,     . .       382 

Wick  Field 371,  378 

Wickham  Ley  . .  . .  385 
Wiggins  Field  . .  . .  368,  378 
Wilcocks,  Upper,  etc.  . .       360 

Wildmans 372 

Wilkersons  Mead  . .  . .  359 
Will  Field, 385 ;  —Chalks  Mead, 

376 

William,  Little, 387 

Willingditch 387 

Willis  Mead         363 

Willow  Field,  359 ;  —  Ground, 

382;    —  Mead,  359,  388; 

—  Plantation,  362;  —  Tree 
Field,  374 

Willows  Field  ..  ..  385 
Wills,  Little,  388 ;  — ,  Old,  360 
Wilshers  Field       . .     . .       382 


Wilstead,  Great  and  Little,  384 

Wind  Mark 384 

Winding  Field 362 

Windmill  Field  382,  385;     — 

Hills,  375 
Windsor,  Little  and  Great,  384 

Windsors 388 

Winter  Field,  Little  &  Great,  385 

Wisdoms  Field 387 

Wisemans  Acre     . .      , .       384 

Witch  Field       384 

Wolve  Field 38B 

Woodcock  Field        . .      . .  369 
Woodham  Field    , .      . .       378 

Woodley     384 

Woodmans  Meadow     . .       361 
Wool  Pits  Meadow,  382 ;    — 

Setters,  Lower,  366 

Woodleys 374,  385 

Woolmers       387 

Workhouse,  370,  388 ;  —  Field, 

374»  37S;  —  Mead,  368;  — , 

Old,  362 ;  —  Pasture,  359 
Worsteds  Field  . .  . .  385 
Wrens  Mead,  382 ;  —  Park,  385 
Wrights,  Little  and  Great,  367 

Wry  Croft 384 

Wyatts  Wood,  361 ;  —  Green 

Mead,  361 
Wyses,  Little,        . .     . .       388 

Yew  Mead 384 


ARCH^OLOGICAL    NOTES. 


Homdon-on-the-Hill.~I  ventured  in  my  introduction  to  the 
Domesday  Survey  of  Essex*  to  place  in  Horndon-on-the-Hill  the 
Bishop  of  London's  estate  in  'Horninduna,'  which  Morant  placed 
in  East  Horndon  (I.  208)  although  he  could  find  there  no  trace  of 
the  bishop's  lordship.  And  I  identified  it  with  the  "  manor  or  capital 
messuage  "  of  Cantis.  This  identification  hsis  now  been  confirmed  by 
one  of  those  *  feet  of  fines '  which  our  Society  is  engaged  in  publishing. 

Under  Horndon-on-the-Hill  Morant  writes:  — 

Daniel  Caldwall,  Esq.,  who  died  the  13th  of  November  1634,  held,  in  this 
parish,  a  manor  or  capital  messuage  called  Cantis  at  one  and  half  a  mile  south 
of  the  church,  and  lands  called  Cantis- salmonds,  Sandholes.  Bread  and  Checquer- 
croft,  of  the  Bishop  of  London,  of  his  castle  of  Stortford,  by  the  rent  of  6s.  for 
castle-guard. 

When  we  turn  to  p.  1 10  of  our  *  feet  of  fines'  we  find,  at  the  bottom 
of  the  page,  that  in  19  Henry  HI.  (1234-5),  Walter  U  KenUis  was 
holding  a  free  tenement  in  *  Horendon '  of  Ralph  de  Ginges  who  held 
of  the  Bishop  of  London,  who  was  claiming  therefrom  an  annual 
payment  **  to  the  ward  of  the  castle  of  Storteford  "  (i.e.  Bishops 
Stortford).  It  is  clear,  therefore,  that  this  was  Cantis,  which  is  thus 
seen  to  have  derived  its  name  from  its  under  tenant  Me  Kenteis,*  that 
is  the  Kentishman.  This  is  an  instance  of  the  valuable  information 
to  be  gleaned  from  these  county  fines.  I  may  add  that  Bracton's 
Note  Book  (H.  228-9)  contains  the  story  of  a  suit,  some  six  years 
earlier,  relating  to  this  same  tenement  and  to  the  bishops  claim  for 
castle-guard. 

J.  H.  ROUND. 

Some  Essex  Brasses  {Trans,  ix.,  p.  30). -The  Stonards  held 
the  manor  of  Loughton  on  long  leases  from  the  Abbot  of  Waltham 
and  from  the  Crown,  but  never  as  lords  of  the  soil.  It  was  Sir  Robert 
Wroth,  son  of  Robert  and  Susan,  who  subsequently  acquired  the 
fee-simple  of  the  manor. 

w.  c.  w. 

*   Victoria  History  of  Essex,  I.,  398-9. 


The  West  End  of  the  Church  of  St.  Lawrence.  Blackmore. 


North-west  Porch  of  the  Church  of  St.  Margaret, 
Margaretting 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL    NOTES.  l8l 

ToUeshunt  Major  and  Ctoggeshall  Abbey.— I  lately  came 
accidentally  upon  a  file  of  documents  {Ancient  Petitions  Nos.  4870-5) 
throwing  light  on  the  early  history  of  the  above.  The  abbot  and 
convent  claimed  view  of  frank-pledge  in  their  manor  of  ToUeshunt 
Mauger,  and  by  order  of  the  king  an  inquisition  was  taken  at 
Chelmsford  on  Saturday,  the  vigil  of  Pentecost,  i  Edward  III. 
In  this  the  jurors  find  that  Richard  de  Pantfeld,  now  abbot,  and 
the  convent  ought  to  have  view  of  frank-pledge,  because  the  manor 
was  formerly  in  the  seisin  of  Nicholas  de  Boville,  whose  ancestors 
always  had  view.  On  his  death  the  manor  descended  to  Philip  his 
son  and  heir,  who  granted  it  by  charter  to  Thomas  Quintyn,  then 
abbot,  and  the  convent  in  40  Henry  III.  These  held  the  manor 
and  view  daring  the  whole  time  of  the  abbot,  and  on  his  death  his 
immediate  successor,  William  de  ToUeshunt,  abbot,  and  the  convent 
held  the  same  for  26  years  and  more  until  Roger  de  Wy  thermundeford, 
the  king's  bailiff  of  Dengey  hundred,  hindered  them  in  20  Edward  I. ; 
but  the  abbot  and  convent  never  released  their  right. 

Morant  does  not  mention  the  family  of  Boville  in  connection  with 
the  manor,  and  the  names  of  the  three  abbots  are  not  given  in 
Monasticon. 

R.  F. 

A  Hospital  at  Braintree.->The  Patent  Roll  of  13  Henry  III. 
records  a  grant  of  protection  for  the  master  and  brethren  of  the  hospital 
of  St.  James,  Branketre,  dated  4th  October,  1229. 

It  seems  practically  certain  that  this  must  refer  to  Braintree  in 
Essex,  though  nothing  more  is  known  of  the  hospital. 

R.  F. 


GENERAL    MEETING    OF    THE     ESSEX 

ARCH^OLOGICAL    SOCIETY,    HELD    AT 

COLCHESTER   CASTLE,   ON  THURSDAY, 

THE   i6th  APRIL,    1903. 

HENRY  LAYER,  ESQ.,  F.S.A.,  IN  THB   CHAIR. 

The  Secretary  read  the  Annual  Report  and  the  Treasurer's  Account 
was  laid  before  the  meeting,  and  the  report  was  adopted. 

A  vote  of  thanks  was  accorded  to  the  retiring  President,  Mr.  George 
Alan  Lowndes,  for  his  valuable  services  during  the  twenty-five  years 
he  had  presided  over  the  Meetings  of  the  Society,  and  regret  was 
expressed  that  illness  was  the  cause  of  his  unwillingness  to  again 
accept  the  presidency. 

There  was  also  unanimously  passed  a  resolution  expressive  of  the 
high  sense  that  the  members  had  of  the  long  and  valuable  services 
rendered  to  the  Society  by  Mr.  G.  F.  Beaumont,  F.S.A.,  their  retiring 
Hon.  Secretary  and  Editor ;  and  it  was  further  ordered  that  such 
resolution  be  embodied  in  the  report  of  the  meeting  at  which  it  was 
passed. 

Mr.  Henry  Laver,  F.S.A.,  was  unanimously  elected  President  for 
the  ensuing  year. 

A  vote  of  thanks  was  passed  to  the  Council  and  Honorary  Officers 
for  their  services  during  the  past  year,  and  the  Council  were 
re-elected. 

The  surviving  Vice-Presidents  were  elected,  with  the  addition  of 
the  Right  Rev.  Edgar  Jacob,  D.D.,  Bishop  elect  of  St.  Albans,  in  the 
place  of  the  late  Bishop  of  St.  Albans ;  and  the  Rev.  the  Right  Hon. 
Latimer  Neville,  6th  Baron  Braybrooke,  in  the  place  of  the  late  5th 
Baron  Braybrooke. 

The  Right  Hon.  James  Round,  P.C,  M.P.,  was  thanked  for  the 
use  of  the  Castle  Library. 

Mr.  Douglass  Round,  Mr.  Charles  Benham,  and  Mr.  P.  C.  Laver, 
were  appointed  the  Society's  Representatives  on  the  Museum  Com- 
mittee of  the  Corporation  of  Colchester. 


GENERAL  MEETING   AT   COLCHESTER.  1 83 

Mr.  A.  R.  Goddard  read  a  paper  on  the  Dane  Law  in 
Domesday. 

The  Rev.  F.  W.  Galpin  exhibited  drawings  of  the  Priests'  Chamber 
in  the  Church  of  Hatfield  Broad  Oak. 

The  following  candidates  were  elected  members  of  the  Society : — 

ON  THE  NOMINATION  OF — 

Barrett-Lbnnard,  Thomas.  Horsford  Manor,  Norwich.  Mr.  T.  P.  Price. 

Emler,  F.  G..  I.  Florence  Villas,  Chelmsford,   Road,    >   j^^  jj  Wilmer 

Woodford.  ) 

Clapton,  Rev.  Ernest,  M. A.,  Stebbing  Vicarage, Chelmsford.  Mr.  H.  Worrin. 
Bridge,  J.  C.  E.,  Wybourns,   Kemsing,   Seven   Oaks;  ^ 

West  Hill  House.  Hoddesdon.  Herts. 
Lbyton  Public  Libary,  Leyton,  Essex. 
Hillman,  Samuel,  General  Registry  Office,  Somerset 

House. 
Radford  Arthur  L.,  The   Cedar  House,  Hillingdon, 

Uxbridge. 
The  Rev.  The  Lord  Braybrook,  Audley  End,  Saffron    1 

Walden.  I  Mr.  W.  C.  Waller. 

The  Right  Rev.  The  Lord  Bishop  of  St.  Albans.  ) 

Leverett.  Stebbing,  Market  Square,  Safiron  Walden.  Mr.  F.  £.  Emson. 

Way,  Herbert  William  Lewis,  Spencer  Grange.  Halstead.   Col.  C.  F.  Dawson. 


Mr.  G.F.Beaumont. 


REPORT   FOR   1902. 


The  Council  has  the  pleasure  to  present  its  Fiftieth  Annual  Report 
and  in  doing  so  takes  the  opportunity  to  inform  members  of  its  hope 
that  the  celebration  of  the  Society's  Jubilee,  which  should  rightly 
have  taken  place  last  autumn,  may  be  arranged  during  the  ensuing 
year. 

Since  the  last  Annual  Meeting  there  have  been  several  losses  by 
death  and  resignation :  but,  on  the  other  hand,  the  Society  has  added 
to  its  roll  29  new  members,  including  1 1  elected  to-day.  The  total 
membership,  which  at  the  end  of  last  year  was  341,  is  to-day  as 
under : — 

Annual  Members 287 

Life  Members  48 

Honorary  Members 6 

Total 341 


Among  the  losses  by  death  may  be  mentioned  the  names  of  the 
Right  Reverend  John  Wogan  Festing,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  St.  Albans, 
and  the  Right  Honourable  Charles  Cornwallis  Neville,  5th  Baron 
Braybrooke,  both  of  whom  were  Vice-presidents  of  the  Society.  The 
Council  recommends  that  the  Right  Reverend  Edgar  Jacob,  D.D., 
Bishop-Elect  of  St.  Albans  and  the  Right  Honourable  Latimer 
Neville,  6th  Baron  Braybrooke,  who  have  to-day  been  elected 
members  of  the  Society,  be  appointed  to  fill  the  vacancies. 

Members  will  be  sorry  to  hear  that  Mr.  G.  Alan  Lowndes,  who 
has  for  25  years  been  President  of  the  Society,  has  been  unWell  for 
sometime  past  and,  acting  under  medical  advice,  he  desires  that  a 
new  President  should  now  be  elected.  The  Council  accordingly 
suggests  that  Mr.  H.  Laver,  F.S.A.,  be  appointed  for  the  ensuing 
year.  In  accepting  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Lowndes,  the  Council, 
on  behalf  of  the  Society,  desires  to  place  on  record  its  grateful 
acknowledgment  of  his  long  services. 


RBPORT.  185 

The  Council  regrets  to  have  to  report  that  Mrs.  Sarah  Parish, 
who  was  Collector  of  Subscriptions  for  nearly  20  years,  died  in  June 
last.  Mr.  W.  C.  Waller,  F.S.A.,  who  has  been  in  so  many  ways 
helpful  to  the  Society,  kindly  consented  to  act  as  Honorary  Receiver 
of  Subscriptions,  and  was  in  August  last  appointed  by  the  Council  to 
that  office.  The  result  of  this  appointment  will  be  a  yearly  saving 
to  the  Society  of  from  £*]  to  £^, 

Mr.  Waller  resigns  the  duties  of  Honorary  Auditor  and  in  his 
place  the  Council  has  appointed  Mr.  Francis  Dent. 

Mr.  G.  F.  Beaumont,  F.S.A.,  who  nine  years  ago  was  appointed 
Honorary  Secretary  of  the  Society  and  Editor  of  the  Transactions,  has 
felt  that  the  time  has  arrived  when  he  might  not  unreasonably  ask 
to  be  relieved  of  the  duties  of  those  offices,  and  the  Council,  having 
accepted  his  resignation,  have  appointed  in  his  place  the  Reverend 
T.  H.  Curling,  B.A.,  Rector  of  Bradwell-juxta-Coggeshall,  who  has 
kindly  consented  to  act. 

The  financial  position  of  the  Society  may  be  regarded  as  satisfactory, 
the  balance  in  hand  at  the  commencement  of  the  year  having  increased 
from  £^6  8s.  od.  to  £y^  14s.  id.,  as  against  which,  however,  there  are 
outstanding  accounts  amounting  to  ;^ii4  8s.  6.,  as  compared  with 
;^i04  I  OS.  od.  last  year. 

The  Transactions  for  the  year  consisted  of  the  final  part  of  Volume 
Vni.  and  the  first  part  of  Volume  IX.  comprising  altogether  155 
pages  and  many  illustrations.  The  title-page  to  Volume  VHI.  and 
the  Index  of  the  Transactions^  and  a  further  instalment  of  the  Fut  of 
Fines  for  the  County,  are  in  the  press  and  will  be  issued  shortly. 

The  Excursions  during  the  past  year  comprised  visits  to  Stanway, 
Coggeshall,  Mount  Bures,  and  villages  in  the  neighbourhood  of  those 
places. 

The  Council  proposes  that  the  excursions  during  the  ensuing  year 
be  in  the  Ingatestone,  Tilbury  and  Chesterford  districts. 

A  list  of  donations  to  the  Society  is  appended. 


QUARTERLY  MEETING  &   EXCURSION 
MONDAY,  25th  MAY,  1903. 


Ingatestone,  Thoby  Priory,  Blackmore,  Fryerning  and 
Margaretting. 


Starting  from  Ingatestone  Station  members  and  their  friends 
proceeded  first  to  the  church,  where  thfe  President  read  an  account 
of  the  building  prepared  by  Mr.  F.  Chancellor. 

Luncheon  was  partaken  of  at  the  "  Spread  Eagle  Hotel,"  and  the 
party  then  drove  to  Thoby  Priory,  which  was  opened  for  inspection 
by  the  kindness  of  Lieut.-Col.  A.  C.  Arkwright.  Here  the  Honorary 
Secretary  read  a  description  of  the  house  and  the  ruins  of  the 
Priory,  prepared  by  Col.  Arkwright.  The  church  of  St.  Lawrence, 
Blackmore,  was  next  visited  and  an  interesting  paper  on  the  history 
of  the  building  was  read  by  the  Rector,  the  Rev.  W.  L.  Petrie, 
At  Fryerning,  which  was  reached  about  4  p.m.,  some  details  about 
the  church  were  read  by  the  Hon.  Sec.  The  party  then  drove  to 
Ingatestone  Parish  Room  where  tea  was  provided  by  the  kindness 
of  the  Rev.  W.  J.  House,  M.A.,  Rector  of  Fryerning. 

After  tea  the  church  of  St.  Margaret,  Margaretting  was  visited 
under  the  guidance  of  the  Vicar,  the  Rev.  M.  R.  Barnard. 

The  following  new  members  were  elected  :— 

ON  THB  NOMINATION  OP — 

Benham.  William  Gurney,  25,  Lexden  Road,  Colchester.  % 

Macgregor,  J.  J.,  M.D.,  Head  Gate,  Colchester.  I  The  President. 

Brocklebank,  Rev.  C.  H.,  Bartlow  House,  near  Cambridge,  j 

Farrow,  H.  W.,  Parsonage,  Messing.  Mr.  G.  F.  Beaumont. 

CuNNiNGTON,  H.  J.,  Mount  Place,  Braintree.  . 

Maile,  W.  Edis  Drayson,  Brook  House,  Dedham.  [  The  Hon.      :retary. 

EwART.  Sir  Henry.  K.C.B.,  Felix  Hall,  Kelvedon.  ) 


MEETING  HELD  AT  COLCHESTER, 
ON  THURSDAY,  25th  JUNE,  1903,  TO 
CELEBRATE  THE  JUBILEE  OF  THE 
ESSEX   ARCH-ffi;OLOGICAL   SOCIETY. 


A  special  general  meeting  of  the  Society  was  held  at  Colchester  on 
Thursday,  25th  June,  1903,  to  celebrate  the  Jubilee  of  the  Society's 
inauguration.  According  to  strict  chronology  the  meeting  should 
have  been  held  in  1902,  the  Society  having  been  founded  in  the  year 
1852 ;  circumstances,  however,  led  to  the  unavoidable  postponement 
of  the  celebration  until  the  present  year. 

The  day's  proceedings  began  with  a  meeting  at  the  Moot  Hall 
over  which  the  President,  Henry  Laver,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  presided. 

After  the  Mayor  of  the  Borough  (H.  H.  Elwes,  Esq.)  had  welcomed 
the  Society  in  a  few  cordial  and  well  chosen  words,  the  President 
delivered  an  address,  in  which,  after  speaking  with  regret  of  the  illness 
of  the  late  President,  G.  A.  Lowndes,  Esq.,  who  for  25  years  had 
held  that  position,  he  proceeded  to  give  the  history  in  outline  of  the 
Society  and  to  urge  very  strongly  the  value  and  interest  of  the  study 
of  archaeology.  In  alluding  to  the  foundation  and  growth  of  the 
Colchester  Museum  Dr.  Laver  acknowledged  in  grateful  terms  the 
help  given  by  the  late  Charles  Gray  Round,  Esq.,  and  other  members 
of  his  family,  in  providing  the  Society  with  rooms  at  the  Castle  in 
which  the  archaeological  treasures  of  the  town  and  district  might 
be  stored,  and  went  on  to  say  that  the  joint  arrangement  made  with 
the  Corporation,  had  resulted  in  their  being  able  to  preserve  in 
Colchester  one  of  the  richest  collections  of  Romano-British  relics 
in  the  kingdom.  Special  mention  was  made  of  the  acquisition  of 
the  Jarmin  and  Joslin  collections,  and  of  the  fine  collection  of  coins 
preserved  in  the  Museum.  The  address  concluded  with  an  earnest 
appeal  for  an  increased  membership  of  the  Society,  in  order  that  its 
sphere  of  usefulness  and  activity  might  be  enlarged. 

Mr.  Hercules  Read,  I'.S.A.,  of  the  British  Museum,  (Secretary  of 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries),  proposed  a  resolution  advocating  support 
of  the  Essex  and  kindred  Archaeological  Societies.    The  resolution 


l88  JUBILEE    MEETING   AT  COLCHESTER. 

was  seconded  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Cox.  The  Rev.  Canon  Raven  and 
Mr.  Romilly  Allen  also  spoke,  and  the  motion  was  then  put  and 
carried  unanimously. 

Mr.  G.  F.  Beaumont,  F.S.A.,  late  Secretary  of  the  Society, 
proposed  the  election  of  Mr.  G.  A.  Lowndes  as  a  Vice-President; 
carried  unanimously. 

The  following  were  then  elected  as  members  of  the  Society : — 

ON  THE  NOMINATION  OF 

Lang,  Sir  R.  Hamilton,  The  Grove,  Dedham.  The  Hon.  Secretary. 

Young,  Col.  H.  Howlett,  ioi,  Inglis  Road,  Colchester,  i  .p.     President 

Barritt,  E.  H.,  26,  Beaconsfield  Avenue,  Colchester.  / 
Baskett,  H.  F.,  21,  Wellesley  Road,  Colchester.  Mr.  Winch. 

CoLEY,  H.  C,  Glengair  Lodge,  Bishops  Stortford.  Mr.  G.  E.  Pritchett 

A  short  paper  on  the  history  and  progress  of  the  Society  was  read 
by  Mr.  F.  Chancellor,  F.R.I.B.A. 

Mr.  I.  C.  Gould  addressed  the  meeting  with  reference  to  the 
contemplated  transference  of  the  Union  of  Saffron  Walden  from 
Essex  to  Cambridgeshire,  and  proposed  a  resolution  appealing  to 
the  Essex  County  Council  to  prevent  the  cession  of  any  more  Essex 
parishes  to  Cambridgeshire,  and  protesting  against  this  wanton 
destruction  of  ancient  landmarks.  The  resolution  was  seconded  by 
Mr.  Chancellor  and  unanimously  adopted. 

The  meeting  closed  with  votes  of  thanks  to  the  Mayor  for  kindly 
allowing  the  Society  the  use  of  the  Moot  Hall,  and  to  the  President 
for  his  conduct  in  the  chair. 

After  luncheon  at  the  Cups  Hotel,  a  visit  was  paid  to  some  of 
the  principal  objects  of  antiquarian  interest  in  the  town,  under  the 
guidance  of  the  President. 

At  Holy  Trinity  Church  a  paper  was  read  by  Professor  Sylvanus 
Thompson  on  the  genealogy  of  Dr.  William  Gilberd,  who  was  bom 
at  Colchester  in  1544  and  buried  in  this  church. 

Before  leaving  Colchester  the  members  and  their  friends  were 
hospitably  entertained  to  tea  by  the  Mayor  at  the  Town  Hall. 


The  Tower  of  Corringham  Church. 


QUARTERLY    MEETING   &    EXCURSION, 
THURSDAY,  6th  AUGUST,   1903, 


Stifford,  Orsett,  Horndon-on-the-Hill,  Stanford -le -Hope, 
corringham,  fobbing. 


The  members  of  the  Society  to  the  number  of  about  thirty-five, 
assembled  at  Grays  Station  at  10.30  a.m.  and  proceeded  in  brakes 
to  Stiiford  church.  This  building,  together  with  the  other  churches 
visited  on  this  excursion,  has  been  fully  described  in  "Stiflford  and  its 
neighbourhood"  by  the  Rev.  W.  Palin,  M.A.  From  Stifford  we  made 
our  way  to  Orsett,  where  the  rector,  the  Rev.  W.  C.  Bishop,  M.A., 
gave  an  interesting  description  of  hig  church.  Luncheon  was  then 
partaken  of  at  the  "  Whitmore  Arms,"  and  a  general  meeting  was 
afterwards  held,  at  which  the  following  were  elected  as  members  of 
the  Society : — 

ON  THE  NOMINATION  OF — 

Clark,  A.  Lavbr,  Maiden.  The  President. 

Ingold,  Miss.  Hillside,  Braintree.  The  Hon.  Secretary. 

Gray,  Alfred,  Henley  House,  Richmond  Road,  Uford.  Mr.  G.  W.  Barnes. 

Davis,  Rev.  R.  H.,  Barnston  Rectory,  Dunmow.  Mr.  H.  Worrin. 

Knight,  John,  Bush  wood,  Wanstead.  Mr.  I.  C.  Gould. 

From  Orsett  the  party  proceeded  to  the  church  at  Homdon-on- 
the-Hill.  Here  Mr.  Ernest  Godman,  a  member  of  the  Society,  who 
assisted  Mr.  C.  R.  Ashbee,  architect,  and  had  charge  of  the  works 
at  the  recent  restoration,  gave  a  statement  dealing  with  the  archi- 
tectural history  of  the  building.  A  drive  down  the  hill  brought  us 
to  Stanford-le-Hope  church,  which  was  described  by  the  President. 
Corringham  church*  was  next  visited;  and  finally  we  proceeded  to 
the  interesting  unrestored  church  at  Fobbing.  This  is  a  stately 
structure  of  the  first  half  of  the  fifteenth  century,  exhibiting  some 
traces  of  earlier  work.  A  scheme  for  the  restoration  of  the  church  is 
now  being  promoted. 

>  Ad  illustration  of  the  massive  Norman  tower,  with  its  pyramidal  roof,  appears  on  the 
opposite  page. 


;  QUARTERLY  EXCURSION,  THURSDAY, 
24th  SEPTEMBER,   1903. 


Saffron    Walden,    Great    and    Little    Chesterford, 

AND    LiTTLEBURY. 


The  number  of  members  and  their  friends  taking  part  in  this 
excursion  was  upwards  of  eighty.  The  majority  of  the  party  arrived 
at  Saffron  Walden  by  the  12.19  train,  and  were  met  by  brakes. 
They  at  once  proceeded  to  Hill  House,  to  view  the  Repell  ditches 
and  the  site  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  burial  ground,  by  kind  permission 
of  Miss  Gibson.  Here  Mr.  I.  C.  Gould  acted  as  guide,  and  read  an 
interesting  paper,  which  will  be  published  in  the  next  part  of  the 
Transactions.  The  company  then  adjourned  to  the  "  Rose  and  Crown 
Hotel"  for  luncheon,  and  a  general  meeting  of  the  Society  was  after- 
wards held,  at  which  the  following  were  elected  as  members : — 

ON  THE  NOMINATION  OF 

Slacke,  Lady,  Barrington  Hall,  Hatfield  Broad  Oak.  \  tm    r    a  t        h 

CoNELLAN.  Capt.,  Barrington  Hall.  Hatfield  Broad  Oak.  j  ^^'  ^  ^-  ^w"^^- 
Burrows,  J.  W.,  10,  Warrior  Square,  Southend.  The  President. 

Bell,  Rev.  W.  E.,  M.A.,  Coggeshall.  Mr.  G.  F.  Beaumont 

Court AULD.  Miss  S.  R.,  Booking  Place.  Braintree.  The  Hon.  Secretary. 
Bradridge,  T.,  Park  Gate,  Great  Bardfield.  Mr.  W.  Hasler. 

Dale.  Rev.  H.,  The  Chaplaincy,  Hornchurch.  Rev.  L  W.  Prance. 

Brown,  F.  Gordon,  Tailours,  Chigwell.  Mr.  W.  C.  Waller. 

Tabor,  John  Clement,  Westfield,  Chelmsford.  Mr.  J.  Tabor. 

Mackmurdo,  a.  Heygate,  The  Ruffins,  Great  Totham.  Rev.  T.  G.  Gibbons 

Proceeding  to  Great  Chesterford,  the  church  was  first  visited  and 
a  paper  on  its  history  was  read  by  Mr.  F.  Chancellor,  F.R.I.B.A. 
This  paper  will  also  be  published  in  the  next  part  of  the  Transactions. 
Upon  leaving  the  church  a  visit  was  paid  to  the  site  of  the  excavations 
made  by  the  late  Lord  Braybrooke,  and  here  the  President  read  the 
following  notes : — 

*'  The  late  Lord  Braybrooke,  in  describing  some  excavations  made 
by  him  in  1847,  said :  *  The  foundations  of  a  walled  encampment  are 
plainly  discernible,  bounded  on  one  side  by  the  river  Cam.     It  has 


QUARTERLY  MEETING  AT  SAFFRON  WALDEN.  IQI 

long  been  considered  a  Roman  station— in  the  opinion  of  Horsley  the 
ancient  Iciana.*  Lord  Braybrooke  thought  that  there  were  grounds 
for  this  supposition,  on  account  of  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Great 
Chesterford  to  the  country  of  the  Iceni,  which,  he  held,  began  about 
a  mile  distant  at  the  village  of  Ickleton.  From  the  immense  number 
and  variety  of  remains  of  all  ages  which  had  been  and  continued  to 
be  found,  it  would  appear  that  this  station  was  very  ancient — one  of 
those  foimded  on  the  first  arrival  of  the  Romans,  and  inhabited 
constantly  during  their  occupation  of  the  country.  The  site  of  the 
Roman  town  was  now  called  the  Borough  Field.  The  area  enclosed 
was  about  50  acres.  In  Lord  Braybrooke's  account  of  the  excava- 
tions, he  recorded  that  he  came  upon  a  number  of  circular  holes, 
which  proved  rich  in  remains  of  Roman  pottery  and  other  relics. 
There  were  remains  of  chariot  wheels  and  other  warlike  engines  in 
the  museum,  and  these,  he  (the  President)  thought,  came  from  the 
wells.  It  would  also  appear  from  the  record  of  Lord  Braybrooke, 
that  many  of  the  coins  he  discovered  had  passed  through  a  fierce 
fire;  and  this  would  seem  to  have  been  the  case  with  many  other 
of  the  relics  that  had  been  unearthed.  With  the  exception  of  the 
excavations  carried  out  by  Lord  Braybrooke,  nothing  seemed  to 
have  been  done  to  identify  the  topography  of  Great  Chesterford." 

Returning  to  Little  Chesterford,  the  visitors  gathered  in  the  quaint 
little  church,  and  Mr.  Chancellor  read  a  paper  dealing  with  its 
interesting  features.  The  company  afterwards  visited  the  old  manor 
house  close  to  the  church,  where  they  were  provided  with  tea  by  the 
kindness  of  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Hedley  Bartlett.  Mr.  Chancellor  said  that 
this  old  mansion,  known  as  the  Manor  Farm,  was  generally  regarded 
as  Elizabethan,  but  there  were  the  remains  of  two  doorways  with 
Early- English  dripstones  and  mouldings  which  proved  there  was  a 
mansion  or  building  of  some  character  here  long  before. 

From  Little  Chesterford  the  party  proceeded  to  Littlebury,  where 
they  saw  the  parish  church,  upon  which  another  paper  was  contributed 
by  Mr.  Chancellor. 


DONATIONS   TO   THE    SOCIETY. 


From  the  Editor  East  Anglian  Notes  and  Queries — 

Vol.  IX.  January  to  December,  1902,  and  Vol.  January,  1903. 

From  Mr.  G.  Biddell— 
The  St.  Osyth  Guide. 

From  Mr.  D.  E.  Phillips- 
Monumental   Inscriptions  in   the   Old   Cemetery  at   Rutland, 
Worcester  County,  Mass. 

From  Mr.  A.  P.  Wire- 
John  Strippe,  F.S.A.,  The  Leyton  Antiquary  and  Historian. 

From  Mr.  G.  W.  Barnes- 
Centenary  History  and  Reminiscences  of  the  Baptist  Church, 
Ilford. 

Front  Societies  in  union  for  the  exchange  of  publications. 

Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London — 

Proceedings,  Vol.  XIX.  (2nd  Series),  No.  i. 

Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland — 
Proceedings,  Vol.  XXXV. 

Royal  Archaeological  Institute — 

Archaeological  Journal,  Vol.  LIX. 

British  Archaeological  Association — 

Journal,  Vol.  VIII.,  parts  i,  2  and  3  (New  Series). 

Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects- 
Journal,  Vol.  IX.,  parts  i  and  2,  and  Vol.  X.,  parts  i  and  2. 
Kalendar  for  1902-1903. 

Saint  Paul's  Ecclesiological  Society- 
Transactions,  Vol.  v.,  part  2. 


DONATIONS   TO   THE    SOCIETY.  193 

Bristol  and  Gloucester  Archaeological  Society — 

Transactions,  Vol.  XXIV.,  part  2,  and  Vol.  XXV.,  part  i. 
Catalogue  of  Books,  &c.,  presented  by  Mrs.  Royce  to  the  Society. 

Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society — 
Cambridge  Guild  Records. 
Christ  Church,  Canterbury. 
Proceedings,  Vol.  X.,  No.  2  and  3. 
Report  of  the  Library  Syndicate,  1901. 

Chester  Archaeological  Society — 
Journal,  Vol.  IX. 

Essex  Field  Club — 

Nothing  received  from  this  Club  since  1899. 

East  Herts  Archaeological  Society — 
Transactions,  Vol.  I.,  part  3. 

Leicestershire  Architectural  and  Archaeological  Society — 
Nothing  received  this  year. 

London  and  Middlesex  Archaeological  Society — 
Transactions,  Vol.  I.  (New  Series),  part  4. 

Powys-Land  Club — 

Collections,  Vol.  XXXII.,  part  3. 

Somerset  Archaeological  Society — 
Proceedings,  Vol.  XLVIII. 

Suffolk  Institute  of  Archaeology — 
Proceedings,  Vol.  XL,  part  2. 

Surrey  Archaeological  Society — 
Collections,  Vol.  XVII. 

Sussex  Archaeological  Society — 
Collections,  Vol.  XLV. 

Thoresby  Society — 

Vol.  VI.,  part  2,  Calverley  Charters. 

Vol.  VIII.,  part  2,  The  Coucher  Book  of  Kirkstall  Abbey. 

Wiltshire  Archaeological  Society — 
Magazine,  Vol.  XXXII.,  No.  97. 

Abstracts  of  Wiltshire  Inquisitions  post  mortem,  from  the  reign 
of  Henry  III.,  part  i. 

St.  Albans  &  Hertfordshire  Architectural  &  Archaeological  Society — 
Transactions,  Vol.  I.  (New  Series),  part  3. 
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ESSEX  ARCH.COLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 


LIST    OF    PUBLICATIONS. 


Transactions.  The  Society's  un -issued  stock  of  the  First  Series 
(1858-73)  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  the  year  1874. 

Of  the  Second  Series  (eight  volumes,  1878- 1901),  a  few  copies  only 
remain  in  stock.    To  be  had,  in  parts,  at  per  volume  ;^i  :  o  :  o 

Register  of  the  Scholars  admitted  to  Colchester  School, 
1687-1740,  edited,  with  additions,  by  J.  H.  Round,  M.A.,  from 
the  transcript  by  the  Rev.  C.  L.  Acland,  M.A.,  cloth  boards   3  :  6 

Catalogue  of  Books,  Pamphlets,  Periodicals,  MSS.  and 
Scrap  Collections  in  the  Society's  Library  i  :  o 

General  Index  to  the  Transactions  of  the   Society 

Vols.  1.  to  v.,  and  Vols.  I.  to  V.,  New  Series         ...         12  :  o 

All  publications  are  demy  8vo  in  size. 

Members  of  the  Society  are  entitled  to  one  copy  of  any  of  the  above 
at  a  reduction  of  25  per  cent. 


ESSEX  ARCHiEOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 


MUSEUM:    COLCHESTER    CASTLE. 


OFFICERS    AND    COUNCIL    FOR     1903-4. 


^resibrtut : 


The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Eustace  Cecil 
The  Right  Rev.  the  Lord  Bishop  of  St 

Albans,  D.D. 
The  Rev.  the  Right   Hon.  Lord  Bray- 

BROOKB, M.A 

The  Right  Hon  Lord  Rayleigh,  M.A., 

F.R.S. 
The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Hawkeslev,  F.S.  A. 
The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Claud  Hamilton, 
The  Right  Rev.  the  Bishop  of  Colchester, 

D.D. 


HENRY   LAYER.    Esq.,   F.SA  .   F.L.S. 


The  Right  Rev.  the  Bishop  of  Barking, 

D.D..  FS.A 
The  Right  Hon.  Sir  M.  E.  Grant-Duff. 

PC,  G  C.S.I. .  CLE.,  F.R.S. 
The  Right  Hon.  James  Round. P.C.M. P. 
Sir  H.  Seymour  King,  K.C.LE..  M.P. 
Colonel  A.  R.  M.  Lockwood,  M.P. 
Major  Sir  F.  C.  Rasch.  Bart..  M.P. 
George  Courtauld,  Esq. 
George  Alan  Lowndes,  Esq.,  M.A. 


Crmnctl : 


The  President  (ex-officio). 

G.  F.  Beaumont,  Esq..  F.S. A 

Major-General  B.  R.  Branfill. 

Frederic  Chancellor.  Esq.,  F.R.LB.A. 

Miller  Christy,  Esq..  F.LS. 

The  Rev.  A.  F.  Curtis,  M.A. 

The  Rev,  H.  L.  Elliot,  M.A. 

E.  A.  Fitch.  Esq.,  F.L.S. 

The  Rev.  F.  W.  Galpin,  M.A.,  F.L.S. 

The  Rev.  T.  G.  Gibbons,  M.A. 

A.  R.  Goddard,  Esq.,  B.A. 

I.  Chalkley  Gould,  Esq. 


The  Rev.  J.  W.  Kenworthy. 
Henry  Layer,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  F  L.S. 
William  Macandrew,  Esq. 
Francis  M.  Nichols.  Esq..  F.S. A. 
The  Rev.  Canon  Norman.  M.A. 
The  Rev.  L.  N.  Prance,  M.A.,  F.SA. 
G   E.  Pritchett,  Esq.,  FS.A. 
The  Rev.  E.  H.  L.  Reeve.  MA. 
Douglass  Round,  Esq..  M.A. 
J.  Horace  Round,  Esq.,  M.A. 
C.  F.  D.  Sperling,  Esq.,  M.A. 
W.  C.  Waller,  Esq..  M.A.,  F.S.A. 


Cnasnrer : 
The  Right  Hon.  James  Round.  PC.  MP. 


^onorarg  Stcrttarn : 

The  Rev.'T.  H.  Curling,  B.A.. 

Brad  well  Rectory,  Braintree. 

Ipon.  Ileciber  of  Subscriptions : 

W.  C.  Waller.  Esq..  M.A..  FS.A. 

Loughton. 

Itocal  Setwlams 

Braintree — The  Rev.  J .  W  Kenworthy. 
Brentwood— Col.  F.  Landon. 
Billericay — Major-Genl.  B.  R.  Branfill 
Bishops  Stortford — G.  E.  Pritchett,  Esq 

F.SA. 
Chelmsford — F.  Chancellor,  Esq., 

F.R.I.B  A. 


^oiroraqi  Cnrator: 

Henry  Laver,  Esq.,  F  S.A..  F.L.S., 

Colchester. 

Cnrator : 

Mr.  A.  G.  Wright, 

The  Museum,  Colchester. 


Coggeshall  — G.  F.  Beaumont,  Esq., F.S-  A 
Colchester— H.  Laver.  Esq.F.S.A.. F.L.S. 
Halstead— Charles  Port  way.  Esq. 
Loughton — I.  C.  Godld.  Esq. 
Malrlon— E   A.  Fitch,  Esq.,  F.L.S. 
Saffron  Walden — F.  E.  Emson. 


Printed  by  Wiles  &  Son,  Trinity  Street,  Colchester. 


^ 9-^0  Noi^^^mbers,  61', 

/7r>  \  '^'■■'^  1  ar^ 


TRANSACTIONS 


OF    THE 


Qssex  Archaeological  Society 


VOL.  IX.,    PART   III. 

NEW    SERIES. 


'-^COLCHESTER: 

PUBLISHED   BY  THE   SOCIETY   AT    THE    MUSEUM    IN    THE   CASTLE. 
1904. 


^^^=<«^ 


^ 


^^=<^^ 


CONTENTS    OF    PART    III.,    VOL.    IX. 

PAGE 

I .  Notes  on  the  Discovery  of  A  ncient  Vessels  on  a  Roman  Site  at 

Bratntree,     By  the  Rev.  J.  W.  Kenworthy         ...  195 

II.  The    Family  and    Arms   of   Gilbert  of  Colchester,     By 

SiLVANUs  p.  Thompson,  F.R.S 197 

III.  A  Note  on  tlie  Hundred  of  Ongar.    By  William  Chapman 

Waller,  M.A.,  F.S.A 212 

IV.  Great  Chesierford  Church,    By  F.  Chancellor,  F  R.I.B.A.  220 

V.  The  Repell  Ditches,  Saffron   Walden,     By  I.  Chalk  ley 

Gould 224 

VI.  The  Chancel  Arch  of  White  Notley  Church,     By  C.  Lynam, 

F.S.A 228 

Archaological  Notes  ...         ...          ...         ...         ...          ...         ...  231 

In  Memoriam — G,  Alan  Lowndes .           ...  234 

General  Meeting  of  the  Essex  Archaological  Society,  held  at  Colchester 

Castle,  on  Thursday,  the  14th  April,  1904              235 

Quarterly  Meeting  and  Excursion  Satnrday,  14th  May,  1904         ...  236 

Report            239 

Donations  to  the  Society         240 

Balance  Sheet ...          ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  242 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

f  Ancient  Vessels  discovered  at  Braintree... 

Y  Monument  to  Dr.  Wm.  Gilbert  in  Holy  Trinity  Church 

Arms  of  Dr.  Wm.  Gilbert 

Key  to  Monument  of  Dr.  Wm.  Gilbert ... 

V  Great  Chesterford  Church  before  its  Restoration 
Plan  of  the  Repell  Ditches,  Saffron  Walden     . . . 

y  The  Chancel  Arch  of  White  Notley  Church     ... 

vWindo w  in  the  East  Wall  of  the  Vestry  of  White  Notley  Church 


page 

195 
197 
206 
207 
220 
225 
228 
230 


TRANa    E896X    ABOH>eOL.    SOO.,   vou. 


NOTES    ON    THE     DISCOVERY   OF 

ANCIENT  VESSELS    ON  A   ROMAN 

SITE   AT   BRAINTREE. 

BY  THE    REV.  J.  W.   KENWORTHY. 

I  HAVE  been  asked  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Essex  Archaeological 
Society  to  give  a  brief  explanation,  with  description  of  the  ancient 
vessels  recently  discovered  upon  a  site  of  former  Roman  occupation 
at  the  foot  of  Chapel  Hill  and  near  to  Skitts  Hill,  Braintree.  The 
discovery  was  made  in  August,  1903,  on  a  piece  of  ground,  then,  first 
excavated  for  buildings  by  Mr.  Silas  Parmenter.  Notices  appeared 
in  the  press,  and  in  "The  Graphic,"  of  Sept.  19th,  1903,  there  was 
a  brief  illustrated  account  of  "Cinerary  Urns  found  at  Braintree.'* 
When  these  vessels  were  brought  to  public  notice  through  the 
press,  they  were  commented  upon  by  persons  of  little  or  no  expert 
knowledge,  either  of  the  locality  or  of  the  objects  themselves.  They 
were  at  once  assumed  to  be  "  Burial  Urns."  It  was  also  reported 
that  fragments  of  human  bones  had  been  found  in  one  of  them. 
It  will  be  observed  from  the  illustrations  given  that,  there  were 
three  vessels  originally — one  nearly  whole,  one  much  damaged  by 
the  workmen  in  excavating,  and  of  the  third,  there  were  fragments 
only.  The  whole  one  is  extremely  interesting,  on  account  of  its  bold 
and  noble  design.  Globular  in  outline,  wide  at  the  base,  swelling 
out  to  the  centre,  and  drawing  in  to  a  very  narrow  neck.  The  whole 
outline  is  marked  by  almost  architectural  mouldings  found  at  the 
base  of  classical  columns  of  antiquity. 

In  the  opinion  of  the  writer,  it  is  very  doubtful  if  these  were 
sepulchral  vessels  at  all ;  or,  if  originally  so  intended,  whether 
they  were  so  appropriated,  and  whether  they  appertained  to  burials, 
Roman  or  otherwise,  upon  the  site  where  they  were  discovered. 
From  the  scattered  bones  of  animals  which  had  been  used  for  food, 
and  from  the  shards  of  abounding  Roman  domestic  pottery,  it  may 
be  safely  concluded  that  the  site  itself  was  one,  ftot  of  burial,  but  of 
habitation ;  and,  if  so,  it  could  not,  at  the  same  time,  have  been  used 
for  the  burial  of  the  dead.  In  this  view  of  the  case,  the  vessels  are 
more  likely  to  have  been  used  for  a  domestic,  than  for  a  sepulchral 
purpose.  The  latter  purpose  has  been  taken  for  granted,  but  the 
former  is  much  more  probable ;  and  the  assumption  that  these  were 
burial  urns  must  be  regarded  as  doubtful. 

It  may,  also,  be  observed  that  remains  of  Romano-British  and 
Roman  interments  in  the  Braintree  district  are  very  meagre,  not- 
withstanding the  evidence  of  Roman  occupation,  afforded  by  the 
numerous  Imperial  coins,  broken  pottery  and  other  Roman  relics 
which  turn  up  on  or  near  to  the  line  of  the  great   military  way 

[vol.  IX.      NEW  SBRIES.] 

o 


196  DISCOVERY  OF  ANCIENT  VESSELS  AT  BRAINTREE. 

leading  from  Camulodunum  to  Verulanriium  and  Londinium  at  the 
point  of  junction  in  the  town  of  Braintree  is  very  abundant.  As 
to  ancient  burials,  with  the  exception  of  the  stone  coffin  containing 
a  skeleton,  found  on  the  south  side  of  Coggeshall  Road,  where  it 
joins  with  Albert  Road,  Braintree,  the  writer  knows  of  no  instance 
of  Roman  or  Romano- British  interment.  This  last  discovery  was 
made  in  October  1899. 

It  may  be  enquired,  to  what  date  or  period  do  these  vessels  belong  ? 
It  is  reported  that  an  official  of  the  British  Museum  pronounced  them, 
at  the  time,  to  be  "late  Celtic"  or  *neo-Celtic" — not  distinctly  Roman. 
But,  this  may  apply  rather  to  the  style  and  material  than  to  the  period 
to  which  they  belong.  According  to  the  views  of  Sir  WoUaston  Franks, 
when  treating  of  British  prehistoric  times,  Neo-Celtic  or  Late  Celtic 
of  Britain  is  the  equivalent  of  the  first  civic -age  in  France,  Switzer- 
land and  Germany,  and  contemporary  with  the  late  Bronze  age  in 
Scandinavia — 150  or  100  B.C.  We  can  scarcely  claim  so  great  an 
antiquity  for  these  vessels ;  but  the  style  of  the  globular  one  appears 
earlier  than  the  Roman  style,  and  is  probably  the  continuation  of  an 
earlier  character  down  to  a  later  period.  These  vessels  may  have  been 
imported  from  Gaul  which  would  account  for  the  style  being  early, 
but,  as  pure  and  simple  Upchurch  and  other  kinds  of  contemporary 
pottery  and  Samian  ware  were  found  in  proximity  to  these  vessels, 
and  continue  to  turn  up  on  the  same  site,  it  may  be  concluded  they 
were  placed  there  during  the  period  of  the  Roman  occupation,  and 
employed  for  domestic  purposes  only. 

Having  very  carefully  examined  the  nature  of  the  ground  in  which 
they  were  laid,  I  could  detect  no  trace  of  excavations  having  been 
previously  made  in  the  maiden  earth  to  receive  them ;  only  ditch-soil 
and  down-rain -wash  formed  the  bed  and  the  covering  of  them.  Like 
the  rest  of  the  pottery  scattered  on  the  site,  they  were  found  in  the 
broken  ground  without  any  signs  of  careful  burial,  such  as  the  Romans 
and  others  who  cremated  their  dead,  were  accustomed  to  employ  in 
the  disposal  of  vessels  containing  the  ashes  and  relics  of  their  departed 
people.  I  stated  above  that,  according  to  report,  fragments  of 
human  bones  had  been  found  in  one  of  the  vessels,  this  if  capable  of 
proof  would  decide  the  question  as  to  whether  or  not  they,  or  it,  had 
been  used  for  burial ;  but  it  is  more  probable  that  the  bone- relics 
belonged  to  an  animal  used  for  food,  and  found  in  the  vessel  in  which 
they  had  been  cooked. 

It  would  be  a  matter  of  extreme  interest  to  find  an  instance  in 
Braintree  of  ashes  buried  in  an  urn,  before,  or  during  the  Roman 
period.  But  all  the  circumstances  connected  with  this  discovery  do 
not  furnish  us  with  an  instance.  They  go  to  shew  we  have  come  upon 
the  debris  of  a  canipin^^  [ground  rather  than  of  a  burial  ground. 


THE    FAMILY  AND   ARMS   OF   GILBERT 
OF    COLCHESTER' 

BY    SILVANUS    P.   THOMPSON,    F.R.S. 

Assembled  as  we  are  to-day  in  Colchester  where  repose  the  remains 
of  Dr.  William  Gilbert,  we  are  naturally  more  immediately  interested 
in  the  personality  and  family  history  of  that  gr^t  man  than  in  any 
record  of  his  professional  or  scientific  achievements. 

Permit  me  then  to  pass  these  by  with  the  brief  summary  of  his 
life :  how,  bom  and  schooled  in  Colchester,  he  went  to  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  where  he  spent  over  nine  years,  taking  both 
M.A.  and  M.D.  degrees,  and  acting  as  examiner  and  senior  bursar 
to  his  college.  After  about  four  years  of  foreign  travel,  of  which 
nothing  is  known,  he  settled,  in  1573,  in  London  as  physician,  a 
calling  in  which  he  rose  to  the  highest  eminence :  being  chosen  as 
physician  to  Queen  Elizabeth  and  afterward  to  King  James,  and 
occupying  the  position,  during  the  last  four  years  of  his  life,  of 
president  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians.  His  chiefest  glory 
was,  however,  his  life-long  study  of  magnetism,  which  science  he 
advanced  by  laborious  and  ingenious  studies,  in  which,  proceeding 
by  the  method  of  experiment,  he  made  extraordinary  advances,  and 
published  in  1600  in  his  famous  book  De  Magnete.  He  laid  the 
foundations  of  terrestrial  magnetism  by  his  discovery  that  the  globe 
of  the  earth  itself  acted  as  a  great  lodestone.  By  a  few  pregnant 
experiments  he  also  laid  the  foundations  of  the  science  of  electricity. 
Moreover,  he  advanced  astronomical  science  in  several  directions, 
and  was  the  first  to  advocate  in  England  the  astronomical  doctrines  of 
Copernicus.  Of  such  a  man — a  man  whose  true  greatness  transcends 
that  of  Galileo  or  Bacon,  and  who  is  worthy  to  be  set  beside  Newton 
or  Shakespeare  in  the  memories  of  his  countrymen — the  parentage 
and  local  environment  can  never  fail  to  be  of  interest. 

How  little  the  world  has  known  of  either  may  be  seen  from  the 
very  scant  notices  in  the  cyclopedias  and  dictionaries  of  biography : 
the  scantiness  not  arising  wholly  from  indifference  on  the  part  of 
biographers,  but  from  the  very  fragmentary  nature  of  the  materials 
at  their  disposal.  Historians  have  indeed  been  far  too  prone  to 
follow  the  trumpet  and  the  drum,  to  chronicle  battle  and  murder 


Read  before  the  Society  at  its  Jubilee  Meeting  at  Colchester  on  33th  June  1903. 


198  THE    FAMILY   AND   ARMS 

and  political  intrigue,  rather  than  to  record  the  quiet  discoveries 
of  unambitious  investigators  of  truth.  From  this  neglect  of  the 
historians  the  memory  of  William  Gilbert  has  suffered  sorely. 

That  it  has  been  my  good  fortune  during  the  past  few  years  to 
recover  some  of  the  missing  fragments  from  the  life  history  and 
ancestry  of  the  man  is  the  reason  for  my  troubling  you  to-day  with 
any  discourse. 

The  family  name  of  Gilbert,  variously  spelled  also  as  Gilberd, 
Gylberd,  Gilbard  or  Gilbart,  is  found  in  many  parts  of  England: 
in  Devon,  Cornwall,  Surrey,  Buckinghamshire,  Derbyshire,  Essex, 
Suffolk  and  Norfolk.  Certain  features  in  the  armorial  bearings  give 
reason  for  thinking  that  the  Gilberts  of  Devon,  the  most  famous  of 
whom  was  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  the  half-brother  of  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh,  were  connected  with  the  Gilberts  of  Suffolk  and  Essex. 
It  is  with  the  Gilberts  of  East  Anglia  that  we  are  concerned  to-day. 
There  was  a  Gilbert  treasurer  of  Lincoln  Cathedral  in  12 15;  a 
Gilbert  archdeacon  of  Stow  in  1240;  a  Robert  Gilbert  precentor  of 
Lincoln  in  1414.  There  appear  to  be  three  distinct  East  Anglian 
families,  viz.,  the  Gilberts  of  Cantley  and  Burlingham  (Norfolk); 
the  Gilberts  of  Great  Finborough  (Suffolk);  and  the  Gilberts  of 
Clare  and  Colchester.  To  each  of  these  families  there  appears  to 
have  been  an  independent  grant  of  arms — totally  different  in  their 
blazon — during  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  With  the  Gilberts 
of  Cantley  and  Burlingham,  and  the  Gilberts  of  Great  Finborough, 
we  have  nothing  to  do. 

The  furthest  back  that  we  can  actually  trace  the  genealogical  table 
of  the  family  of  Dr.  Gilbert  is  to  the  fourth  preceding  generation, 
when,  in  1428,  one  Thomas  Gilbert,  himself  a  free  burgess  of  Col- 
chester, was  living  at  Hintlesham  in  Suffolk.  His  son,  John  Gilbert, 
mentioned  in  one  of  the  Stow  charters  in  1499,  appears  to  have 
resided  at  Clare,  possibly  as  a  weaver.  He  is  buried  in  the  church  at 
Clare.  His  son,  William  Gilbert  of  Clare,  who  also  held  property 
at  Chilton,  emerges  more  clearly  into  cognizance.  His  will,  dated 
June  ist,  1548,  proved  Jan.  31st,  1545,  shows  him  to  have  been  a 
man  of  substance,  employing  weavers  and  spinners,  and  probably 
following  the  trade  of  a  clothier,  nevertheless  recognized  as  a 
gentleman  and  bearing  arms,  as  duly  recorded'  in  the  visitations  of 


^  Note  added  May,  1904.  The  confirmation,  mentioned  below,  to  Dr.  Gilbert  In  1577,  of  the 
arms  of  GUb^rt  de  Clare  suggests  that  the  ancestry  of  the  Gilberts  must  have  been  held  by  the 
Heralds'  College  to  have  besn  definitely  established.  Cox's  Magna  Britannia  (article  Suffolk) 
pp.  207  and  337,  refer  to  Gilbert  de  Clare,  Earl  of  Gloucester  In  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  Coi 
declares  that  this  Gilbert  de  Clare  dying  without  issue  male,  his  estate  at  Clare  was  divided 
between  his  three  sisters,  and  that  "  the  Honour  dt  Clare  became  extinct,  and  was  not  revived  tiU 
some  years  after." 


OF   GILBERT   OP   COLCHESTER.  I99 

the  Heralds,  as  those  of  Gilbert  de  Clare.  He  bore  on  a  shield 
argent,  between  three  leopards'  faces  azure^  a  chevron  sable  charged 
with  three  roses  of  the  first,  pipped  or ;  crest :  on  a  mount  vert  a 
demi-eagle  displayed  argent.  He  held  messuages  and  tenements  in 
Clare  and  Chilton,  demesnes  in  the  manor  of  Arbury  with  various 
lands,  tenements  and  hereditaments  in  Suffolk  and  Essex,  mansion 
houses  in  Clare,  and  the  **  newe  hall  in  Clare  aforesaid  in  the  strete 
called  the  Market."  The  mansion  house  in  Clare  is  probably  the 
"gentile  equipage"  described  by  Fuller  as  the  residence  of  the 
Gilberts  for  some  "centuries  of  years.*'  His  wife  Margery,  who 
survived  him,  died  in  1577.  Her  maiden  name  is  unknown ;  it  may 
have  been  Coggeshall. 

William  Gilbert  of  Clare  seems  to  have  had  younger  brothers, 
one  named  Robert,  or  Roger.  Possibly  a  younger  brother  was  the 
Ambrose  Gilbert,  a  reader  in  Lincoln's  Inn,  who  achieved  some 
eminence  in  the  law.  He  was  admitted  to  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1538, 
appointed  reader  in  1556,  and  read  lectures  (the  MSS.  of  which  are 
in  the  Bodleian  Library)  in  i5f^.  It  is  needful  to  be  careful  about 
names  and  dates,  as  there  are  some  fifteen  or  sixteen  William 
Gilberts,  and  some  seven  or  eight  Ambrose  Gilberts,  found  in  the 
years  from  1550  to  1650,  of  whom  only  about  half  have  been  com- 
pletely identified  and  finally  placed  in  the  Gilbert  pedigree. 

The  inheritance  of  the  land  of  Gilbert  of  Clare  passed  to  his  son, 
Ambrose  Gilbert  of  Clare,  whose  will  was  proved  in  1558.  He  left 
to  his  mother  Margery,  for  her  life,  the  farm,  lands  and  tenements 

in  Suffolk,  and  after  her  to  his  wife  Grace till  his  heirs  should 

be  of  age.  He  mentions  his  ownership  of  crops  in  Clare,  Arbury 
and  Cave  Croft.  To  his  son  Thomas  and  his  daughters  he  left  his 
manor  of  Swanborne,  and  his  lands,  tenements  and  hereditaments  in 
the  county  of  Bucks. 

The  eldest  son  of  William  Gilbert  of  Clare  was  Hierom  Gilbert, 
of  whom  presently.  There  appear  to  have  been  at  least  one  other 
son,  a  William,  and  several  daughters,  Elizabeth,  Margaret,  and 
Agnes,  with  perhaps  two  others.  It  is  conjectured  that  this  William 
(mentioned  simply  as  "William"  in  the  will  of  1558  without  naming 
relationship  or  habitation)  is  the  William  Gilbert  who  was  Esquire 
Bedell  at  Oxford  in  1553,  and  whose  son  (also  named  William 
Gilbert)  was,  from  1590  to  1597,  vicar  of  Fingringhoe  (Suffolk). 

Another  Gilbert — George — born  1555,  died  at  Rheims  1583  a 
Jesuit  and  founder  of  the  Catholic  Association,*  was  possibly  son*  of 


*    See  More's  Hist.  Missionis  Anglic.  Soc.  Jtsu.,  p.  83. 

'   I  have  since  ascertained  definitely  that  George  Gilbert  was  second  son  of  Ambrose  Gilbert  of 
Clare,  whose  wife  was  Grace  Townsend  of  I.udlow. 


200  THE    FAMILY  AND   ARMS 

Ambrose  Gilbert.  At  any  rate,  as  shown  by  the  scant  pedigree 
of  Robert  Cooke,  Clarenceux  Herald,  made  in  1577,  and  recorded  in 
Vincent's  Old  Grants,  ii.,  p.  380,  in  the  Heralds'  College,  George 
Gilbert  was  a  grandson  of  Gilbert  of  Clare,  and  bore  arms  charged 
with  a  difference  showing  he  belonged  to  a  younger  branch. 

Returning  to  Hierom  Gilbert,  eldest  son  of  Gilbert  of  Clare,  it 
appears  that  he  was  brought  up  to  the  law,  and  migrated  about  the 
year  1528  to  Colchester,  where  he  became  a  burgess,  was  in  1553 
chosen  recorder  of  the  city,  and  died  in  1583.  He  is  buried  in 
Holy  Trinity,  where  there  was  formerly  a  brass  inscription*  to  his 
memory.  The  house  in  which  he  lived  is  in  Trinity  Street,  almost 
opposite  Holy  Trinity  church.  This  house,  known  as  Tymperley's, 
and,  according  to  a  manuscript  note  by  Morant,  previously  known 
as  Lanseleys  or  Stampes,  came  to  the  Gilbert  family  in  the  following 
way.  Frances,  daughter  of  Roger  Tymperley,  was  married  to  George 
Horseman.  They  sold  this  house,  with  a  croft  of  land  adjoining  in 
Trinity  and  St.  Mary's,  to  Richard  Weston  (of  Prested  Hall)  in  1540. 
Richard  Weston  died  in  1541  (Morant,  ii.,  p.  171),  and  he  gave  it 
by  his  will  to  Elizabeth,  his  wife,  whose  maiden  name  has  not  yet 
been  ascertained.  It  may  have  been  Eden,  or  possibly  Coggeshall. 
About  two  years  later  -  the  exact  date  has  not  been  ascertained,  but 
presumably  it  was  in  1543— Hierom  Gilbert  married  Elizabeth, 
widow  of  Richard  Weston.  They  lived  at  Tymperley's,  and  there, 
in  May  1544,  was  born  to  them  their  eldest  son,  who  became  the 
famous  Dr.  William  Gilbert.  Until  a  few  weeks  ago  the  date  of 
Dr.  Gilbert's  birth  has  always  been  given  in  his  biographies  as  1540, 
on  the  strength  of  the  inscription  on  his  monument,  which  states 
that  at  his  death  in  1603  he  was  in  his  63rd  year.  This  is  certainly 
an  error.  On  the  portrait  of  him  painted  in  his  life-time,  and  by  him 
presented  to  the  University  of  Oxford,  was  the  date  1591  and  the 
inscription  **  aetatis  xlviii."  According  to  this  he  must  have  been 
born  between  March  26th  1543  and  March  24th  154I,  and  not  in 
1540.  But  all  doubt  has  been  set  at  rest  by  the  finding  in  the  Bodleian 
Library  amongst  the  Ashmolean  manuscripts  a  nativity'  of  Dominus 
Gilbert  us  Medicus,  which  specifically  gives  as  the  date  of  his  birth 
the  24th  of  May  1544,  at  2  hours  20  minutes  p.m. 

The  family  of  Hierom  Gilbert  was  a  large  one.  The  second  son 
Robert  lived  to  manhood,  but  died  early,  leaving  one  child,  Thomas 


*  Davy's  ColUc lions :  Add.  MSS.  19,151,  p.  273— "  In  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity.  Here 
lyeth  the  Body  of  Iherome  Gilbert  sometime  Recorder  of  this  town  of  Colchester,  and  EU2abeth 
his  first  wife,  and  Margaret  his  daughter,  he  dyed  23  May,  1583." 

'*  As  evidenced  by  a  passage  on  p.  14a  of  De  Magn§ti,  Gilbert,  in  spite  of  his  detachment  from 
the  fatuities  of  alchemy,  and  his  scorn  of  metaphysics,  gave  credence  to  judicial  astrology. 


OF  GILBERT   OF   COLCHESTER.  201 

Gilbert.  After  Robert  Gilbert  comes  a  daughter  Margaret,  who 
married  William  Harris  of  Colchester,  and  bore  him  a  son,  William 
Harris,  jun.,  and  a  daughter.  The  third  son  was  Hierom  Gilbert,  jun., 
who  married  a  widow,  Margaret  Segg  or  Segges,  and  who  died  in 
1594  without  children.  Hierom  jun,  lived  at  Doyercourt  and  at 
Ramsey.  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Hierom  Gilbert,  died  about  1549,  and 
was  buried  in  Holy  Trinity ;  and  Hierom  Gilbert  took  as  his  second 
wife,  Jane,  daughter  of  Robert  Wingfield  of  Brantham  Hall  (Suffolk). 
The  Wingfields  are  a  well-known  family.  Robert  Wingfield  had 
married  Bridget,  daughter  and  heiress  of  Sir  Thomas  Pargiter,  Lord 
Mayor  in  1530.  His  father.  Sir  Humphrey  Wingfield  of  Brantham 
Hall,  whose  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Sir  John  Wiseman  of  Great 
Canfield  (Essex),  was  the  twelfth  son  of  Sir  John  Wingfield  of 
Letchingham.  By  his  second  wife  Jane,  Hierom  Gilbert  had  seven 
children :  three  sons,  Ambrose,  W^illiam,  and  George,  and  four 
daughters,  Anne  (or  Marianne),  Agnes,  EHzabeth,  and  Prudence. 
It  seems  strange  that  with  William  Gilbert  as  the  oldest  son  of  the 
first  wife's  family,  a  son  in  the  second  wife's  family  should  also  be 
called  William.  For  distinction  he  is  sometimes  called  William 
Gilbert*  of  Melford;  but  more  often  William  Gilbert  the  Younger. 
There  appear  to  have  been  some  reasons  connected  with  the  inheri- 
tance of  property  to  make  it  desirable  to  keep  the  name  of  William 
Gilbert  alive  in  the  family.  William  Gilbert  the  Younger  took  Holy 
Orders,  and  was  in  1599  appointed  by  Queen  Elizabeth  to  the  living 
of  Long  Melford  (Suffolk).  He  owned  Badley  Hall,  Ardley  (Essex). 
He  is  erroneously  stated  in  the  visitation  of  Essex'  of  1634  to  have 
been  a  Procter  in  the  Court  of  Arches,  a  statement  repeated  by 
various  later  writers.  Dr.  Gilbert  himself  never  married.  At  his 
death  his  landed  property,  which  was  extensive,  passed  to  his  brothers 
and  sisters,  nephews  and  a  niece  (see  Appendix  II.). 

At  the  date  of  Dr.  Gilbert's  death  in  1^)03,  on  November  30th  old 
style,  or  December  loth  new  style,  the  state  of  the  Gilbert  family 


^  This  William  Gilbert,  who  died  in  1618,  edited  the  unpublished  manuscript  of  Dr.  William 
Gilbert's  second  and  posthumously  published  book,  the  Dt  Mundo  Nostra  Philosophia  Nova.  In  a 
preface  to  this  work  be  describes  himself  as  Guilielmus  Gilbertus  Melfordiensis,  Nova  hujus 
Philosophia  Authoris  Fr^ter;  to  which  description  a  later  editor,  probably  Gruter,  added  the 
following  note :  — "  Mirabitur  fortasse  Lector  fratrem  utrumque  vocari  Guilielmum  Sed  quan- 
doque  id  fieri  apud  Anglos,  nee  sine  causa  ad  rat  tones  asconomicas  spectante,  et  ab  iis  eliam  qui 
ordinis  in  populo  non  iniimi  sunt,  sciunt  Anglicarum  rerum  periti,  et  author  mihi  est  G.B.  vir 
longiore  vita  dignissimus,  qui  nuper  concessit  ad  phircs." 

«  Harleian  Soc,  xlii.,  p.  405,  or  Hatl,  MSS.,  No.  1,542.  There  are  many  errors  in  this  pedigree. 
It  calls  Hierom  Gilbert  the  Recorder  and  husband  of  Jane  Wingfield, "  William."  It  calls  Gtorge 
Gilbert,  who  was  Procter  of  Arches,  and  who  married  Elizal>eth  Stephens,  "  William."    It  makes 

.\nne  Gilbert,  who  married Barrett,  to  have  married  Wm.  Smyth  of  Peixjrharow,  whereas 

it  was  her  younger  sister  Agnes  who  married  Wm.  Smyth.  It  makes  out  that  Dr.  Gilbert  and  his 
brother  Hierom  were  sons  of  Jane,  second  wife,  whereas  they  were  sons  of  Elizabeth,  first  wife  of 
Hierom  Gilbert. 


202  THE   FAMILY   AND   ARMS 

was  as  follows.  His  own  brothers  Robert  and  Hierom  were  deceased. 
His  own  sister  Margaret  was  deceased.  Robert's  son  Thomas,  and 
Margaret  Harris's  son  and  daughter  were  living.  His  step-brother 
Richard  Weston  was  rector  of  Shotley  (Suffolk),  the  advowson  of 
which  Dr.  Gilbert  had  inherited  from  his  father  Hierom.  His  half- 
brothers,  Ambrose,  William  the  Younger  and  George  were  living,  as 
were  all  his  four  half-sisters,  Anne,  Agnes,  Elizabeth  and  Prudence. 
All  of  them  had  married.  Ambrose,  who  lived  at  Orsett,  on  a 
property  presumably  inherited  from  the  Wingfield  family  through 
his  mother  Jane,  had  married  Jane,  daughter  of  William  [?  Cole],  by 
whom  he  had  children,  including  another  William  Gilbert  (William 
Gilbert,*  of  Orsett,  D.D.),  and  another  Ambrose  Gilbert  (Ambrose 
Gilbert,  of  Orsett,  B.D.).  William  Gilbert  the  Younger,  of  Melford 
and  of  Badley  Hall,  had  married  Agnes  [Waltham],  and  they  had 
children,  including  another  William  Gilbert  who  in  turn  became 
owner  of  Badley  Hall  and  of  Melford,  and  another  Ambrose  Gilbert. 
George  Gilbert,  who  was  brought  up  to  the  law,  was  a  Procter  in  the 
Court  of  Arches.  He  had  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Mathew 
Stephens  of  Colchester,  who  brought  to  him  a  house  in  the  parish 
of  All  Saints.  They  had  no  family.  Of  the  four  half-sisters,  Anne 
(or  Marianna)  was  married  to  ...  .  Barrett ;  Agnes  to  William  Smyth 
of  Peper  Harow  in  Surrey ;  Elizabeth  to  John  Johnes  (or  Jones), 
alderman  of  Gloucester ;  and  Prudence  to  Anthony  Millington. 
Except  Anne,  all  the  sisters  had  children. 

The  pedigree  which  accompanies  this  paper  gives  some  particulars 
as  to  the  later  branches  of  the  family.  It  is  avowedly  incomplete : 
but  nothing  has  been  set  down  that  has  not  been  established  with  a 
good  degree  of  certainty.  Of  the  persons  not  yet  definitely  placed 
in  it,  the  following  may  be  mentioned.  There  is  a  John  Gilbert  of 
W^oodford,  to  whom  in  1609  the  arms  of  Gilbert  of  Clare  were 
confirmed.  There  is  a  group  of  three  children,  all  baptized  at  Clare, 
named  John  Gilbert,  baptized  April  9th  1624,  Alice,  baptized  ist 
January  1627,  Ambrose  Gilbert,  baptized  November  1630,  mentioned 
in  the  Additional  Manuscripts  in  the  British  Museum  (No.  19,131) 
as  children  of  one  Ambrose  Gilbert.*  There  is  a  William  Gilbert  of 
Brent  Ely,  who  bore  the  Gilbert  arms,  a  widower,  who,  in  1629, 
married  Mrs.  Anne  Colman.  There  is  another  William  Gilbert  of 
Brent  Ely  living  in  1671,  to  whom  the  arms  of  Gilbert  of  Clare  were 


^  Author  of  .-I  rchiteUonice  ConsoUUionis :  or  the  A  rt  of  Building  Comfort :  occasioned  bj-  the  death 
of  that  religious  [Geritlewoman  lane  Gilbert .  .  .  by  her  husband  WillMm  Gilbert  Doctor  in  Divimity. 
London,  1640. 

3  These  are  now  identified,  as  a  result  of  the  examination  by  Miss  C.  Fell-Sniith  of  the  Clare 
registers,  as  descendants  of  Roger  Gilbert  or  Gilbard  of  Clare. 


OF   GILBERT   OF   COLCHESTER,  203 

confirmed.*  There  is  a  mysterious  William  Gilbert  the  Counsellor, 
of  Colchester,  who  appears  as  trustee  under  the  trust  of  Ambrose 
Gilbert,  B.D.,  when  he  founded  a  free  scholarship  at  St.  John's 
College.  The  figure  of  William  the  Counsellor  flits  in  and  out  in 
the  records :  our  conjecture  is  that  he  was  a  son  of  William  Gilbert 
the  Younger.  One  thing  about  him  is  certain— that  he  was  the 
father  of  two  boys,  bom  in  163 1  and  1634  respectively,  who  were  sent 
to  Colchester  Grammar  School,  and,  it  need  hardly  be  added,  one  of 
these  boys  was  called  William  Gilbert  and  the  other  Ambrose  Gilbert. 
Doubtless  some  day  the  right  places  in  the  pedigree  will  be  found 
for  all  these  descendants  of  the  Gilbert  stock. 

I  now  turn  to  the  questions  raised  by  the  armorial  bearings  of  the 
Gilbert  family.  What  light  can  heraldry  throw  upon  the  problems 
of  their  intricate  relations  ? 

The  record  in  the  visitations  of  the  Heralds  establishes  the  lawful 
possession  by  Gilbert  de  Clare  of  the  coat  of  arjns  already  mentioned. 
Let  me  recall  the  blazon  :  on  a  shield  argent,  between  three  leopards* 
faces  azure,  a  chevron  sable  charged  with  three  roses  of  the  first, 
pipped  or ;  crest :  on  a  mount  vert  a  demi-eagle  displayed  argent. 

Contrast  this  with  the  arms  of  other  Gilbert  families. 

The  Gilberts  of  Devon,  now  represented  by  Gilbert  of  Compton, 
bear  the  following : — Argent,  on  a  chevron  sable,  three  roses  of  the 
first,  leaved  proper ;  crest :  a  squirrel  sejant  on  a  hill  vert  feeding  on 
a  crop  of  nuts  proper. 

Gilbert  of  Trevissick  (Cornwall)  has  the  following : — Argent,  on  a 
chevron  gules,  three  roses  of  the  field ;  crest :  a  squirrel  sejant  gules, 
cracking  a  nut,  or. 

Gilbert  of  Cantley  (Norfolk)  bears :  — Gules,  two  bars  ermine,  in 
chief  three  fleurs-de-lys  or. 

Gilbert  of  Great  Finborough  (Suffolk)  was,  in  Queen  Elizabeth's 
reign,  represented  by  Sir  John  Gilbert,  who  bore  as  arms : — Azure,  a 
chevron  engrailed  ermine  between  three  eaglets  displayed  or. 

The  wide  differences  between  these  coats  of  arms  show  that  the 
families  were  different,  except  perhaps  in  the  cases  of  the  Gilberts  of 
Devon  and  Cornwall.  There  is  also  a  Sussex  family  which  bears 
similar  arms  to  those  of  Devon. 

What  may  be  the  precise  significance  of  the  circumstance  that  the 
Gilberts  of  Clare  and  Colchester  had  three  leopards'  faces  while  the 

*  I  have  since  seen  in  the  College  of  Arms  a  record  of  this  grant,  made  during  the  visitation  of 
1664.  It  is  accompanied  by  a  partial  pedigree,  and  signed  by  the  William  Gilbert  in  question. 
He  was  born  in  1631,  and  was  the  son  of  William  Gilbert  the  Counsellor  (Lincoln's  Inn),  of 
Colchester  and  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  owner  of  Badley  Hall  and  of  lands  at  Long  M elford,  and  who 
married  (as  her  second  husband}  Anne,  daughter  of  Samuell  Coleman  of  Brent  Ely.  The  William 
who  thus  signed  the  pedigree  married  Mary,  daughter  and  only  child  of  Jo.  Alabaster  of  Hadleigh. 


I  204  THE   FAMILY  AND  ARMS 


I 


Gilberts  of  Devon  had  none  (the  shields  being  otherwise  identical) 
does  not  appear.  It  is,  however,  significant  that  the  Earls  of  Suffolk 
at  that  date  bore  three  leopards'  faces.  Perhaps  it  is  too  far-fetched 
to  suggest  that  the  Gilbert  arms  with  leopards'  faces  might  be  read 
to  mean  Gilberts  of  Suffolk.  But  again,  it  must  be  remembered 
that  in  heraldry  the  leopard  stands  along  with  the  lion  as  a  s)rmbol 
generally  for  courage,  and  a  device  of  three  leopards'  faces  was  quite 
a  common  one.  Besides  this,  there  are  several  well-known  coats  of 
arms  that  strikingly  resemble  those  of  the  Gilberts  of  Clare.  The 
Wentworth  family  (Earls  of  Strafford)  bear  on  a  shield  sable  a 
chevron  between  three  leopards'  faces  or.  The  family  of  Farrington 
of  Chichester  bears  argent  a  chevron  gules  between  three  leopards' 
faces  erased  sable.  The  civic  arms  of  the  town  of  Shrewsbury  are 
azure,  three  leopards'  faces  or.  But  the  most  striking  case  is  that  of 
the  arms  of  the  Weavers'  Company,  of  London,  which  existed  back 
in  the  fifteenth  century,  and  had  a  grant  of  arms  in  1487,  had 
confirmed  to  it  in  1590,  and  again  on  August  ist  161 6,  the  following 
coat :  on  a  shield  azure,  on  a  chevron  argent  between  three  leopards' 
faces  or,  each  holding  in  his  mouth  a  shuttle  of  the  last,  as  many 
roses  gules. 

The  similarity  is  striking;  the  principal  difference— the  weavers' 
shuttles  in  the  leopards'  mouth — is  self-explanatory.  But  can  the 
similarity  be  a  mere  coincidence  ?  Remember  that  Gilbert  of  Clare 
was  a  master-weaver.  And  the  Weavers*  Company  had  intimate 
relations  with  East  Anglia,  as  attested  by  the  circumstance  that  its 
arms,  just  described,  are  amongst  the  coats  emblazoned  in  the  glass 
windows  of  the  Moot  Hall  at  Colchester.  Three  roses  on  a  chevron, 
and  three  leopards'  faces— the  combination  must  have  had  some 
significance.  Why  should  the  same  combination  occur  for  Gilbert 
of  Clare  and  for  the  Weavers'  Company  ?  I  leave  the  enigma  for 
those  wise  in  the  perilous  wisdom  of  heraldry  to  solve. 

Let  me  return  to  the  known  facts  of  the  arms  of  Gilbert  of  Clare. 

In  the  manuscript  room  of  the  British  Museum,  in  one  of  the 
Heraldic  MSS.  attributed  to  the  Clarenceux  Herald  Cooke  is  the 
book  called  "  Clopton,"  containing  the  arms  of  many  Suffolk  families. 
On  folio  220b  of  this  book  is  a  trick  of  the  Gilbert  arms,  inscribed  at 
the  top  "  Gilbert  de  Clare,"  under  which  a  later  hand  has  written 
"  Doctor  Gilbert."  The  sketch  shows  the  shield  surmounted  by  the 
crest— on  a  mount  vert  a  demi-eagle  displayed  argent.  The  same 
trick,  but  without  the  crest,  appears  in  the  manuscript  visitation  of 
1,634,  Harleian  MSS.,  No.  1,542,  p.  556.  And  again,  with  the  crest 
complete,  in  Harleian  MSS.,  No.  1,560,  fol.  181  A,  there  is  given  a 
trick  of  the  arms  and  crest  of  Gilbert  of  Clare.     All  these  agree  in 


OF  GILBERT   OP  COLCHESTER.  i05 

the  charges  and  tinctures,  with  the  detail  of  difference  that  in  the 
book  Clopton  the  roses  argent  are  marked  as  being  pipped  or. 

In  the  Heralds'  College  there  exists  a  precious  document,  a 
docquet  or  duplicate  of  the  official  confirmation  made  on  November 
27th  1577,  by  Robert  Cooke,  Clarenceux  Herald  (who  was  a  fellow- 
collegian  of  Dr.  Gilbert's  at  St.  John's  College),  of  the  Gilbert  Arms 
to  Dr.  Gilbert.  The  issue  of  this  document,  which  bears  in  the 
margin  a  trick  of  the  arms  and  a  piece  of  the  Gilbert  pedigree,  is  in 
itself  evidence  that  Dr.  Gilbert  had  established  his  descent  from 
Gilbert  of  Clare,  and  the  right  to  bear  his  arms.  It  may  be  remem- 
bered that  at  this  date  Dr.  Gilbert's  father,  Hierom  Gilbert,  was 
still  alive.  In  this  docquet,  which  is  unfortunately  imperfect  at  one 
margin,  the  arms  as  described  above  are  confirmed  to  William 
Gilbert  of  the  Cittie  of  London,  Doctor  of  P[hysic],  and  a  new 
grant  is  made  of  a  crest.  The  terms  of  this  grant  are  as  follows : — 
"And  for  as  much  as  the  said  Wm.  Gilbert  desir[eth  to  hold  an] 
achevement  for  creast  or  cognizance  mete  and  lawful  to  be  bor[ne 
by  him  without  1  offence  to  any  other  person.  I,  the  said  Clarentieux 
King  of  Arms  by  power  and  au[thority"|  annexed  and  graunted  by 
lettres  patents  under  the  great  Seale  of  England  have  assigned  unto 
the  said  Willm.  Gilbert,  gent,  for  his  creast  or  cognizance  uppon  the 
heal  me  [a  cushion  argent]  and  sables  upon  a  mount  vert  a  demy 
Egle  silver  mantelled  gules  dubled  sil[ver  as]  apperethe  depicted  in 
the  margent." 

The  crest  was  in  fact  the  same  as  that  borne  by  Gilbert  of  Clare. 
At  the  foot  of  the  same  docquet  appears  a  note  in  the  same  hand- 
writing, that  this  was  also  "confirmed  in  like  manner  to  George 
Gilbert  of  Clare  upon  his  pretended  travayling  [into]  Germany  Anno 
predicto  Anno  aetatis  suoe  22,  with  a  second  difference."  This  George, 
as  it  appears  from  the  pedigree  in  the  margin,  was  first  cousin  to 
Dr.  Gilbert,  being  the  son  of  [Ambrose]  Gilbert  (who  married' Grace 
daughter  of  Sir  R.  Townsend),  younger  son  of  Gilbert  of  Clare. 
This  George,  born  in  1555,  cannot  be  any  other  than  the  Founder 
of  the  Catholic  Association,  who  became  a  Jesuit  and  died  in  1583. 

When  Dr.  Gilbert  published  his  famous  book  he  caused  his  arms 
to  be  engraved  and  printed  at  the  back  of  the  title  page.  The 
engraving  does  not  show  the  tinctures,  but  it  depicts  the  arms  of 
Gilbert  of  Clare  quartered  with  another  coat ;  argent  a  cross  (sable) 
between  four  escallops  sable,  a  crescent  for  difference.  These  are 
the  arms  of  Coggeshall,  and  they  indicate  that  an  heiress  of  that 
family  married  into  the  family  of  Gilbert,  and  was  ancestress  of 
Dr.  Gilbert.  It  is  not  yet  known  whether  this  ancestress  Coggeshall 
was  Elizabeth,  mother  of  Dr.  Gilbert,  or  Margery,  grandmothe*"    "^ 


2o6  THE    FAMILY   AND   ARMS 

Dr.  Gilbert.  The  presumptions  go  in  favour  of  the  latter  supposition. 
All  the  pedigrees  are  silent  on  the  point,  and  the  registers  of  parishes 
have  been  very  imperfectly  searched.  Over  the  quartered  arms  of 
Gilbert   and   Coggeshall   in   the   engraving   in  De  Magnete,  there   is 


The  Arms  of  Dr.  Wm.  Gilbert,  reproduced  from  the  cut  on  the 
BACK  OF  the  Title-page  of  the  book  "  De  Magnete,"  1600. 


represented  the  helmet  of  an  esquire,  surmounted  with  the  crest  as 
granted  by  the  Clarenceux  King  at  Arms. 

It  may  here  be  added  that  quite  recently,  as  I  am  informed  by 
Mr.  C.  E.  Benham,  there  has  been  discovered  in  Gilbert's  old  house 
"  Tymperley's,"  in  Trinity  Street,  Colchester,  a  hatchment  bearing 


OF   GILBERT   OF   COLCHBSTER. 


207 


the  arms  of  Gilbert  of  Clare,  but  with  the  crest  imperfect.     Possibly 
this  may  not  be  the  only  discovery  in  this  ancient  mansion. 

Let  us  now  turn  to  the  memorial  tablet  of  Dr.  Gilbert  on  the 
north  wall  of  the  church  of  Holy  Trinity,  which  has  long  presented 
some  problems  to  the  archaeologists  of  Essex.  It  is  figured,  and  its 
ornaments  are  partially  described  in  Morant's  Colchester;  a  small, 
but  in  some  respects  more  correct,  cut  of  it  is  given  in  Mr.  C.  E. 
Benham's  William  Gilbert  of  Colchester y  p.  97 ;  while  a  very  admirable 
drawing  appears  in  Mr.  Chancellor's  Sepulchral  Monuments  of  Essex. 
But  to  this  day  no  complete  account  has  been  given  of  the  significance 
of  the  various  shields  and  quarterings  which  appear  upon  it.  With 
the  kind  aid  of  the  Rev.  H.  L.  Elliot,  and  the  information  as  to 
the  Gilbert  family  which  recent  researches 
have  revealed,  I  am,  however,  able  to-day 
to  give  a  consistent  explanation  of  the 
whole,  every  detail  except  two  having  been 
confirmed  and  verified.  The  memorial 
tablet  (itself  not  correctly  quoted  in  any 
work  I  have  yet  come  across)  is  a 
rectangular  slab  set  in  a  frame-work,  on 
which  are  carved  fourteen  shields.  One 
(A)  is  in  a  circular  panel  surmounting 
the  monument  ;  two  (B  and  G)  stand 
under  the  entablature  left  and  right  ; 
three  (C,  D,  E)  stand  in  a  vertical  row 
on  the  left  pilaster;  three  others  (H,  J, 
K)  in  a  similar  row  on  the  right  pilaster ; 
across  the  bottom  in  a  horizontal  row  are 
five  more  (F,  L,  M,  N,  O). 

The  achievement  A  on  the  summit  bears  quarterly  the  arms  of 
Gilbert  and  Coggeshall,  precisely  as  depicted  in  the  engraving  in  De 
Magnete,  with  helmet,  crest,  and  mantling.  Shield  B  is  a  repetition 
of  shield  A,  but  without  helmet  or  crest.  Shield  G  is  Gilbert  impaling 
a  coat  of  Wing  field  and  Wiseman  quartered  together.  {Wing field: 
Argent  on  a  bend  gules  cotised  sable,  three  pairs  of  wings  conjoined 
in  lure  of  the  field.  Wiseman:  Sable  a  chevron  ermine  between 
three  cronels  argent.)  This  shield  represents,  therefore,  Hierom 
Gilbert  the  Recorder  and  his  second  wife,  Jane  Wingfield.  The 
shields  C,  D,  E  and  F  are  simply  repetitions  of  the  arms  of  Gilbert 
of  Clare  (not  quartered  with  Coggeshall),  and  doubtless  represent  four 
members  of  the  Gilbert  family.  Shield  H  depicts  the  arms  of  Gilbert 
impaling  Cole.  {Cole:  Argent  a  chevron  gules  between  three  scorpions 
sable.)    This  coat  presumably  represents  Ambrose  Gilbert  and  his 


2o8  THE   FAMILY   AND   ARMS 

wife  Jane,  daughter  of  William  [Cole].  He  was  the  eldest  son  of 
the  second  family  of  Hierom  Gilbert,  and  his  shield  therefore  hangs 
under  shield  G.    Shield  J  is  Gilbert  impaling  Waltham  {Waltham :  Sable 

on  a  chevron  argent,  between  three  cinquefoils  or,  a  roundle ), 

and  represents  William  Gilbert  the  Younger  and  his  wife,  Agnes 
Waltham  {alias  Mason).  The  shield  K  depicts  Gilbert  impaling 
Stephens.  (Stephens :  Quarterly,  i  and  4,  argent  and  gules ;  in  2  and 
3,  three  roundles,  over  all  a  bend  ermine.)  This  shield,  therefore, 
represents  George  Gilbert  and  his  wife  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
Mathew  Stephens  of  Colchester.  Shield  L  bears  the  arms  of  Barrett 
impaling  Gilbert,  (Barrett :  Party  per  pale  azure  and  gules.)  Hence 
this  stands  for  Anna  (or  Marianna)  Gilbert,  who  married  one  Barrett 

of Shield  M  depicts  Smyth  of  Peperharow  impaling  Gilbert 

(Smythf  *  of  Peperharow :  Per  pale,  or  and  azure,  a  chevron  between 
three  lions  passant -guardant  counter-changed,  a  crescent  for  difference) 
and  therefore  represents  Agnes  Gilbert,  the  second  sister  of  the 
younger  family,  who  married  William  Smyth.  Shield  N  is  Jams 
impaling  Gilbert  (Jones  or  Johnes,*  of  Gloucester:  Quarterly,  i  and  6, 
ermine  on  a  saltire  gules  a  crescent ;  2,  or  a  lion  rampant  reguardant 
sable,  a  crescent  for  difference;  3,  argent  a  lion  rampant  sable, 
debruised  by  a  bendlet  sinister  gules ;  4,  or  two  palets  gules,  over  all 
a  lion  rampant  sable  charged  with  a  mullet ;  5,  paly  of  six  or  and 
gules),  hence  this  shield  belongs  to  Elizabeth  Gilbert,  the  third  sister, 
who  married  Alderman  John  Jones,  of  Gloucester.  The  last  shield 
O,  is  Millington  impaling  Gilbert  (MUlingtoHy  of  Chester :  Quarterly, 
I  and  4,  azure  three  millstones  argent ;  2  and  3,  argent  an  eagle 
displayed  azure),  and  so  represents  the  fourth  sister  Prudence,  who 
married  Antony  Millington. 

The  two  details  which  remain  unconfirmed  are,  first,  the  assigning 
of  shield  H  to  Ambrose  Gilbert,  because  though  the  arms  impaled 
with  Gilbert  are  unquestionably  those  of  Cole,  it  is  not  known  from 
other  evidence  that  Ambrose's  wife  was  a  Cole.     She  is  set  down  in 

the  visitation  of  1634  as  "  Jane,  da.  of  William "     Ambrose 

lived  at  Orsett.  There  were  Coles  in  Orsett.  Confirmation  ought  not 
to  be  impossible.  The  second  unconfirmed  point  is  the  identification 
of  the  blazon  of  the  family  of  Stephens.  If  then  the  three  shields 
H,  J,  K  represent  the  three  married  brothers  and  their  wives,  and 
the  four  shields  L,  M,  N  and  O  represent  the  married  sisters  and 
their  husbands,  who  are  the  persons  represented  by  the  four  plain 
Gilbert  shields  C,  D,  E  and  F.  Judging  by  analogy,  they  should 
represent  either  unmarried  Gilberts,  or  Gilberts  who  had  married 


I  Harl.  Soc.  zUU.,  pp.  173-3-  '  t^^-  ^xi>  P-  96. 


OF   GILBERT   OF   COLCHESTER.  209 

persons  not  entitled  to  bear  arms.  These  would  appear  to  be  Margaret 
Gilbert,  Dr.  Gilbert's  own  sister,  who  had  predeceased  him ;  Robert 
Gilbert,  a  brother  who  had  predeceased  him ;  Thomas  Gilbert,  son 
of  Robert,  who  as  a  boy  had  been  left  a  ward  of  Dr.  Gilbert ;  while 
shield  F  would  then  remain  to  represent  Hierom  Gilbert,  jun.. 
Dr.  Gilbert's  own  brother,  who  had  predeceased  him  by  about 
nine  years. 

One  feature  deserves  consideration.  Between  shields  B  and  C, 
across  the  top  of  the  monument,  is  a  long  blank  space  of  dark  stone, 
which  looks  as  though  it  lacked  something  architecturally.  It  seems 
certain  that  there  never  was  any  inscription  cut  upon  it :  but  I  do 
not  feel  so  sure  that  there  never  were  any  shields  upon  it.  It  is, 
however,  in  just  the  same  state  as  it  was  depicted  loo  years  ago  by 
Morant,  and  that  was  previous  to  the  removal  of  the  monument  to 
its  present  position  in  the  church.  Assuming  that  no  shields  are 
missing,  it  will  be  seen  that  every  immediate  member  of  the  Gilbert 
family  is  represented,  except  Dr.  Gilbert's  own  mother  Elizabeth, 
unless  she  was  a  Coggeshall.  But  if  she  was  a  Coggeshall,  her 
arms  ought  to  have  been  impaled  simply,  instead  of  quartered,  along 
with  those  of  Gilbert  in  shield  B.  If  she  was  non-armigerous,  then 
shield  B  must  be  taken  to  represent  Hierom  Gilbert  the  Recorder 
alone,  using  the  quartering  of  Coggeshall  from  his  mother  or  other 
ancestress.  My  conviction  is  that  Dr.  Gilbert's  mother  Elizabeth 
was  an  Eden  before  she  married  her  first  husband,  Richard  Weston, 
and  that  the  Coggeshall  blood  came  in  in  the  person  of  Margery, 
wife  of  Gilbert  of  Clare.     This  is  a  point  still  left  conjectural. 

There  exists  in  the  College  of  Arms,  in  Symond's  Collections 
{Essex  i. ;  437,  A  and  M),  a  series  of  sketches  of  the  Gilbert  arms 
from  the  church  of  Holy  Trinity.  They  appear  all  to  have  been 
taken  from  the  monument  to  Dr.  Gilbert  some  two  hundred  years 
ago.  They  do  not  include  a  complete  set  of  the  fourteen  shields, 
and  while  they  confirm  a  number  of  the  points  enumerated  above  do 
not  settle  either  of  the  details  stated  as  requiring  confirmation. 

To  amplify  the  scanty  history  of  the  Gilbert  family,  and  to 
complete  the  pedigree,  much  work  is  needed,  and  there  are  many 
clues  to  be  followed  up.  The  registers  of  the  following  parishes 
ought  to  be  searched,  viz.:  Clare,*  Great  Oakley,  Little  Oakley, 
Orsett,  Fingringhoe,  Long  Melford,  St.  Osyth,  Brent  Ely,  Dover- 
court,  Hintlesham,  Great  Yeldham,  St.  Mary's  Bury  St.  Edmunds, 


^  Since  this  paper  was  read  Miss  C.  Fell-Smith  has  searched  for  me  the  Register  at  Clare,  with 
the  result  of  fixing  the  date  of  decease  of  Margery,  widow  of  William  Gilbert  (or  Gilbard)  of  Clare, 
and  the  discovery  of  the  family  of  Roger  Gilbard.  These  are  now  added  to  the  Pedigree  in  the 
appendix  hereto.    S.P.T. 


210  GILBERT  OF   COLCHESTER. 

Tillingham,  Little  Thurrock.  The  wills  have  not  yet  been  found  of 
Ambrose  Gilbert  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  of  Ambrose  Gilbert  of  Orsett,  of 
Thomas  Gilbert  of  Clare,  of  Richard  Weston,  or  of  William  Harris 
of  Colchester.  The  connexions  between  the  Gilbert  family  and 
the  families  of  Cole,  Coggeshall,  Eden,  Clere,  Campion,  Townsend, 
and  Pearse  or  Peirs  need  to  be  elucidated.  There  cannot  be 
found  a  certain  manuscript  called  Barrett's  MS.,  which  contains 
on  p.  122  a  note  of  the  grant  of  arms  to  Dr.  Gilbert.  There  are 
several  Gilberts  yet  unplaced  in  the  pedigree,  including  John 
Gilbert  of  Woodford,  who  in  1609  had  a  grant  or  confirmation  of 
the  arms  of  Gilbert  of  Clare.  The  wills  at  Ipswich  and  Bury  St. 
Edmunds  have  not  yet  been  searched,  nor  the  mass  of  records  in 
Colchester  Museum,  which  are  supposed  to  have  been  used  by 
Morant  in  the  compilation  of  his  History.  For  use  in  such  searches 
it  will  be  useful  to  be  furnished  with  a  list  of  the  landed  properties 
in  Essex  and  Suffolk  owned  by  Dr.  Gilbert.  The  accompanying 
list  (see  Appendix  II.),  compiled  from  Dr.  Gilbert's  will,  and  from 
other  wills  in  the  Gilbert  family,  show  what  a  considerable  person 
in  the  County  the  great  Doctor  must  have  become.  The  title-deeds 
of  these  several  properties  ought  not  to  be  beyond  recovery,  and 
would  probably  add  much  to  the  family  history. 

There  is  evidently  ample  scope  for  future  effort  on  the  part  of  the 
archaeologists  and  antiquarians  of  Essex  and  Suffolk  to  bring  to 
light  the  missing  chapters  in  the  history  of  one  of  the  most  illustrious 
names  in  East  Anglia. 


J,/* 


(     210. 

I 


Essex  Archaeological  Society's  Transactions. 
Vol.  IX.   New  Series,  p.  406. 


Erratum. 


By  a  printer's  error  it  is  stated  that  the  thickness  of 
the  walls  of  this  building  is  ii^  inches  instead  of  the 
correct  measurement  i  foot  iij  inches. 


1 


Bniaa. 

b.  1602. 


Anl  WeO. 

530 


GILBERT   OF   COLCHESTER.  211 

Appendix   II. 

Property  left  by  Dr.  Gilbert,  1603. 

LEGATEE. 

COLCHESTER  :  '  House  in  Trinity  Parish  with  tene- 


WiLLiAM  Harris. 


Ambrose  Gilbert. 


ments  belonging  to  it,  orchards,  gardens* 
Pasture  named  "  Partridge  " . 
Meadow  by  Ryegate  . . 
Messuage  and  tenements  in  St.  Martin's  Parish. .        Gilbert  Millington. 

DOVERCOURT  :    House  called  "  Pantrys"  and  lands        Ambrose  Gilbert. 

OAKLEY.  Gt.  and  Little  :     Hubrich  Hall 
Lease  of  Oakley  Mill 

ST.  OSYTH  :    House  and  appurtenances      . .         . .        Ambrose  Gilbert. 

WEELEY  :    "  Customary  lands  "        William  Harris. 

ELMSTED:     Land  called   "Old   Hammonds"  and    | 

"  New  Hammonds,"  &c.*  [  George  Gilbert. 

Sempers  Heath,  pastures,  groves  and  woods*      . .     ' 
Lands  and  tenements  called  "Celers"  (Kelers)*. 
,,  ,,        "Ricadoms"* 


Ambrose  Gilbert. 


William  Gilbert 
the  Younger. 


,,  ,,         "  Ridelles "  (in 

Wivenhoe)*. 

"  Brookfield  "*        . .         (not  mentioned.) 

GREENSTED  :    House  and  land  called  "  Goldinges"*        "  to  my  niece  Harris." 
House  and  land  called  "  Fremans  "*  . .  Elizabeth  Johnes. 

ARDLEIGH  :     Badley  Hall,  manor  house  and  lands 

Badley  Meadow  

House  and  land  called  "  Parsons  "  . . 

"Crosses" Anne  Barrett. 

SHOTTLEY :     Parcel  of  ground  and  Advowson* 

(apparently  given  during  life  to  Rev.  Richard  Weston  ) 

MANOR  OF  RAMSEY,  lease  in 
MANOR   OF  MICHELSTOW,  lease  in 
MANOR  OF  FOBTON   MARSH,  lease  in.. 

LAVENHAM   (Suffolk)  :     Lands,   "  bought  of  my    I    William  Gilbert 
cozen  Eden " /         the  Younger. 

THORPE  (Suffolk):     "Customary  lands"..         ..        William  Harris. 

House,  "bought  of  Mr  Cotton" \ 

Land  called  "Bulles,"  "bought  of  Coo  and  his  I    William  Gilbert 

partner" [         the  Younger. 

Land,  "  bought  of  my  cosen  Eden  "  . .  / 

LONDON  :    House  on  Peter's  Hill,  called ' '  Wingfield 

House " Agnes  Smythe. 

N.B.— Items  marked  *  ln]ierited  from  Hierom  Gilbert  (sen.). 


Ambrose  Gilbert. 


A  NOTE  ON  THE  HUNDRED  OF  ONGAR. 

BY  WILLIAM  CHAPMAN  WALLER,  F.S.A. 

"I  HAVE  received  lately,**  says  Mr.  Morant,  "the  following  Piece, 
for  which  the  whole  County  will  think  themselves  obliged  to  the 
Gentleman  who  communicated  it.*'  With  these  words  the  historian 
of  our  county,  when  he  deals  with  the  parish  of  *  Abbasse  Rothing/ 
introduces  the  famous  account  of  the  Ward-Staff  Royal,  with  the 
ordering  thereof,  in  the  Hundred  of  Ongar — which  account  he  took 
from  a  sixteenth  century  MS.,  as  to  the  ownership  whereof  he  is 
discreetly  silent.  Unlike  many  other  MSS.  this  one  seems  to  have 
been,  and  to  have  always  remained,  in  good  hands,  its  present 
possessor  being  our  Treasurer,  Mr.  James  Round,  of  Birch  Hall,  to 
whom  I  am  much  indebted  for  lending  it  to  me  for  examination. 

The  MS.  consists  of  thirty- nine  paper  pages,  sewn  together,  and 
somewhat  damaged  at  the  top,  but  otherwise  in  capital  condition. 
The  title,  if  there  ever  was  one,  has  gone,  and  we  plunge  at  once 
into  a  copy  of  the  Letters  Patent,  granting  to  one,  John  Stoner,  the 
bailiwick  of  Ongar  and  Harlow,  with  the  office  of  the  ward-staff  of  the 
said  Hundreds.  He  was,  as  appears  from  the  Patent  Roll  (the  MS. 
is  imperfect  just  here),  one  of  the  King's  Sergeants-at-Arms,  and 
the  grant  to  him  ran  as  from  the  death  of  Robert  Stoner,  gentleman, 
who  lately  held  the  same  offices.*  Morant,  without  pressing  the 
identification,  mentions  in  a  note  that  one  of  that  name  was  resident 
within  the  Hundred ;  but  a  later  entry  on  the  rolls  shews  that  the 
bailiff  of  it  was  also  bailiff  of  other  Hundreds  in  Berkshire,  and,  more- 
over, possessed  entailed  lands  in  Oxfordshire,  where  the  Stoners  are 
still  seated."  John  Stoner,  or  Stonard,  of  Loughton,  was  a  peaceful 
farmer  of  lands,  royal  and  monastic,  and  certainly  needed  no  licence 
*  to  abyde  and  tarry  at  home,*  because  *  of  his  bounden  duetie  he  ought 
10  have  attended  uppon  our  royall  person  now  beynge  in  the  warres 
beyond  the  see  agaynst  our  ancyent  enmy  the  French  Kynge* ;  nor 
did  he  own  much  land  in,  or  any  outside,  the  county  of  Essex;  and,  to 
clinch  the  matter,  he  died  before  the  grant  in  question  was  made.' 


*    Pat.  Roll.  34  Hen.  VIII. :  part  7;   ni.  ^7  (2). 
-    Pat.  Roll,  36  H.  VIII. :  part  8;  m.  12  (40). 

^  He  figures  among  those  due  at  the  Sheriff's  Tourn,  being  former  of  the  King's  manor  of 
Chigwell  Hall.    His  will  was  proved  (P.C.C;  June  26, 1540. 


NOTE  ON  THE  HUNDRED  OF  ONGAR.  213 

The  recital  of  the  Letters  Patent  is  followed  by  a  list  of  the  parishes 
and  hamlets  within  the  Hundred  of  Ongar,  and  a  preamble  stating 
that  the  book  contains  the  names  of  the  tenements  and  occupiers 
owing  suit  to  the  three-weekly  Hundred  Court,  the  Sheriffs  Tourn, 
and  the  Leets  and  Law-days  held  of  the  same,  with  the  services 
observed  and  kept  "not  [only]  in  the  tyme  of  King  Edward  the 
Third  and  Robert  le  Bruce,  *  sometyme  King  of  Scotts,  but  also .... 
longe  before,  when  the  Saxons  inhabited  this  Realme."  Reference  is 
next  made  to  "ancient  records  thereof  made,  as  well  by  Humfrey  le 
Bohun,  then  Earle  of  Hertford  and  Essex,  and  Constable  of  England, 
Lord  of  the  said  liberties  and  Hundreths,  dated  at  Pleashy  the  xj**» 
day  of  July,  in  the  xth  yeare  of  the  raigne  of  the  said  King  Edw:  the 
third  [1336].  As  allsoe  by  divers  otherauncient  and  sundrie  noteable 
Records,  the  same  remaining  written  in  the  Saxon  Tongue.""  There 
seems  little  reason  to  doubt  that  the  scribe  had  de  Bohun's  rolls 
before  him  although  he  actually  cites  nothing  earlier  than  1385; 
but  a  certain  rhetorical  amplitude  about  his  concluding  sentence 
makes  one  suspicious  as  to  the  existence  of  much  more  Saxon  than 
he  gives  us  in  the  rime  which  is  printed  in  Morant*s.£5s^;r.  As  to 
the  early  origin  of  the  custom  he  describes  th^re  can,  however,  be 
no  question.  His  first  intention  seems  to  have  been  to  transcribe 
certain  entries,  but,  after  copying  a  couple  of  pages  of  the  original 
Latin,  he  set  to  work  to  translate  what  he  had  just  copied,  and 
thenceforward  went  on  in  English,  abbreviating^as  he  advanced  the 
length  of  the  entries. 

We  have,  first,  an  account  of  a  few  of  the  more  important  suitors 
to  the  Hundred  Court,  with  certain  services  attaching  to  estates 
held  of  the  Hundred,  and  the  amounts  paid  for  exemption  from 
personal  attendance  at  its  Courts — in  most  cases,  3s.  4^.  Then  come 
the  rank  and  file,  numbering  (roughly)  about  a  hundred  and  fifty, 
under  the  heading  of  their  several  parishes,  with  a  note  as  to  the 
names  of  their  predecessors,  and,  occasionally,  as  to  defaulters  and  to 
sales  of  land.  Each  parish  is  said  to  come  to  the  court  by  its  reeve 
and  four  men,  tenants  holding  by  copy  of  court-roll ;  and,  following 
the  list  of  these,  comes  in  each  case,  another  of  the  free-suitors. 


1  In  an  Assize  Roll  dated  32  Hen.  HI.  (1247/8)  Robert  de  Bruwes  appears  in  a  dispute  as  to  some 
land  in  They  don  Paul ;  and  elsewhere  on  the  rolls  They  don  Bruwes  and  de  Bnis  are  referred  to, 
just  as  Theydon  Gemon  is  to-day.  Twenty  years  later,  in  1268,  it  was  presented  that  Richard  de 
Tany  the  younger,  just  after  the  battle  of  Evesham,  siezed  on  the  manor  of  Theydon  Mount,  which 
the  King  afterwards  gave  to  Robert  de  Bruwes ;  and  that  Hugh  le  Bigot  bad  seized  Ralph  Gemun's 
land  in  Theydon  Gernun.  These  entries  illustrate  the  connexion  of  the  Bruces  with  Essex  and 
tbe  Hundred  of  Ongar,  on  their  withdrawal  from  Scotland.  The  introduction  of  the  name  here 
leads  one  to  tbe  inference  that  Robert  Bruce  was  at  one  time  Bailifif  of  the  Hundred. 

•   Humfrey  le  Bohun,  1311— 1361.    G.E.C. 


214  NOTE  ON  THE  HUNDRED  OF  ONGAR. 

References  to  old  rolls  are  sometimes  given,  the  earliest  being 
one  to  a  roll  of  1385  (8  Ric.  II.),  and  the  latest  to  one  of  1540 
(32  H.  VIII.). 

We  have  next  an  account  of  the  Courts  Leet,  where  these  were 
held  as  appertaining  to  the  Hundred ;  and  then  a  division  headed 
*The  SherifTs  Tourn/  but  under  this  only  two  parishes  are  named — 
Morrell  Roding  and  Abbess  Roding.  The  other  matters  contained 
in  the  MS,,  viz.,  the  order  of  the  gathering  and  yearly  making  of 
the  Wardstaff  of  the  King,  with  the  verses  beginning  *  Iche  ayed  the 
stafFe  by  lene,' — were  printed  by  Morant,  who  however  only  briefly 
mentions  that  certain  manors  and  lands  were  charged  with  the  duty 
of  providing  men  for  the  watch  and  paying  a  small  contribution  in 
money.  More  than  three  centuries  and  a  half  having  elapsed  since 
this  list,  a  copy  of  a  much  earlier  one,  was  drawn  up,  it  has  seemed 
worth  while  now  to  print  it  by  way  of  appendix  to  these  notes. 

Returning  to  the  tenures  to  which  allusion  has  already  been  made, 
we  find  that  the  Lord  of  Lambourne  was  bound  to  make,  repair,  and 
maintain  a  prison  or  goal,  belonging  to  the  King  and  called  *  le  Prison 
howse,*  within  the  King*s  precincts  called  *  le  Prison  croft,'  parcel  of 
the  manor  of  Arnewaies,  now  Arnolds,  near  Passingford  Bridge,  for 
transgressors  taken  within  the  Hundred,  together  with  a  gallows  (par 
furcarum),  and  a  Poundfold  (argastulo — i.q,  ergastulo^)  of  the  said  King, 
of  old  there  made  for  beasts  distrained  upon  by  the  Bailiff  of  the 
Hundred,  as  appeared  on  a  roll  of  25  H.  VI.  (1447).  There  is  no 
mention  here  of  the  cart  and  six  horses,  nor  of  the  ropes,  cited  by 
Morant ;  but  we  are  told  elsewhere  that  Lambourne,  in  addition  to 
men  and  money,  provided  *  straw  for  the  watch.' 

In  like  manner  Richard  Greene,  of  Kelvedon,  by  reason  of  his 
tenure  of  Horrellys,  was  bound  to  make,  repair,  and  maintain  a 
prison,  or  *poundefold*  for  cattle  taken  on  Bentley  Common  by  the 
lord's  bailiff;  while  the  Prior  of  the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem 
in  England,  was,  by  reason  of  Maisters  in  Lambourne  or  Chigwell, 
bound  to  repair  a  Trebechett  (tumbril,  or  ducking-stool),  and  a 
Purfurach  or  Pur surach,*  for  the  safeguard  of  the  liberty  of  his  lord- 
ship in  Lambourne ;  and,  for  a  like  reason,  a  gallows,  a  collistring 
(pillory  or  stocks),  and  a  thew  (ducking-stool)  had  to  be  provided  by 
the  lord  of  Newarks,  in  Norton  Mandeville.  Raynolds,  in  Stondon 
Massey,  was  held  of  the  Hundred,  by  knight-service,  by  Sir  William 
Shelley,  Knight  and  Justice,  viz.,  **by  service  to  find  two  men  att 
the  wardstaffe  of  the  Kinge."  (We  here  incidentally  learn  that,  in 
1479,  William  Rockston  was  bailiff  and  farmer  of  the  Hundred.) 

^   So  says  our  scribe :  but  the  word  is  said  to  mean '  stocks,* 
Tbis  word  I  havQ  not  succeeded  in  identifying. 


NOTE  ON  THE  HUNDRED  OF  ONGAR.  215 

Sir  William,  for  release  from  making  suit  at  the  Hundred  Court 
of  three  weeks,  paid  3s.  4^.  The  terms  of  the  entry  lead  one  to 
suppose  that  the  institution  had  already  become  a  mere  formality: 
"  He  giveth  for  that  suite  released  imto  him,  viz.^  from  the  first  court 
there  holden  on  Munday  next  before  the  feast  of  St.  Luke  [Oct.  18] 
yearly,  at  the  feast  of  St.  Michaell  next  ensueing — iij'*  iiij"* 

The  same  sum  was  paid,  under  like  conditions  by  other  owners'? — 

Henry  Katilisse,  Knight,  Earl  of  Sussex,  for  the  manor  of  Priors, 
in  Lambourne. 

for  the  manor  of  Lady  Hall  *  [alias  Estones  alias  Rochells], 

in  Moreton. 

Richard for  the  manor  of  Bouchers  Hall,  in  Moreton. 

Briant  Tuke,  for  Heards  Ramfeilds ;  and  for  Dicotts  and  Hills, 
"in  Navestock  aforesaid.'* 

Eustace  Suliard,  esq.,  for  Dewes  Hall,  alias  Devis  Hall,  in 
Lambourne. 

Edward  Elderton,  esq.,  for  Birch  Hall,  in  Theydon  Boys,  some- 
time John  Luthington  alias  Lovington,  afterwards  Nicholas  Worlies, 
late  Robert  ( ?  Fenrother).  Elsewhere  Sir  John  Cutts  is  mentioned 
as  a  former  owner. 

Anthony  Browne,  esq.,  for  the  manor  of  Arnewaies,  in  Lambourne. 

Humfrey  Torell,  esq.,  for  Slades,  in  Navestock,  and  other  parcels 
there ;  for  Jermanes,  in  Kelvedon ;  for  Clements  in  [Wa»A] ;  for 
Barringtons  in  Chigwell. 

....  Bushopp,  for  Garnons  Mill  and  a  hundred  and  sixty  acres  in 
Theydon  Gernon. 

Edward  Stacy,  farmer  of  the  royal  manor  of  Theydon  Boys. 

William  Sedley,  esq.,  for  Lofts  Hall,  in  Navestock. 

But  the  list  is  a  long  one,  and  for  the  rest  it  will  suffice  to  indicate 
the  lands  held  of  the  Hundred,  of  which  some  paid  less  than  the 
regulation  35.  4//. : — Parcels  of  Lofts  Hall ;  Gipps  alias  Jeppes,  in 
Bobbingworth ;  Peacocks  in  Theydon  Gernon ;  Jenkin  att  Hatch, 
Hundred  Croft  at  Beacon  Hill,"  Builts,  and  the  Slade — all  in  Nave- 
stock ;  lands  in  Magdalen  Laver,  sometime  John  Spencer's ;  Paswell 
Hall  in  Kelvedon ;  the  manor  of  Ashwins ;  and  other  lands,  lacking 
distinctive  names,  in  various  places. 

The  Sheriffs  Tourn  and  the  Hundred  Court  may  have  been  held 
together,  as  under  what  seem  to  be  extracts  from  the  rolls  of  the 
former  we  find  the  entry  as  to  Newarks  and  also  sundry  obligations 
as  to  *  wholves'  and  bridges,  which  seem  to  belong  rather  to  the  latter. 

*  Otherwise  Over  Hall. 

'  There  Is  stlH  a  field  known  as  'Hundred  Acres'  in  Navestock.     Beacon  Hill  is  north  of 
Dudbrook. 


2l6  NOTE  ON  THE  HUNDRED  OF  ONGAR. 

The  tenants  of  Woolston  Hall,  in  Chigwell,  we  are  told,  ought  to 
repair  and  ordain  a  Trebechett  (ducking-stool),  and  also  a  bridge  for 
carts  (Bridge  cared')  called  Hiends  Bridge.*  The  tenants  of  Long. 
Barns  were,  in  the  same  way,  responsible  for  a  bridge  called  Rewards, 
and  a  *wholve,'  while  John  Grey  is  held  bound  to  find  a  scansiU,  or 
cucking-stool,  in  Hole  Street,  towards  Tenter  field  (?  in  Lam  bourne), 
and  the  lord  of  Navestock  must  needs  furnish  a  Trebechett.  In  one 
case  a  deed,  dated  April  24,  i486,  and  recording  a  transfer  of  land  in 
Moreton,  was  presented,  the  purchasers  acknowledging  that  they  held 
of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  by  free  suit  at  the  Tourn  twice  a  year, 
and  by  fealty. 

It  is  not  quite  easy  to  determine  what  precise  object  the  compiler 
had  before  him  in  making  the  extracts  from  the  rolls,  as  he  gives  us 
no  explanation  of  his  plan.  One's  impression  is,  that  a  new  Steward, 
finding  himself  more  or  less  at  sea  without  a  Rental,  set  to  work  to 
compile  one  from  the  rolls,  marginal  references  to  which  are  supplied 
in  some  of  the  earlier  pages.  Whether  any  of  the  materials  on  which 
he  worked  are  in  existence,  remains  still  to  be  seen.  It  may  be  that 
among  the  uncalendared  rolls  in  some  muniment  room  those  of  the 
Ongar  Hundred  are  yet  preserved. 

APPENDIX. 
List  of  Lands  mih  services  of  the  Ward -Staff, 

Fo.  35<t.     ^ifctI5  ^atct)—ix  men. 

The  m.  of  Fifeild,  late  the  Lord  Scrop  and  now  Sir  Richard 
Riches,  kn'*,  findyth  ij  men :  ward  iiij^' 

Foliatts  Hall  alias  Norton  follet,  in  High  Onger,  late  Mr. 
Fosters  now  Rich.  Riches,  knt.,  fyndeth  i  man :  ward  ij** 

Clarkes  &  Gibbs,  late  John  Pales  now  John  Colfilds,  findeth 
ij  men:  ward  iiij**' 

Lampitts,  now  Grissell  VValgrave,  and  after  Sir  Rich- 
Riches,  knt.,  findeth  ij  men:  ward  iiij*** 

The  lands  called  Thomas  Williams,  late  Jolin  Champneis 
now  John  Champneis,  findeth  j  man :  ward  ij**- 

Downetts  (P^Downells),  now  Thomas  Downells,  findeth 
j  man:  ward,  ij*** 

"^  This  is  curious.  There  is  now  in  the  vicinity  but  one  road  and  one  bridge,  known  as  Loughton 
or  Chigwell  Bridge.  In  early  times  there  was  a  bridge  in  the  same  place,  or  close  by,  called 
Hynekcsford  Bridge  and  it  is  possible  that  in  '  Hiends'  wc  have  a  woni-down  form  of  that  name. 
But  there  may  have  been  two  bridges,  as  we  hear  elsewhere  of 'the  Abbot's  bridge.'  which  was 
riotously  broken  down  in  1273.    i^fS.  Harl.  4809, /o.  13  and  Cotton,  Tib.  c.  ix.,/0.176. 


NOTE  ON  THE  HUNDRED  0?  ONGAR.  City 

Fo.  36.     $tonbon  3Balc^>— vj  men.  / 

The  manor  of  Nash  m  High  Ongar,  now  the  lord  Finds, 

j  man:  ward  .... 
The  manor  of  Kelvedon  Hall,  now  Jo:  Wrights,  findeth 

ij  men:  ward,  iiij** 
Sherbreds  in  Stondon  Parke,  now  Sir  W.  Shellies,  kn'- 

Justice,  findes  j  man :  ward,  ij*"* 
The  manor  of  Stondon  Park,  now  the  said  Sir  J.  Shellies, 

findeth  j  man :  ward,  ij**- 
[Chi vers]  The  manor  of  Sheavershall  in  High  Ongar,  now  William 

Pawnes,  gent.,  findeth  j  man :  ward,  ij**- 

'^avestock  ^afc^— xj  men. 

The  m.  of  Lofts  Hall,  now  W"*  Sedlys,  gent.,  findeth  ij 

men:  ward,  iiij**- 
Kings  Land,  findeth  ij  men:  ward,  iiij^- — W"-  Sedley. 
Lands,  &c.,  called  Jankin  att  Heath,  now  W"*  Betts — findeth 

ij  men:  ward,  iiij*** 
Slades,  sometime  Ro :  Cock,  part  late  Eliz.  Page,  and  now 

Humphry  Turrell,  findeth  ij  men:  ward,  iiij**. 
The  land,  &c.,  called  Rucks  lande  of  (?)  the  bridge,  now 

John  Wright,  findeth  ij  men :  ward,  iiij*"* 
Naires  alias  Maires,  late  John  Harleston  now  Jo:  Burton 

findeth  j  man :  warde,  ij***  pence. 
Scarletts  alias  Bewys,  now  Jo.  CaroU,  of  Shenfield,  findeth 

j  man :  ward,  ij*** 

Fo.  36d.    §taplefoxb  jlbbot  SBafc^— ix.  men. 

Battells  Hall,  now  Earle  of  Oxonford  findeth  iij  men : 

ward,  vj***  pence. 
Stapleford  Abbott  Hall,  now  Sir  Brian  Tuke — iiij  men: 

ward,  viij**'  pence. 
Arnways  in  Lamborne,  now  Ant.  Browne,  gent. — ^j  man; 

ward,  ij**-  pence. 
Bunges,  late  Sander  Hamonds  and  now  Thomas  Marshes, 

— ^j  man:  ward,  ij***  pence. 

tf^ambotne  mitfi  ^btxbqe  ^Baic^— vij  men. 

Lamborne  Hall,  late  Henry  Tayes  now  Robert  Barfoot, — ij 
men:  ward  iiij  pence*     Straw  for  the  watch. 

Land,  &c.,  late  the  Prior  of  the  Hospital  of  S*-  Johenes  of 
Jerusalem  in  England,  now  findeth  j  man ;  ward  ij**'  pence, 

Dewes  Hall,  now  Edw:  Palmers — iiij  men:  ward,  viij*. 
pence. 


2l8  NOTE  ON  THE  HUNDRED  OF  ONGAR. 

Fo-  37-      ^^iqtoM  >Watc]^— xiiij  men. 

The  lands,  &c.,  called  Lough borowes,  sometime  Edward 

AUin,  now  Thomas  Trappis — ^iiij  men :  ward,  viij**  pence. 
The  lands,  &c.,  called  West  Hatch,  sometime — Moncks, 

now  in  the  Kings  hands — ij  men :  ward,  iiij** 
The  lands,  &c.,  called  Loggs,  now  Jo :  Willett — j  man : 

ward,  ij**' 
The  lands,  &c.,  called  the  Grange,  now — Addington,  widow, 

sometime  the  late  Monastery  of  Tiltie — ij  men:  ward, 

iiij**' 
The  lands,  &c.,  called  Gatts,  sometime  Richard  Cocks, 

now  ....  — ij  men :  ward,  iiij*- 
The    lands,   &c.,   called    Blodlowes,   sometime    Thomas 

Bourchers,  Kn**  noW  Nich.  Simonson,  gent. — ^ij  men : 

ward,  iiij** 
The  lands,  &c.,  called  Sai lours,  now  Richard  Fulham — 

ij  men:  ward,  iiij  ? 

9^cc5on  (^arnon  ^atcfy—y-  men. 

Gayns  Park  Hall,  sometime  the  Ladie  Wells,  now  Sir  W. 

Fitzwilliam,  Kn*- — ij  men:  ward,  iiij**' 
Pakes  and  Holsteds  (?)  now  William  Fabian — ij  men  : 

ward,  iiij- 
Searles,  sometimes  . .  .  Bilsdon,  now  . . .  — ^j  man :  ward,  ij^* 

Fo.  37d.    Morion  3Batc]&— xiij  men. 

The  m.  of  Blake  Hall,  sometime  Nich.  Wells,  now  Sir 

Rich:  Rich  Kn*- — ij  men:  ward,  iiij**-  pence. 
The  lands,  &c.,  in  Shellie,  called  Burndhatch  alias  Burndish 

sometime  W*"-  Linge,  now  Richard  Rich — ^j  man :  ward, 

ij***  pence. 
Morton  Hall  alias  Upp  Hall,  sometime  Thomas  Duke,  of 

Norff.,  now  Sir  Rich.  Rich,  findeth  j  man :  ward,  ij*- 

pence. 
Nether  Hall  alias  Grenys  in  Morton,  sometime  T.  Dukes, 

now  Sir  Rich*.  Rich,  findeth  j  man:  ward,  ij*** 
The  lands,  &c.,  called  Bulmers  late  (as  above)  findeth  j 

man :  ward,  ij** 
The  lands,  &c.,  in  Shelley  called  Shellie  Hall  sometime 

Margaret  Lyes,  Widdow,  now  Sir  Rich:  Rich,  findeth 

j  man:  ward,  ij**-  pence. 
The  manor  of  Bobinger  Hall,  sometime  Shawe,  Sir  Edmund 

Walsingham,  kn**,  findeth  j  man  :  ward,  ij'*'  pence. 


NOTE  ON  THE  HUNDRED  OF  ONGAR.  219 

The  lands,  &c..  called  Cocks,  sometime  the  said  Shawes,  now 

the  said  Sir  Edmund,  findeth  j  man :  ward,  ij"*.  pence. 
The  lands,  &c.,  called  Estons  [elsewhere  alias  Rocheles"), 

late  Robert  Tinges  now  Jo.  Hamond,  findeth  j  man : 

ward,  ij*-  pence. 
The  lands,  &c.,  called  Hobhelmes,  late  Robert  Frends  now 

John  Frends,  findeth  j  man :  ward,  ij'*  pence. 
The  lands,  &c.,  called  Spencers,  now  Tho.  Wrights,  findeth 

j  man :  ward,  ij***  pence. 
The  lands,  &c.,  called  Muggins,  late  William  Hamonds, 

now  John  Kings,  of  Nether  Hall,  findeth  j  man :  ward, 

ij**'  pence. 

Fo.  38.     ^aitMin  JUivet  ^Batc^xix  men. 

The  m.  of  High  Laver  Hall  late  —  Whitt  .  .  .  now  Sir 

Edmund  Walsingham,  Kn'-,  findeth  ij  men :  ward  iiij**' 

pence. 
The  lands,  &c.,  called  Brewers  Garden,  late  John  Lewes 

now  Anthony  Cooke,  Esq.,  findeth  ij  men :  ward,  iiij*** 
The  lands,  &c.,  called  Thomas  Whites  alias  Nicholas,  now 

Thomas  Perminter,  findeth  j  man :  ward,  ij**- 
The  manor  of  Otes,  Eustace  Suliard  esq.,  findeth  ij  men : 

ward,  ij**  pence. 
The  lands,  &c.,  called  Maudlin  Laver  Hall,  now  Anthonie 

Cooke,  esq.,  Jo:  King,  farmer;  findeth  j  man:  ward, 

ij*"-  pence. 
The  lands,  &c.,  called  Estons,  now  the  said  John  King's, 

findeth  ij  men :  ward,  iiij*.  pence. 
The  land,  &c.,  called  Rinsteds  Garden,  findeth  j  man:  ward 

ij"'  pence. 
Whitebreds  Croft,  now  John  King's,  findeth  j  man:  ward, 

ij***  pence. 
The  lands,  &c.,  called  Mawmens,  now  John  Wellis,  findeth 

iij  men :  ward,  vj***  pence. 
The  lands,  &c.,  late  Tho :  Lawrence,  now  Andrew  Finch, 

findeth  j  man :  ward,  ij***  pence. 
The  lands,  &c.,  called  Kents,  now  Thomas  Howes,  j  man : 

ward,  ij**-  pence. 
The  lands,  &c.,  late  —  Writtell,  now  Brian  Briggs,  findeth 

j  man  and  ward,  ij*-  pence. 
Gamlins  fee,  late  Sir  John  Haults,  kn*-,  now  John  Whiletts 

findeth  j  man :  ward  ij*  pence. 

Fo.  30,      Blank.  


GREAT   CHESTERFORD    CHURCH. 

BY   F.    CHANCELLOR,    F.R.LB.A. 

This  church  consists  of  a  nave,  north  and  south  aisles,  chancel  and 
chancel  aisles,  and  tower.  ^ 

Like  so  many  of  our  parish  churches,  so  many  alterations  have 
been  made  in  it,  that  it  is  difficult  to  define  the  exact  date  of  the 
different  parts. 

The  original  church  was  probably  built  early  in  the  thirteenth 
century,  but  all  that  is  left  of  it  is  the  east  end  and  a  portion  of 
the  return  north  and  south  walls.  This  is  early  English,  and  the 
lancet  windows  in  the  north  and  south  walls  are  of  this  date.  The 
four-light  east  window  is  Decorated,  but  inasmuch  as  the  whole  of 
the  window  was  renewed  in  modern  times,  we  cannot  say  whether  it 
is  a  reproduction  of  the  original  window  or  not.  Now,  in  restoring 
the  lancet  windows,  the  architect  has  retained  a  portion  of  the 
original  stone  in  the  north  window,  and  thus  we  are  able  to  see  that 
the  south  lancet,  which  is  entirely  new,  is  a  faithful  reproduction  of 
the  original  one ;  but  there  is  not  a  fragment  of  old  stone  in  the  east 
window  to  enable  us  to  form  an  opinion  as  to  its  honest  reproduction 
or  otherwise.  In  addition  to  these  two  lancet  windows,  as  evidence 
of  the  period  of  erection,  there  are  the  remains  of  a  string,  now 
ruthlessly  destroyed,  continued  round  under  the  lancets  and  along 
the  east  wall.  This  is  a  common  feature  in  our  early  churches. 
There  is  also  a  very  early  piscina  on  the  south  side,  and  the  frag- 
ments of  stone  adjoining  would  seem  to  indicate  that  there  was 
formerly  a  sedilia.  A  second  piscina  has  been  introduced  to  the 
east  of,  but  adjoining,  the  original  one ;  this  is  of  Decorated  character, 
and  it  is  curious,  as  it  is  not  a  double  piscina  in  the  ordinary  sense 
of  the  word,  but  two  separate  piscinas  side  by  side.  The  aumbrey 
in  the  east  wall  is  interesting,  as  there  are  unmistakable  signs  of  the 
position  of  the  original  hinges  of  the  closing  door.  The  north  door 
of  chancel  belongs  to  the  Decorated  period,  although  it  has  some 
early  English  features ;  it  is  now  walled  up. 

When  the  chancel  was  reconstructed,  it  is  pretty  evident,  I  think, 
that  the  chancel  was  lengthened  westward,  and  in  point  of  fact  it 
would  appear  that  the  whole  of  the  rest  of  the  church  was  rebuilt  in 

^  The  Rev.  Wm.  Cole  describes  it  as  a  lari;e  and  beautiful  strueture,  having  a  square  tower  at 
the  west  end,  with  six  bells  in  it,  and  on  it  a  sort  of  light  leaden  spire;  a  spacious  nave,  chancel, 
and  side  aisles,  and  a  porch,  all  of  which  are  leaded. 


f  \     •*= 


U)       . 


I 


GR&AT  CHESTERPORD  CHUrCH.  221 

the  Decorated  period.  The  capitals  and  bases  and  the  arches  of  the 
nave  and  chancel  are  of  that  period.  In  131 2  King  Edward  II. 
conferred  the  manor,  and  with  it  the  advowson,  upon  his  brother 
Thomas  de  Brother  ton,  and  it  is  probable  that  he  may  have  rebuilt 
the  church  about  that  period.  The  bases,  however,  of  the  columns 
are  of  a  somewhat  earlier  character  than  the  capitals  and  arches,  it 
may  therefore  be  possible  that  the  work  of  reconstruction  may  have 
been  commenced  at  a  somewhat  earlier  date. 

The  roof  of  chancel  is  of  low  pitch.  It  consists  of  moulded  wall 
plates  with  five  principals,  with  tye-beam  supported  or  strengthened 
by  brackets  resting  upon  corbels,  principal  rafters  and  king-post 
with  purlins  and  ridge-piece  framed  into  the  principal  rafters  and 
supporting  the  common  rafters.  The  tye-beam  has  been  omitted 
from  the  eastern  principal.  There  are  semi-principals  between  the 
main  principals  which  help  to  support  the  purlins,  and  bosses  or 
flowers  are  carved  at  the  intersections.  The  corbels  supporting  the 
brackets  are  carved,  some  into  the  form  of  shields  and  some  as 
heads.  Originally,  no  doubt,  arms  were  painted  on  the  shields,  and 
if  these  had  remained  they  would  have  afforded  a  good  basis  for 
fixing  the  date  of  this  roof ;  in  default  of  this,  we  must  fix  the  date 
as  early  in  the  fourteenth  century,  that  is,  early  Decorated. 

The  roofs  of  the  chancel  aisles  are  of  the  same  character  as  that 
of  the  chancel,  but  there  are  no  tye-beams  and  the  pitch  is  flatter. 

The  roof  of  the  nave  is  somewhat  similar  in  construction  to  that 
of  the  chancel,  but  it  has  a  steeper  pitch,  and  the  brackets  to  the  tye- 
beams  are  bolder  and  rest  on  stone  corbels  which,  however,  may  be 
modern. 

The  clerestory  windows  have  all  new  stone,  and  therefore  it  is 
impossible  to  say  whether  they  are  a  faithful  reproduction  of  the 
original  ones.  The  roof  of  north  aisle  is  probably  the  original 
Decorated  roof,  but  it  is  very  simple  in  character. 

Both  north  and  south  aisles  were  originally  eleven  feet  wide,  and 
no  alteration  has  been  made  in  the  north  aisle,  but  a  portion  of  the 
south  aisle  has  been  rebuilt  five  feet  wider  than  the  old  aisle,  and  in 
the  Perpendicular  period  ;  probably  it  was  rebuilt  at  the  time  when 
the  Mowbray s  were  in  possession,  late  in  the  fourteenth  century,  as 
a  private  chapel.  The  roof  is  plain,  but  jibout  the  same  period,  or 
perhaps  a  little  later ;  the  remainder  of  the  roof  of  south  aisle  was 
renewed,  and  is  much  more  elaborately  moulded  and  carved  than 
any  of  the  other  roofs. 

Newcourt  cites  a  terrier  of  16 10  in  which  the  vicarage  is  described 
as  **  a  messuage,  with  garden  and  orchard  adjoining,  now  called  the 
Vicarage,  but  formerly  called  the  Hall,  or  Manor  House,  or  Place." 


222  GREAT  CHBSTBRPORD  CHURCH. 

No  doubt  this  was  the  manor  house  of  the  old  Countess  of  Norfolk. 
She  was  Maud,  eldest  daughter  of  William  Mareschall,  Earl  of 
Pembroke.  She  married,  first,  Hugh  Bigod,  and  second,  John  le 
Warren,  Earl  of  Surrey ;  and  was  Marshalless  of  England  in  1246. 
She  died  in  1248,  and  no  doubt  this  manor-house  or  hall  was 
occupied  by  the  owners  of  the  manor  down  to  about  1503,  when 
Maurice  Berkley,  the  then  owner,  appropriated  this  rectory  and 
parish  church  to  John  Islip,  abbot  of  Westminster,  whereupon  there 
being  a  vicarage  here  ordained  and  endowed,  the  said  abbot  and 
convents  became  patrons  thereof. 

The  octagonal  font  is  probably  early  English,  but  it  may  be  early 
Decorated. 

Turning  now  to  the  exterior  of  the  church,  we  find  the  quoins  of 
the  chancel  are  square,  with  a  very  small,  plain  chamfer,  another 
piece  of  evidence  of  the  early  character  of  this  portion  of  the  building. 
A  buttress  has  been  added  on  the  north  side  of  chancel  close  to  the 
angle.  The  materials  of  which  the  north,  east,  and  south  walls  of 
chancel,  where  they  project  beyond  the  aisles,  consist  of  large 
pebbles  and  fragments  of  stone.  That  portion  of  the  south  aisle 
which  I  have  before  described  is  evidently  of  later  date  than  the 
nave ;  the  windows  are  all  new  and  of  Perpendicular  character,  but 
whether  accurate  restorations  of  the  old  we  cannot  tell,  but  the 
stonework  of  the  buttresses  is  old,  and  from  these  we  can  judge  that 
the  date  of  this  portion  of  the  building  is  Perpendicular  work  of  the 
fifteenth  century.  The  external  walls  of  this  part  of  the  Aisles  are 
plastered  over. 

The  remainder  of  the  south  wall  of  this  aisle  is  constructed  of 
pebbles,  as  before  described.     The  windows  have  all  been  renewed. 

The  north  aisle  walls  are  also  built  of  similar  materials,  and 
would  appear  to  have  been  of  somewhat  later  date  than  the  nave,  as 
there  is  a  double  plinth  and  the  buttresses  partake  more  of  the 
character  of  Perpendicular  work  than  of  Decorated. 

It  is  somewhat  curious  that  although  Dr.  Stukeley  seems  to 
suggest  that  about  here  was  situated  the  Roman  city  of  Camboritum, 
and  even  in  more  recent  times  it  has  been  with  considerable  ardour 
maintained  to  be  the  site  of  the  ancient  city  of  Camulodunum,  and 
even  if  neither  of  these  suggestions  are  correct,  it  must  have  been  a 
place  of  some  importance  in  the  time  of  the  Romans,  and  there 
would  naturally  be  considerable  buildings  erected  by  the  Romans ; 
and  we  know  that  the  materials  of  these  old  buildings  were  con- 
stantly used  by  their  Saxon  and  Norman  successors,  yet  after  a  very 
careful  examination  I  could  not  discover  the  ghost  of  a  Roman  brick 
or  a  fragment  of  septaria  in  the  walls  of  the  church. 


GREAT  CHESTERFORD  CHURCH.  223 

I  have  now  briefly  described  all  parts  of  the  church  except  the 
tower.  From  the  remsuns  of  the  western  walls  of  the  aisles  it  is 
clear  that  they  extended  beyond  their  present  limit,  and  I  have  come 
to  the  conclusion  that  if  there  was  an  old  tower  it  has  been  destroyed, 
together  with  a  portion  of  the  west  end  of  the  church  and  the 
present  tower  built  in  modern  times  upon  a  portion  of  the  original 
nave.  I  have  not  been  able  to  institute  a  search  into  the  old  parish 
papers,  but  it  is  probable  that  there  may  be  a  record  somewhere  of 
what  has  been  done  at  the  west  end.  The  evidence  in  favour  of  a 
nobler  tower  than  the  present  one  having  at  one  time  existed,  will 
be  found  in  the  fine  old  pinnacles  which  now  stand  at  the  west  end 
of  the  south  aisle,  and  a  sketch  of  the  church  attached  to  the  MS. 
notes  of  the  Rev.  Wm.  Cole,  before  alluded  to,  shows  a  tower  with 
a  spire,  but  no  pinnacles.  In  this  sketch,  however,  he  shows  a 
north  porch  which  had  pinnacles  over  the  angle  buttresses.  This 
porch  evidently  covered  the  north  door  still  existing,  but  the  porch 
itself  has  been  swept  away.  Mr.  Cole  alludes  to  the  painted  glass 
formerly  existing  in  the  east  window,  with  coats  of  arms,  some  so 
shattered  that  he  could  not  decipher  them. 

He  also  describes  numerous  brasses  and  monuments  which  have 
disappeared,  amongst  others  a  brass  plate  with  a  small  figure  of  a 
child  above  it  with  arms,  and  this  description : — **  Here  lyeth  buryed 
M'*  John  Howard  seventh  sonne  of  Thomas,  Lord  Howard,  Baron 
of  Walden,  and  of  the  noble  order  of  the  Garter,  Knight,  who  lived 
xxii  dales  and  died  24  Male  a.d.  1600.*'  He  goes  on  to  say  this 
Lord  Howard  was  created  Earl  of  Suffolk  and  builder  of  that 
magnificent  palace,  which  palace  I  saw  much  decreased  when  I 
went  to  school. 

He  further  adds : — "  The  Nave  and  Chancel  are  separated  by  a 
small  Screen  under  a  Roman-turned  Arch. 

"  The  old  Pulpit  stands  against  the  great  Pillar  nearest  the  Screen 
on  y*  South  and  y*  old  stone  Font  against  y*  last  on  y*  South  side. 
3  other  smaller  neat  pillars  separate  y'  Isles  from  y*  Body. 

"  By  y*  South  door  in  y*  Church  on  a  stone  pillar  is  a  large  stone 
Bason  for  Holy  Water. 

"  Out  of  the  South  Aisle  you  enter  a  large  South  Chapel  at  the 
upper  end  of  which  against  y^  South  wall  is  a  very  old  Altar  Tomb 
disrobed  of  its  brasses  and  figures. 

"  At  y*  upper  end  of  the  North  Aisle  below  y*  2  steps  of  y"  old 
Altar,  above  which  is  now  erected  a  sort  of  room  made  use  on  as  a 
School  which  is  also  over  y*  Vestry  at  y'  East  End." 

It  will  be  noticed  that  Mr.  Cole's  rough  drawing  of  the  church 
shows  ^  two-storied  building  at  the  Es^st  End  of  th^  North  Ai^le, 


THE    REPELL    DITCHES,    SAFFRON 
WALDEN.' 

BY    I.    CHALKLEY    GOULD. 

We  have  been  walking  upon  the  rampart  of  an  ancient  fortification, 
the  origin  of  which  is  lost  in  the  mist  of  agfes.  The  remains  bear  a 
variety  of  names,  Repell,  Battle,  Paille,  Peddle,  Paigle,  Pell,  and 
Besle  Ditches,  of  which  the  most  generally  accepted  is  Repell 
Ditches. 

The  wreck  that  remains  of  this  once  important  fortress  consists  of 
the  major  part  of  the  western,  and  portions  of  the  southern  defences. 

The  defended  enclosure  originally  extended  much  to  the  east  of 
the  remains  around  us,  as  is  evidenced  by  traces  of  the  rampart  in 
the  gardens  of  Elm  Grove  and  Fairy  Croft,  and  close  to  the  General 
Baptist  Chapel,  but  these  western  defences  are  the  most  important 
fragment  left  to  tell,  or  to  suggest,  any  story. 

The  western  rampart  is  said  by  Gough  to  be  588  feet  long,  and 
this  portion  of  the  southern,  730  feet.*  Lord  Braybrooke,  writing 
in  1836,*  gives  480  feet  and  702  feet  respectively. 

Mr.  H.  Ecroyd  Smith's  paper  in  our  Transactions*  follows  Lrord 
Braybrooke,  but  I  find  only  about  500  feet  of  the  southern  rampart 
distinctly  defined  here,  though  faint  traces  of  some  200  feet  of 
continuation  eastward  remain  in  this  garden. 

As  the  plan  published  in  our  Transactions*  shows  these  western 
remains,  it  is  unnecessary  to  say  more  than  that  to  obtain  a  clear 
idea  of  the  line  of  defence,  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  southern 
rampart  and  fosse  continued  eastward  to  High  Street,  where  a 
mound,  once  occupying  the  site  of  the  present  lamp  post,"  probably 
marked  the  position  of  a  gate,  thence  just  north  of  and  below  the 
present  Baptist  Chapel,  past  some  stabling  and  other  buildings  to 
Elm  Grove,  where  about  400  feet  of  the  inner  slope  of  the  rampart 
remains  as  a  terrace,  which  contmues  past  the  boundary  wall  into 
the  garden  of  Fairy  Croft,  where,  after  200  feet  continuation  eastward 

'  Read  before  the  Society  at  Saffron  Walden,  24111  Sept.,  1903. 

«  Camden's  Britannia.    Cough's  Additions,  ii.,  61, 1789. 

3  Braybrooke's  AudUy  End,  148, 1836. 

*  £..4.r.,iI.,N.S.,  3x2. 1884. 

♦  Ibid. 

^  From  information  supplied  to  Mr.  Frank  E.  Emson  by  the  late  Joseph  Clarke,  F.S.A. 


THE  RBPBLL  DITCHES,  SAFFRON  WALDBN.  225 

it  turns  abruptly  northwards  and  disappears  after  some  200  feet 
extension  in  that  direction ;  we  pick  up  the  traces  (this  time  of  the 
external  slope  of  the  rampart)  500  feet  north  of  the  remains  in 
Fairy  Croft  gardens  at  the  point  where  the  defences  turned  sharply 
westward,  forming  the  N.E.  angle  of  the  camp.  The  straight  lane 
known  as  Fairy  Croft  Road  follows  the  line,  and  occupies  the  site, 
of  the  fosse  outside  the  eastern  rampart. 

On  the  N.E.  angle  is  built  the  General  Baptist  Chapel,  and  from 
this  building  westward  there  are,  here  and  there,  sharp  slopes, 
suggestive  of  the  line  of  the  northern  rampart,  but  many  centuries 
of  building  operations  and  street  constructions  have  effectually 
removed  most  of  the  tangible  evidences,  nor  can  we  now  trace  the 
point  at  which  the  northern  rampart  met  the  western. 

According  to  Lord  Braybrooke,  the  western  bank,  instead  of 
ending  as  it  now  does,  extended  further  north  than  the  wall  bounding 
Abbey  Lane,  otherwise  we  should  have  been  inclined  to  think  that 
lane  occupied  the  line  of  northern  defence.  His  words  are :  "  The 
west  bank  formerly  extended  to  a  wet  ditch  at  the  end  of  the 
almshouse  meadow,  where  ridges  might  be  seen  some  years  ago,  but 
the  ground  is  now  levelled." ' 

When  perfect  the  fortress  works  consisted  of  a  deep  outer  fosse,  a 
high  rampart  and  perhaps  a  shallow  fosse  on  the  inner  side ;  probably 
the  rampart  was  furnished  with  a  stockade  or  palisade  of  timber, 
hence,  it  is  thought,  is  derived  one  of  the  various  names  by  which 
the  earthwork  is  known,  "  Faille  Ditches." 

Lord  Braybrooke  states  that  the  rampart  or  vallum  is  about 
twenty  feet  high,  but  probably  his  measurement  was  of  the  slope,  as 
vertically  the  height  is  but  some  eleven  feet  above  the  fosse,  a  height 
fully  sufficient  to  create  a  formidable  element  of  defence. 


W.../9' j^--<--j. 

-  -  --»! 

A;                              X. 

xi 

N 


RCPELL     DITCHES,   SAFFRON     WALDEN. 

From  measurements  kindly  supplied  by  Mr.  Archibald  H.  Forbes,  Saffron  Waldcn. 

The  same  system  of  earthwork  defence  was  carried  along  the 
whole  length  of  the  western,  southern,  and  eastern  sides  of  the 
enclosure. 


*    ISraybrooke's  Audit)'  End,  148,  1836. 


226  THE  REPELL  DITCHES,  SAFFRON  WALDEN. 

On  the  northern  side  flowed  the  Siade  brook  through  a  marshy 
bottom,  affording  such  natural  defence  that  it  has  been  thought  no 
work  was  needful  there,  but,  as  I  have  shown,  this  is  not  correct,  as 
traces  here  and  there  exist  of  a  northern  vallum,  though  not  of  an 
outer  fosse,  indeed  a  fosse  would  be  unnecessary  with  the  waters  of 
the  Slade  at  the  foot  of  the  rampart. 

I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Guy  Maynard  for  pointing  out  some 
artificial  earthworks  slightly  N.W.  of  the  fortifications.  These,  I 
am  inclined  to  think,  indicate  the  existence  of  a  dam  for  holding 
back  the  waters  of  the  Slade  (once  a  considerable  stream,  though 
now  a  sewer).  If  this  dam  is  contemporary  with  the  fortress,  as  it 
may  be,  we  have  here  another  of  those  interesting  instances  of 
water  supply  being  used  for  defensive  purposes,  for  the  height  of  its 
level  would  extend  it  along  the  base  of  the  whole  of  the  northern 
vallum. 

The  large  area  enclosed  and  the  formidable  nature  of  the  defences 
make  it  certain  that  this  was  no  mere  "camp"  or  temporary  fort, 
but  a  permanent  settlement,  probably  of  Roman  or  British  origin. 

In  favour  of  the  Roman  theory  we  note  the  position — low  down 
by  a  brook  side,  and  the  form  of  the  whole,  **  a  parallelogram  of 
rather  more  than  two  squares,  nearly  rectangular."* 

But,  on  the  other  hand,  the  depth  of  the  fosse,  unusual  in  late 
Roman  works,  the  absence  of  evidence  of  gateways  in  the  positions 
usually  occupied  by  them  on  the  eastern  and  western  sides  of  a 
Roman  station,  and  the  character  of  the  finds  of  earliest  date,  may 
point  to  pre- Roman  construction,  possibly  by  Celtic  constructors 
who  lived  late  enough  to  have  imbibed  some  notions  of  Roman 
methods  of  castrametation. 

Roger  Gale,  writing  to  Dr.  Stukeley  in  the  i8th  century,  suggests 
that  this  was  the  Roman  colony  known  as  Camulodunum,  and  to 
account  for  another  Roman  town  so  near  as  Chesterford,  supposes 
that  Boadicea  (Boudicca)  devastated  this  place,  and  that  the 
Romans  afterwards  established  themselves  lower  down  the  valley. 
A  theory  which  falls  to  the  ground  when  we  consider  the  words  of 
Tacitus,'  where  he  tells  that  the  colony  destroyed  by  the  Queen 
of  the  Iceni,  was  ^^  coloniam  nullis  munimentts"  a  colony  secured  by 
no  fortifications. 

Whether  a  British  oppidum  or  a  Roman  station,  this  work  is 
doubtless  of  later  date  than  the  hill  fortresses  known  as  Ring  Hill, 
less  than  two  miles  to  the  west,  and  Vandlebury,  some  ten  miles 
north,  as  those  display  features  characteristic  of  earlier  methods. 

\  E'A.T.,  N.S.,  ii.,  31a,  1884,  »  AntuUs,  xiv.,  c.  31. 


THE  REPELL  DITCHES,  SAFFRON  WALDEN.  227 

The  recorded  discovery  of  Samian  ware  and  other  Roman  pottery 
does  not  lesson  the  possibility  of  Celtic  construction  of  the  fortifica- 
tion ;  it  may  only  show  continued  occupation  in  Roman  times,  just 
as  the  discovery  of  over  two  hundred  skeletons  of  Saxon  date  shows 
occupation  of  the  site  as  a  cemetery  at  that  period. 

Mr.  H.  Ecroyd  Smith  dealt  so  fully  with  the  matter  in  our 
Transaciions  that  I  propose  to  say  little  of  the  Saxon,  or  Danish, 
cemetery,  but  as  many  members  may  be  unacquainted  with  the  facts, 
it  may  be  well  to  state  briefly  that  in  the  early  part  of  last  century 
fifty  to  sixty  skeletons  were  found  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Gibson,  lying 
together  within  the  area  of  this  fortress,  and  in  1876  Mr.  G.  S. 
Gibson,  continuing  the  exploration,  found  about  one  hundred  and 
fifty  more. 

In  general  it  was  apparent  that  the  upper  soil,  of  two  or  three 
feet  thickness,  had  been  removed  till  the  chalk  was  met  with,  then 
the  chalk  was  excavated  to  the  average  of  about  a  foot  for  the 
reception  of  the  body,  which,  in  by  far  the  greater  number  of  cases, 
was  laid  at  full  length  upon  the  back. 

Mr.  Ecroyd  Smith's  paper  is  accompanied  by  illustrations  of  the 
numerous  relics  found  in  association  with,  or  near  to  the  osseous 
remains.  Among  these  relics  we  specially  note  a  charming  pair  of 
bronze  pendants  (now  in  the  Saffron  Walden  Museum),  because,  as 
Mr.  Reginald  Smith  writing  in  the  Victoria  County  History ^  says : 
"The  pair  are  of  more  especial  interest  as  the  design  is  one  that 
puts  at  least  one  limit  to  the  date  of  the  burial.  Neither  Saxon  nor 
Anglian  elements  are  to  be  distinguished  in  this  instance,  but  there 
are,  on  the  other  hand,  close  affinities  to  objects  of  the  Carlovingian 
period  which  have  been  found  in  Scandinavia,  where  the  heathen 
practice  of  burying  the  dead  in  full  dress  lasted  two  or  three 
centuries  longer  than  elsewhere  in  north-west  Europe.*' 

Mr.  Reginald  Smith's  arguments  would  bring  the  date  of  this  pair 
of  ornaments  to  so  late  a  period  as  from  800  to  950  a.d.^ 

Important  as  was  the  discovery  of  the  Saxon  or  Danish  cemetery, 
it  is  even  more  interesting  to  note  that  below  the  level  occupied  by 
the  burials  were  found  circular  hollows  and  pits  in  the  chalk,  and 
fragments  of  British  pottery  and  stone  implements  scattered  around, 
evidence  of  the  occupation  of  earlier  men,  possibly  of  those  who 
constructed  the  ancient  defences  we  have  examined. 


^    Several  objects,  displaying  the  same  style  of  deooratlon,  in  Scandinavian  museums  are 
refezred  to  the  Viking  period. 


THE    CHANCEL    ARCH    OF    WHITE 
NOTLEY    CHURCH. 

BY   C.    LYNAM,    F.S.A. 

Professor  Baldwin  Brown  has  assuredly  laid  under  a  debt  of 
gratitude  all  who  care  anything  for  "  Early  English  Art,"  by  the 
publication  of  his  recent  book  bearing  that  title. 

Every  student  of  Saxon  architecture  will  admit  that  to  have  a 
precise  list  of  examples,  according  to  the  opinion  of  the  learned 
professor,  in  each  county,  is  an  immense  boon.  It  places  the  student 
in  the  position  of  making  the  most  of  every  opportunity  that  may 
occur  to  him,  or  that  may  be  practicable  for  him,  of  seeing  for 
himself  the  structures  which  are  thus  catalogued  by  Professor  Brown. 
Recently  it  has  been  my  good  fortune  to  be  able  to  examine  the 
earliest  remains  in  the  churches  of  the  county  of  Essex,  as  given  by 
the  learned  professor,  namely,  St.  Peter's  on  the  Walls,  Mersea ; 
Hadstock ;  Holy  Trinity.  Colchester ;  Hallingbury  near  Bishop's 
Stortford,  and  Greenstead. 

Essex  is  a  county  of  peculiar  condition  in  respect  of  its  building 
materials,  and  this  is  a  most  marked  feature  in  all  its  early  and 
mediaeval  structures.  Perhaps  many  of  us,  on  examining  these 
churches,  do  not  regret  the  rare  employment  of  the  smooth,  squared 
stone  ashlar  of  the  stone-yielding  counties,  and  even  welcome  the 
rough,  irregular,  and  varied  effect  of  form  and  colour  by  the  employ- 
ment of  the  boulder  of  the  field  and  shore,  the  unworked  flint, 
miscellaneous  pebble,  and  the  rude  bricks  or  brick-ends  of  all  dates, 
sizes  and  shapes,  which  are  seen  mingled  together  in  the  facings  of 
the  walls  of  an  Essex  church.  This  county  has  from  a  very  early 
period,  certainly  from  the  early  years  of  the  thirteenth  century 
compensated  for  the  want  of  stone  by  the  production  of  bricks,  not 
only  for  mere  wall  facings,  but  principally  for  dressings  of  all  kinds 
of  elaborately  moulded  sections,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  remains  of 
Coggeshall  abbey. 

In  this  county,  too,  there  has  existed,  ever  since  the  Roman 
occupation,  vast  remains  of  bricks  of  Roman  manufacture,  and  more 
or  less  the  builders  of  every  subsequent  period  have  made  use  of 
what  was  thus  at  their  disposal.  This  is  particularly  the  case  in 
Saxon  and  Norman  times,  and  this  fact  gives  rise  to  an  acute  puzzle 


v-.M^'     K 


Thk  Chancel  Arch  ok  White  Notley  Church. 


CHANCEL  ARCH  OF  WHITE  NOTLBY  CHURCH.  229 

in  fixing  precisely  the  distinctions  of  styles  and  periods.  The 
examples  given  by  Professor  Brown,  when  compared  with  others 
not  in  his  lists,  do  not  distinctly  stand  out  as  entirely  separate. 

The  chancel  arch  at  the  church  of  White  Notley,  between  Witham 
and  Braintree,  is  semi-circular  in  form,  and  for  many  years  past  has 
presented  only  plastered  faces  with  cement  imposts  to  the  soffit. 
Here  and  there  this  chancel  has  in  it  some  fragments  of  bricks  of 
Roman  character  on  the  south  side ;  and  the  south-east  angle  of  the 
nave  has  also  such  bricks  in  the  quoin  ;  and  in  the  present  east  wall 
of  the  vestry  there  is  a  small  early  window  of  the  Norman  period,  * 
with  the  form  of  the  chevron  shaped  round  its  head  and  sides.  This 
little  window  is  altogether  formed  out  of  a  single  stone:  it  was 
taken  out  (as  Mr.  Curtis,  the  present  vicar,  states)  from  amongst 
the  filling  up  of  the  arch  on  the  north  side  of  the  chancel,  when  the 
church  was  restored  some  years  ago.  It  looks  almost  as  though 
this  piece  of  stone  had  been  a  great  rarity,  and  shaped  and  adorned 
as  a  treasure.     (See  sketch  No.  i .) 

These  early  remains  lately  gave  rise  to  the  suspicion  that  beneath 
the  plaster  of  the  chancel  arch  there  might  be  found  its  original 
construction,  and  it  was  thought  to  be  worth  while  to  test  it.  So, 
during  Whitsun-week  in  1903,  specially  skilful  hands  were  employed 
to  remove  the  plaster,  and  very  careful  supervision  accompanied  the 
operation.  The  result  was  the  exposure  of  an  arch  with  its  piers 
and  adjacent  walling  as  built  in  times  precedent  to  any  other  existing 
feature  of  the  church. 

The  arch  itself  has  its  angles  formed  entirely  of  "  Roman  "  bricks, 
closely  set,  with  thin  mortar  joints ;  the  soffit  of  the  arch  is  filled  in 
between  the  quoins  with  rubble,  rather  fine  than  rough.  The 
**  Roman  "  bricks  are  of  all  sizes,  some  as  large  as  15  inches  by  12 
inches,  others  are  fragmentary,  not  whole.  The  line  of  the  extrados 
is  fairly  uniform,  leaving  an  arch  face  of  about  12  inches  in  depth. 
On  the  south  side  there  are  indications  of  a  projecting  impost  formed 
of  the  said  bricks,  which  have  been  knocked  away,  and  on  the  north 
side  a  rough  impost  of  an  oolitic  stone  still  exists,  the  lower  edge  of 
which  has  been  rebated  so  as  to  leave  an  upper  projection  of  about 
three  inches  thick.  The  jambs  have  also  ** Roman"  quoins  at  the 
angles,  and  occasionally  they  run  through  the  whole  width ;  between 
the  quoins  there  is  a  filling  in  of  rough  rubble.  The  facings  to  the 
walling  next  the  arch  consists  of  rubble  of  the  roughest  sort,  the 
mortar  being  about  equal  in  bulk  to  the  other  materials,  which 
consists  of  broken  bricks,  boulders,  and  pebbles. 


i   See  Transactions  Vol.  II.  N.S.  p.  B8 ;  Vol.  VII.  N.S.  p.  262. 


230  CHANCBL  ARCH  OP  WHITE  NOTLEY  CHURCH. 

Particular  notice  was  taken  as  to  the  condition  of  the  face  of  the 
walling  beneath  the  modern  plastering,  and  there  was  no  indication 
of  any  previous  plaster,  or  even  whitewash ;  so  it  cannot  be  said 
that  any  ancient  work  has  been  interfered  with  by  the  operation  of 
revealing  a  feature  of  extreme  interest  hidden  by  modern  plastering, 
and  bringing  back  to  the  church  a  characteristic  work  of  very  eaxly 
times.  How  early,  is  rieally  the  question  which  has  given  rise  to 
this  communication. 

Professor  Baldwin  Brown  has  catalogued  the  lower  part  of  the 
tower  bf  Holy  Trinity  church,  Colchester,  and  of  Mersea,  and  the 
chancel  arch  of  Great  Hallingbury,  as  pre* Norman.  Taking  the 
characteristics  of  the  work  at  these  several  churches  as  a  criterion  of 
date,  it  may  be  fairly  said  (without  hesitation)  that  White  Notley 
chancel  arch  may  lay  claim  to  a  corresponding  date,  whatever  that 
may  be. 

At  Mersea  there  are  two  single-light  windows,  with  the  glazing 
plane  close  to  the  outside  of  the  wall ;  the  external  facing  is  roughly 
coursed  with  a  certain  amount  of  herring-bone  treatment  in  a  frag- 
mentary way :  but  these  are  not  features  that  can  be  exclusively 
claimed  to  be  of  Saxon  date.  The  arch  at  Holy  Trinity,  Colchester, 
has  a  projecting  member  surrounding  it,  and  a  **  pilaster  *'  strip  up 
the  jambs  as  well  as  projecting  imposts,  and  the  workmanship  is 
roughly  rude.  That  at  Great  Hallingbury  has  a  square  rebate  or 
receding  order  on  the  nave  side,  and  is  of  much  neater  workmanship. 

The  construction  of  the  arch  at  Mersea  church  is  buried  under 
plaster,  and  it  would  be  interesting  to  know  how  far  it  corresponds 
with  that  at  White  Notley  as  now  developed.  Imposts  with  plaster 
facing  are  in  evidence  at  Mersea.  The  thickness  of  the  tower  wall 
there,  in  which  is  the  arch,  is  2  feet  8J  inches,  and  at  White  Notley 
chancel  it  is  three  feet.  Neither  of  these  examples  has  anything  of 
a  projecting  moulding  surrounding  the  arch  or  of  projecting  strips  to 
the  jambs,  nor  has  the  arch  at  Great  Hallingbury. 

Taking  all  these  facts  into  reasonable  consideration,  the  conclusion 
that  the  chancel  archway  at  White  Notley  church  is  pre- Norman  can 
hardly  be  gainsaid. 


"  <    AROH^OL.    80C..   VOL.     »    ~YD   if AOC   P.    aSST" 


H 

O 


tec/^riaiX 


ARCHiEOLOGICAL    NOTES. 


The  *Ourlai'  of  Domesday. — In  a  note  on  this  mysterious 
manor,  which  Morant  assumed  to  be  part  of  Purleigh,  the  *Purlai* 
of  Domesday,  I  suggested  "t  hat  *  Curlai '  was  probably  in  Woodham 
Walter  and  became  absorbed  in  the  same  manor  owing  to  their 
having  the  same  lord."*  Various  indications  led  me  to  this  con- 
clusion, although  I  could  find  no  trace  of  the  name  within  the  parish. 
But  I  have  since  found  in  Harl.  Cart.  46,  I.,  46,  distinct  mention 
of  a  hamlet  of  *  Querle '  in  Woodham  Walter,  which  is  strangely 
suggestive  of  the  Domesday  name.  "The  pasture  of  the  lords  of 
Querle"  is  mentioned  in  this  charter,  of  which  the  first  witness  is 
William  Chaunterel.    The  charter  may  be  abstracted  as  follows : 

"  Feoffment  by  Philip  de  BovUe  of  John  Laurence  in  Wodeham 
Walter  in  one  messuage  and  lo  acres  of  land  and  three  pieces  of 
pasture  in  Wodeham  (Walter)  *in  hameletto  de  Querle,*  one  end  of 
the  messuage  and  a  croft  abutting  on  the  road  leading  from  Maldon 
to  Ulting  ford  on  the  South,  and  another  end  on  the  meadow  called 
Estmad  to  the  north,  and  lying  in  width  between  the  land  of  John 
Spileman  on  the  east  and  the  land  called  Rysestrat  (?)  on  the  west; 
and  another  croft  lies  in  width  between  the  land  of  Philip  de  la  More 
to  the  west  and  the  road  leading  from  Maldon  to  Ulting  ford." 

J.  H.  ROUND. 

Olanvills  in  FeUted. — The  origin  of  this  manor  appears  to 
be  accounted  for  by  a  charter  which  has  come  to  light  in  the  first 
volume  of  the  Public  Record  Office's  valuable  Calendar  of  Charter 
Rolls  (p.  422).  By  this  charter,  which  is  addressed  to  the  officers  and 
lieges  of  Essex,  Henry  I.  announces  to  them  that  he  has  "restored 
and  granted  in  inheritance  to  William  de  Glaunville  his  serjeant 
(servimtt)  the  office  {minisUrium)  and  land  which  had  been  (that  of) 
his  uncle  {avunculi)  William  De  Salt  Les  Dames."  The  Editor  has, 
not  unnaturally  read  this  as  a  local  name,  'de  Salt  les  Dames,'  but 
it  is  clearly  the  Norman-French  original  of  the  odd  Latin  surname 


^   Victoria  History  of  Esux,  I.,  323. 


232  ARCHiCOLOGICAL  NOTES. 

of  Roger  '  Deus  salvet  dominas*  who  appears  as  an  Essex  tenant  in 
chief  in  Domesday.  One  of  his  three  estates  was  at  Felsted,  and 
it  was  this,  doubtless,  which  passed  to  a  Glanvill  under  this  charter, 
and  thus  acquired  the  name  of  Glanvills.  Roger  was  probably  the 
father  of  William,  who  was  William  Glanvill's  (maternal  ?)  uncle. 

J.  H.  ROUND. 

Ohin^ord  Marsh. — A  long  narrow  strip  of  marsh-land  in  the 
valley  of  the  river  Lea  forms  the  western  border  of  the  parish  of 
Chingford.  This  land,  which  in  times  of  flood  is  covered  with  water, 
was  secured  as  a  site  for  two  large  reservoirs  by  the  East  London 
Waterworks  Company,  and,  in  consequence,  it  became  necessary  to 
investigate  the  various  rights  to  which  it  was  subject.  These  rights, 
handed  down  by  tradition  from  age  to  age,  and  from  one  marsh- 
reeve  to  another,  have  now  at  last,  after  the  lapse  of  centuries,  been 
recorded  in  writing.  Their  undoubted  antiquity,  and  the  illustration 
they  furnish  of  the  *  customs  *  of  long  ago,  suggest  the  propriety  of 
their  being  printed  in  our  Transactions. 

At  a  Vestry  Meeting  held  in  the  Vestry  Room,  on  September 
25th  1903,  the  following  statement  of  the  Customs  of  the  Chingford 
Common  Marsh  was  drawn  up  and  agreed  to ;  and  it  was  resolved 
that  the  Marsh-reeve  and  assistant  Marsh -reeve  should  strictly 
maintain  these  customs. 

I. — The  opening  day  for  cutting  the  grass  in  the  Marsh  is  June 
24th;  all  occupiers  of  land  in  the  Marsh,  or  their  representatives, 
must  be  on  the  Marsh  on  June  24th,  so  that  the  reeve  may  'trail,* 
i.e,  mark  out,  the  land  in  their  presence.  For  this  trailing  they  pay 
to  the  reeve  the  sum  of  fourpence  an  acre.  The  payment  for  trailing 
is  doubled  if  the  occupiers  request  that  the  trailing  be  done  after  the 
appointed  day. 

2. — The  occupiers  of  land  in  the  Marsh  have  the  right  to  carry 
their  hay  across  any  grass  that  may  be  between  their  own  piece  of 
land  and  the  road,  so  long  as  no  wilful  damage  is  done. 

3. — The  changeable  land  in  the  Marsh  is  allotted  each  year  by  the 
Marsh -reeve.  Boundary-posts,  provided  by  the  owners  to  mark  the 
limits  of  each  property,  are  fixed  by  the  reeves  at  a  charge  of  sixpence 
for  each  post. 

4. — The  Common  Marsh  is  open  to  the  commoners  for  grazing 
from  August  13th  to  April  6th. 

5. — Only  householders,  who  reside  in  the  parish,  have  the  right  to 
turn  cattle  on  to  the  Common  Marsh  in  Chingford. 

6. — Commoners  may  turn  out  only  their  own  cattle.  One  horse  or 
two  cows  may  be  turned  out  for  every  four  pounds  of  rental. 


ARCHiEOLOGICAL  NOTES.  233 

7- — Cattle  are  marked  by  the  reeves  on  the  13th  day  of  August, 
and  on  other  days  by  appointment.  The  charge  for  marking  is  four- 
pence  for  each  animal. 

8. — The  animals  which  may  be  turned  out  to  graze  on  the  Common 
Marsh  are  cows,  calves,  bulls  under  six  months  old,  mares,  geldings, 
and  colts  under  twelve  years  old.  The  following  animals  may  not  be 
turned  out  on  the  Common  Marsh :  entire  horses,  bullocks,  donkeys, 
geese,  pigs,  sheep ;  nor  any  animal  suffering  from  disease. 

9. — Cattle  found  on  the  Common  Marsh,  that  are  not  properly 
marked,  are  pounded  by  the  reeve.  The  owner  pays  to  the  reeve 
two  shillings  for  each  animal  that  is  pounded. 

10. — The  Marsh-reeve  and  the  assistant  Marsh-reeve  are  elected 
annually  at  the  Easter  Vestry  Meeting. 

II. — The  Marsh -reeve  should  present  at  the  Easter  Vestry  Meeting 
a  list  of  the  Commoiiers  who  have  used  the  Common  Marsh  during 
the  previous  year,  and  the  number  of  animals  turned  out  by  each 
commoner. 

A  part  of  the  Marsh  is  composed  of  *  changeable  lands,'  in  which 
the  ownership  of  the  grass  changes  from  year  to  year,  while  the 
ownership  of  the  soil  remains  unchanged.  These  portions  are  held 
by  various  persons.  The  owner  of  half  an  acre  mows  half  an  acre, 
and  of  a  quarter  of  an  acre  a  quarter,  but  the  actual  half  acre  or 
quarter  of  an  acre  which  he  mows  is  changed  each  year.  The 
'trailing',  or  marking  out  of  grass  to  be  cut,  is  done  each  year  by  the 
Marsh.reeve.  The  Reeve  has  a  map  of  the  Marsh  and  has  had  many 
years'  experience  of  this  intricate  job  of  trailing.  The  commoners  of 
Chingford  have  no  right  to  cut  any  grass ;  they  can  only  use  the 
Common  Marsh  for  grazing  after  the  hay  has  been  carried. 

A.  F.  RUSSELL. 

Corruption  of  place-name. — In  a  demise  by  John  Badcok 
and  another,  dated  8th  November,  i8th  year  Henry  VI.  [1439],  of 
land,  &c.,  in  Great  Dunmow  parish,  the  property  is  described  as 
lying  between  a  croft  of  land  called  Ferthyngcroft  on  the  one  part 
and  an  open  plain  called  Ontesley  Green  on  the  other. 

*  inter  unam  croftam  terre  vocatam  fferthyngcroft  ex  parte  una  et 
p%pistram  vocatam  Ontesleygrene  ex  parte  altera." 

It  seems  worth  while  to  note  the  metamorphosis  of  the  latter  place- 
name  as  an  illustration  of  the  sort  of  corruption  of  names  which  is  too 
common  in  rural  districts. 

Ontesley  of  1439  becomes  Ounsley  in  Chapman  &  Andres  Map, 
1777,  Onsley  in  the  old  Ordnance  Survey  and  Kelly's  Directory, 
1886,  and  Hounslow  in  the  Ordnance  Survey  of  1886. 

I.  c.  G. 


IN    MEMORIAM. 

1^  The  death  of  our  late  President,  within  little  more  than  a  year 
of  his  resignation  of  the  office  which  he  had  so  long  held,  falls  to  be 
recorded  in  this  Part  of  our  Transactions.  Mr.  G.  Alan  Lowndes 
was  born  in  1829,  and  graduated  in  due  course  from  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge.  He  was  a  Lancashire  man  by  birth,  being  a  son  of 
Mr.  William  Clayton,  of  Lostock  Hall,  and  it  was  in  the  year  1840, 
on  his  acquisition  of  the  Barrington  Hall  estates  in  succession  to  his 
kinsman,  Mr.  Thomas  Lowndes,  that  he  assumed  the  name  by 
which  he  was  known  to  us.  He  qualified  as  a  county  Justice  in 
1853,  ^^^  served  the  office  of  High  Sheriff  in  1861.  In  1889  he  was 
elected  an  Alderman  of  the  Essex  County  Council.  Up  to  the  time 
of  his  resignation  of  the  presidency  of  our  Society  Mr.  Lowndes  was 
a  constant  attendant  at  its  meetings,  no  matter  in  which  comer  of 
the  county  they  happened  to  be  held,  and  his  kindly  reception  of  our 
members  at  Barrington  Hall  within  a  recent  period,  will  be  still 
fresh  in  the  recollection  of  many  who  wandered  through  the  park  at 
Hatfield  Broad  Oak.  The  contributions  made  some  years  ago  by 
the  late  President  to  our  Transactions  were  numerous  and  interesting, 
being  derived  from  early  original  documents  in  his  own  possession, 
and  are  to  be  found  in  the  first  three  volumes  of  the  new  series. 
Many  of  these  documents  have  since  found  a  safe  and  final  resting- 
place  in  the  Department  of  MSS,  at  the  British  Museum. 

The  funeral  took  place  on  Tuesday,  June  28th,  at  Hatfield  Broad, 
Oak  church,  when  the  Society  was  represented  by  the  rector,  the 
Rev.  F.  W.  Galpin,  who,  in  conjunction  with  the  Rev.  S.  Beauchamp 
officiated  at  the  graveside. 


GENERAL    MEETING   OF  THE    ESSEX 

ARCH-«OLOGICAL   SOCIETY  HELD   AT 

COLCHESTER  CASTLE,  ON  THURSDAY, 

THE  14th  APRIL,  1904. 

HENRY  LAYER,  ESQ.,  F.S.A.,  IN  THE  CHAIR. 

The  minutes  of  the  previous  Annual  General  Meeting  were  read 
and  confirmed. 

The  Hon.  Secretary  read  the  Annual  Report  and  the  Treasurer's 
Statement  of  accounts  was  laid  on  the  table.  The  Report  was  adopted 
and  the  accounts  passed. 

A  vote  of  thanks  was  unanimously  accorded  to  the  President, 
Council,  and  Honorary  Officers  for  their  services  in  the  past  year. 

Mr.  Henry  Laver,  F.S.A.,  was  unanimously  elected  President  for 
the  ensuing  year.  The  Vice-Presidents  and  Council  were  re-elected 
with  the  addition  on  the  Council  of  Mr.  W.  J.  Nichol  to  fill  the 
vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Major  General  Branfill. 

It  was  proposed  by  Mr.  W.  C.  Waller,  "that  anyone  who  has  been 
elected  President  at  five  consecutive  Annual  Meetings  of  this  Society 
be  **  ipso  facto  **  not  eligible  for  re-election  to  that  office  until  the  third 
annual  meeting  after  his  last  election." 

Mr.  G.  F.  Beaumont  seconded  and  the  proposition  was  adopted 
nem.  con. 

A  vote  of  thanks  to  the  Right  Hon.  James  Round,  P.C,  M.P.,  for 
the  use  of  the  Castle  Library  was  passed,  and  a  similar  vote  was 
accorded  to  the  President  for  his  conduct  in  the  chair. 

Mr.  J.  Horace  Round  read  an  interesting  paper  on  the  "  Forestership 
of  Essex*'  and  afterwards  exhibited  a  map  of  the  parish  of  St.  Osyth. 

The  following  candidates  were  elected  members  of  the  Society : — 

ON  THB  NOMINATION  OF — 

Great  Britain, The  Royal  Institute  of,  Albemarle  \  j  j^^  jjon  Sec 
Street,  Piccadilly,  W.  )  * 

Stone,  W.  Eben,  15,  Hawthorn  Street,  Cambridge. )  ^^^  President 
Mass.,  U.S.A.  j 

Pertweb,  the  Rev.  A.  The  Vicarage,  Brightlingsea.    Mr.  W.  G.  Wiles. 

Foster,  R.  H.,  M.A.,  Artillery  Mansions,  Victoria  X-m^  r  n  r^«i^ 
Strest,W.  )  Mr.  I.  C.Gould. 

Inglis,  Capt.  W.  Raymond,  Peering  House.  Kelvedon.  Mr.  G.  F.  Beaumont. 
Eland,  The  Rev.  C.  T.  The  Vicarage,  Felsted.  Mr.  Hastings  Worrin. 

ARCHrTECTs.  The    Society  of,   St.   James*  Hall,  »  j,     ^^       g^ 
Piccadilly,  W.  /  '        ' 

"*"""■  Sorf"'"  ^°"°''"'*'  "^'''""^  ^""^''  }  The  Rt.  Hon.  James  Round 
Carter.  Miss.  Dunmow.  Mr.  Hastings  Worrin. 

O'Hagan,  the  Lord.  Pyrgo  Park,  Havering.  The  Rev.  L  N  Prance. 


QUARTERLY  MEETING  AND  EXCURSION 
SATURDAY,  14th  MAY,  1904. 


Halstead,  Little  Maplestead,  and  Castle  Hbdingham. 


This  excursion  proved  a  most  popular  one  and  was  attended  by  at 
least  a  hundred  of  the  members  and  their  friends.  At  St.  Andrew's 
Church,  Halstead,  which  was  the  starting  point  of  the  excursion, 
the  Rev.  T.  G.  Gibbons,  M.A.,  a  former  vicar,  gave  an  interesting 
description  of  the  architectural  and  other  features  of  the  sacred 
building.  From  Halstead  the  members  made  their  way  to  Dynes 
Hall,  where  a  hearty  welcome  was  extended  to  them  by  Viscount 
and  Viscountess  Deerhurst.  Luncheon  was  partaken  of  in  the 
grounds  of  the  mansion  and  the  house  was  afterwards  inspected. 
Subsequently  and  before  leaving  Dynes  Hall  a  General  Meeting 
was  held  at  which  the  following  were  elected  as  members  of  the 
Society : — 

ON  THB  NOMINATION  OP 


ViCKBRS,  Jambs  Muschamp,  Waltham  House.  Chelmsford.       J        \X7  i  w  u^i 
Veasey,  Mrs..  Over  Hall.  Colne  Engaine.  Earls  Colne,  R.S.O.  I        ^  J '  N*^°^' 

1^ 


PHILBRICK,  Miss.  The  Cedars.  Sudbury  Road.  Halstead. 

Chancellor.  Miss.  Chelmsford.  |.The  President. 

Dbbrhurst,  The  Viscountbss,  Dynes  Hall.  Halstead. 

Guthrie.  Mrs.,  Church  Lane.  Bocking.  Braintree.  Miss  Ingold. 

GossET.  Major  General.  C.B..  F.R.G.S..  etc..  Westgate  House. ) 

Deiham.  jS.rH.Umg. 

The  Round  Church  at  Little  Maplestead  was  next  visited,  and  after 
the  aged  Vicar,  the  Rev.  J.  F.  Harward,  had  pointed  out  some  of  the 
most  interesting  features,  a  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  F.  Chancellor, 
F.R.I.B.A. 

At  the  Castle  of  Hedingham,  the  Society  was  welcomed  by  the 
owner,  Mr.  J.  H.  A.  Majendie,  M.  P..  D.L.,  and  a  descriptive  paper 
was  contributed  by  the  Rev.  S.  A.  A.  Majendie,  M.A.    As  the  Castle 


QUARTERLY  MEETING   AT  HALSTBAD.  237 

has  been  already  described  in  the  Transactions^^  it  has  not  been  thought 
necessary  to  reproduce  the  whole  of  Mr.  Majendie's  paper,  but  the 
Editor  hopes  to  be  allowed  to  publish  in  a  future  issue  those  portions 
of  it,  which  dealt  with  facts  which  have  not  yet  been  recorded. 

After  the  party  had  been  entertained  to  tea  at  the  Vicarage  by 
the  kindness  of  the  Rev.  G.  C.  Twist  and  his  family,  the  church 
was  visited,  and  described  by  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  M.A., 
Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  the  substance  of 
whose  remarks  was  as  follows : 

**  The  old  churches  of  this  country  divide  themselves  into  two 
classes,  those  of  which  we  possess  documentary  evidence  and  those 
of  which  we  do  not ;  this  church  belongs  to  the  latter  category  and 
it  is  necessary  to  walk  round  it  and  let  it  tell  us  its  own  story. 
The  architecture  of  the  church  is  Norman,  but  whether  there  was 
a  Saxon  church  here  previously  we  cannot  say ;  as  Hedingham  was  a 
considerable  village  there  may  very  well  have  been  one.  There  is  no 
mention  of  a  parish  church  in  the  Domesday  survey,  but  that  does 
not  prove  anything,  as  the  object  of  the  survey  was  not  to  ascertain 
the  number  of  churches  in  the  country.  One  of  the  county  historians 
mentions  that  when  the  church  was  restored  some  years  ago  they 
came  on  foundations  of  an  earlier  building,  these  were  found  in  th€ 
chancel  and  may  have  formed  part  of  a  Saxon  church  of  which 
no  record  remains.  The  church  was  entirely  rebuilt  in  the  twelfth 
century  and  is  an  extremely  fine  and  well  proportioned  building. 
Among  other  alterations  larger  windows  have  been  put  in  in  place 
of  the  original  ones.  ,  But  the  chancel  practically  comes  down  to  us 
in  the  form  in  which  it  was  left  by  the  twelfth  century  builders. 

If  I  should  be  asked  to  put  a  date  to  the  older  work  of  the  church 
I  should  give  it  as  from  1 175  to  1 184. 

It  should  be  noticed  fhat  the  chancel  windows  are  pointed,  which 
is  a  further  indication  of  the  date,  as  the  pointed  arch  was  just  coming 
in  at  that  time.  There  is  a  fine  old  doorway  in  the  south  porch  and 
also  a  small  door  on  the  north  side  with  the  original  ironwork. 
Originally  the  east  ends  of  both  the  north  and  south  aisles  were 
shut  off  from  the  nave  to  form  chapels  and  the  first  alteration  was 
the  piercing  of  these  walls,  throwing  the  chapels  open  to  the  nave 
in  the  same  way  as  the  western  portions  of  the  aisles.  As  indicating 
that  the  De  Veres  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  re- building  of  the 
church,  there  are  numerous  repetitions  of  their  badges  of  the  boar 
and  of  the  mullet  or  five  pointed  star  which  formed  so  prominent  a 
feature  of  their  simple  shield  of  arms. 


*   Vol.  i.,  75  iv.,  ^35. 


238  QUARTERLY  MEETING   AT  HALSTBAD. 

The  tower  of  the  church  is  not  the  original  one  and  there  is  a 
difference  of  opinion  as  to  the  date.  One  authority  states  that  the 
tower  was  re-built  in  16 16,  but  I  am  inclined  to  give  it  an  earlier 
date,  the  sixteenth  century,  as  some  of  the  work  corresponds  in 
style  with  a  receptacle  for  holy  water  which  could  not  have  been  put 
in  after  the  Reformation,  and  I  think  that  from  1490  to  1509  would 
be  nearer  the  date.  The  oak  chancel  screen,  which  is  in  the  main 
old,  though  some  parts  have  undergone  considerable  repair,  is  typical 
of  many  other  screens  in  East  Anglian  churches  of  the  earlier  part  of 
the  fifteenth  century.  Formerly  there  was  another  screen  a  little 
further  west  the  space  between  the  two  being  covered  over  and 
forming  a  sort  of  chapel,  while  the  top  formed  a  loft.  This  rood 
loft  was  not  as  many  suppose,  a  place  for  preaching,  but  where  the 
musicians  sat,  just  as  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  last  century  the  choir 
and  musicians  sat  in  the  gallery.  In  the  chancel  are  some  remains 
of  so-called  "misereres,"  or  hinged  seats;  which  should  however  be 
more  correctly  described  as  misercordes,  from  being  an  indulgence 
allowed  in  collegiate  or  monastic  churches  to  give  support  to  elderly 
or  feeble  canons  or  monks  during  the  long  night  offices." 


REPORT   FOR    1903. 


In  presenting  its  Fifty-first  Annual  Report  the  Council  has  to 
congratulate  the  Society  on  the  celebration  of  its  Jubilee,  which  took 
place  at  Colchester,  on  the  25th  June,  1904,  after  an  unavoidable 
postponement  from  the  previous  autumn. 

During  the  year  the  Society  has  lost  twenty -five  members  by  death 
and  resignation.  Thirty- six  new  members  have  been  added  to  its  roll, 
including  10  elected  to-day.  The  total  membership,  which  at  the  end 
of  last  year  was  341,  now  stands  as  follows : — 

Annual  Members .'       297 

Life  Members   49 

Honorary  Members 6 

352 

The  losses  by  death  and  resignation  include  the  names  of  the 
Rev.  the  Rt.  Hon.  Latimer  Neville,  6th  Baron  Braybrooke,  a  Vice- 
President  of  the  Society,  and  Sir  Albert  Woods,  K.C.M.G.,  K.C.B., 
F.S.A.,  Garter  King  of  Arms.  Major  General  B.  R.  Branfill  resigns 
his  position  on  the  Council,  and  his  office  as  Hon.  Local  Secretary 
for  Billericay,  owing  to  ill  health.  The  Council  in  accepting  his 
resignation  desires  to  record  its  gratitude  to  Major  General  Branfill 
for  his  efforts  on  behalf  of  the  Society,  and  its  hope  that  he  may  be 
speedily  restored  to  health. 

The  Council  recommends  the  re-election  of  the  Vice-Presidents 
and  Council,  with  the  addition  of  Mr.  W.  J.  Nichol  in  the  place  of 
Major  General  Branfill  resigned. 

The  statement  of  account  for  the  year  ending  31st  December, 
1903,  shews  a  balance  of  £qt  17s.  iid.  to  the  credit  of  the  Society 
as  compared  with  one  of  ;^74  14s.  id.  at  the  end  of  the  previous 
year.  The  outstanding  accounts  amount  to  £^']  os.  5d.  as  compared 
with  £\\\  8s.  od.  last  year. 

The  following  publications  have  been  issued  by  the  Society  during 
the  year : — 

The  title  page  and  index  to  Vol.  VHL  of  the  Transactions. 

Part  IV.  of  the  Feet  of  Fines  for  Essex. 

The  second  part  of  Vol.  IX.  of  the  Transactions. 

Excursions  were  made  in  the  districts  of  Ingatestone,  Stiiford  and 
Saffron  Walden,  and  in  each  case  were  well  attended. 

The  Council  recommends  that  the  Society  pay  visits  this  year  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Castle  Hedingham,  Rochford  and  Ravn^— 

A  list  of  donations  to  the  Society  is  subjoined. 


DONATIONS    TO    THE    SOCIETY. 


From  the  Editor  East  Anglian  Notes  and  Queries— 
Vol.  X.  March,  1903,  and  April,  1903. 

From  the  Rev.  E.  F.  Hay- 
Notes  on  the  Parish  Church  of  St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  Kelvedon. 

From  Mr.  J.  J.  Goodwin — 

The  first  Register  of  St.  Mary's  Church,  Bocking,  Essex. 

From  Mr.  Gerald  Leighton — 

The  Field  Naturalist's  Quarterly,  Vol.  II.,  August,  1903. 

In  aid  of  the  Transactions. 
From  Mr.  A.  B.  Bamford — 

Sketches  of  the  Ruins  of  Thoby  Priory  and  the  West  End  of 
St.  Lawrence's  Church,  Blackmore. 
From  the  President — 

Plan  of  the  Roman  Walls  of  Colchester  and  the   Castle  and 
Ground,  showing  site  of  discovered  walls. 
From  the  Rev.  F.  W.  Galpin — 

Block  and  plan  of  Fifteenth  Century  Vestry  and  Priest's  Chamber 
in  Hatfield  Broad  Oak  Church. 
From  the  Presideijt,  H.  Laver,  Esq.,  F.S.A. — 
"  King  John's  House,"  by  General  Pitt  Rivers. 

From  Societies  in  union  for  exchange  of  publications. 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London — 

Proceedings,  Vol.  XIX.  (2nd  Series),  No.  2. 

Index  of  Archaeological  Papers  published  in  1902. 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland — 

Vol.  XXXVI. 
Royal  Archaeological  Institute — 

Archaeological  Journal,  Vol.  LX.,  Nos.  237,  238,  239. 
British  Archaeological  Association — 

Journal,  Vol.  X.,  Part  III. 

List  of  Associates,  Jan.  ist,  1904. 
Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects- 
Journal,  Vol.  X.,  parts  3  and  4  and  Vol.  XL,  parts  i  and  2. 

Kalendar,  1903 — 1904. 
St,  Paul's  Ecclesiological  Society — 

Transactions,  Vol.  V.,  part.  3. 


DONATIONS   TO  THE    SOCIETY.  24I 

Bristol  and  Gloucester  Archaeological  Society — 

Transactions,  Vol.  XXV.,  part  2. 
Cambridge  Antiquarian  Society — 

List  of  Members  of  the  Society. 

Proceedings,  Vol.  X.,  part  4. 
Chester  Archaeological  Society — 

Journal,  Vol.  X. 
Essex  Field  Club — 

Essex  Naturalist,  Vol.  XIII.,  part  I. 
Herts.  Archaeological  Society — 

Transactions,  Vol.  II.,  part  I., 
Exeter  Diocesan  Architectural  and  Archaeological  Society — 

Transactions,  Vol.  II.,  part  I. 
Leicestershire  Architectural  and  Archaeological  Society — 

Transactions,  Vol.  IX.,  parts  2  and  3. 
London  and  Middlesex  Archaeological  Society — 

Nothing  received  this  year. 
Powys-Land  Club — 

Collections,  Vol.  XXXIII.,  pan  i. 
Somerset  Archaeological  Society — 

Third  series,  Vol.  IX. 
Suffolk  Institute  of  Archaeology — 

Proceedings,  Vol.  XL,  part  3. 
Surrey  Archaeological  Society — 

Nothing  received  this  year. 
Sussex  Archaeological  Society — 

Vol.  XLVI. 
Thoresby  Society — 

Vol.  XL,  part  Miscellanea. 

Vol.  XII.,  Methley  Registers. 

Vol.  VIII.,  Leeds  Parish  Registers. 
Wiltshire  Archaeological  Society — 

Magazine,  Vol.  XXXIL,  No.  98. 
„  XXXIL,  No.  99. 
„    XXXIIL,  No.  100. 

Abstracts  of  Wiltshire  Inquisitions  post  mortem  from  the  reign 
of  Henry  III.,  part  2. 

Report  of  Library  Syndicate,  Cambridge  University  Library  for  year 

ending  31st  Dec,  1902. 
Architects  Magazine,  monthly,  for  year  ending  March,  1904. 
Year  Book  and  List  of  Members,  Society  of  Architects,  1904 


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ESSEX  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 


LIST    OF    PUBLICATIONS. 


Transaotions.    The  Society's  un-issued  stock  of  the  First  Series 
(1858-73)  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  the  year  1874. 


Of  the  Second  Series  (eight  volumes,  1 878-1 901),  a  few  copies  only 
remain  in  stock.    To  be  had,  in  parts,  at  per  volume  ;^i  :  o  :  o 

Register  of  the  Scholars  admitted  to  Colchester  School, 
1687-1740,  edited,  with  additions,  by  J.  H.  Round,  M.A.,  from 
the  transcript  by  the  Rev.  C.  L.  Acland,  M.A.,  cloth  boards   3  :  6 

Catalogue  of  Books,  Pamphlets,  Periodicals,  HSS.  and 
Scrap  Collections  in  the  Society's  Library  i  :  o 

General   Index  to  the  Transactions  of  the   Society. 

Vols.  I.  to  v.,  and  Vols.  I.  to  V.,  New  Series         ...         12  :  o 


All  publications  are  demy  8vo  in  size. 

Members  of  the  Society  are  entitled  to  one  copy  of  any  ot  the  above 
at  a  reduction  of  25  per  cent. 


1 


ESSEX  ARCHiEOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 


MUSEUMS    COLCHESTER    CASTLE. 


OFFICERS    AND    COUNCIL    FOR     1904-5. 


HENRY  LAYER.    Esq.,  F.S.A.,   F.L.S. 
9ice-^rc0tbent8: 


The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Eustace  Cecil 
The  Right  Rev.  the  Lord  Bishop  ok  St 

Albans,  D.D. 
The  Right  Hon  Lord  Rayleigh.  M.A., 

F.R.S. 
The  Right  Hon  LordHawkesbury,F.S.A. 
The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Claud  Hamilton. 
The  Right  Rev.  the  Bishop  of  Colchester, 

D.D 


The  Right  Rev.  the  Bishop  of  Barking, 

D.D.,  FS.A 
The  Right  Hon.  Sir  M.  E.  Grant-Duff, 

PC.  G.C.S.I.,  CLE.,  F.R.S. 
The  Right  Hon.jAMES  Round. PC.  M.P. 
Sir  H.  Seymour  King.  K.CLE.,  M  P 
Colonel  A.  R.  M.  Lockwood,  M.P. 
Major  Sir  F.  C.  Rasch,  Bart.,  M.P. 
George  Courtauld,  Esq. 


Cottntil : 


The  President  (ex-officio). 

G.  F.  Beaumont.  Esq.,  FS.A 

Frederic  Chancellor,  Esq.,  F.R.I.B.A. 

Miller  Christy,  Esq.,  F.L  S. 

The  Rev.  A.  F.  Curtis.  M.A. 

The  Rev.  H.  L.  Elliot,  MA. 

E.  A.  Fitch,  Esq..  F.L.S. 

The  Rev.  F.  W.  Galpin.  M.A.,  F.L.S. 

The  Rev.  T.  G.  Gibbons,  MA. 

A.  R.  Goddard,  Esq.,  B.A. 

I.  Chalklev  Gould,  Esq. 

The  Rev.  J.  W.  Kenworthy. 


Henry  Layer,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  F.L.S. 
William  Macandrew.  Esq. 
Francis  M.  Nichols,  Esq..  F  S.A 
W.  J.  Nichols,  Esq. 
The  Rev.  Canon  Norman,  M  A. 
The  Rev.  L  N.  Prance.  M.A..  F.S  A. 
G.  E.  Pritchett.  Esq..  F.S. A. 
The  Rev.  E.  H.  L.  Reeve.  MA 
Douglass  Round,  Esq.    M.A 
J.  Horace  Round,  Esq.,  M  A. 
C.  F.  D.  Sperling,  Esq..  M.A 
W.  C.  Waller,  Esq..  M.A.,  FS.A 


SrtHsnrtr : 
The  Right  Hon.  James  Round,  PC.  M.l\ 

^onotarg  Suretarg :  l^oiurtaq)  Anmtor : 

The  Rev.  T.  H.  Curling,  B.A  ,  Henry  Layer,  Esq.,  FS.A  ,  F.L.S  , 

Bradwell  Rectory,  Braintree. 


Po)T.  %ttAhtx  of  jSnbscripixons : 
W.  C.  Waller,  Esq..  M.A.,  F.S.A. 
T>oughton. 


Colchester. 

(f  orator : 

Mr.  A.  (;.  Wright, 

The  Museum,  Colchester. 


Braintree — The  Rev.  J.  W.  Kenworthy. 

Brentwood— Col.  F.  Landon. 

Billericay— 

Bishops  Stortford — G.  E.  Pritchett,  Esq. 

F.S.A. 
Chelmsford     V.  Chancellor,  Esq., 

F.K  I.B.A. 


Kotal  ^ttxtiwnts : 

Coggeshall — ^G.  F.  Beaumont.  Esq.F.  k. 
Colchester— H.  Layer,  Esq.F.S  A.,F.L  S 
Halstead — Charles  Portwav.  Esq 
Loughton — I.  C.  Gould,  Esq. 
Maldon— E.  A.  Fitch,  Esq..  F.L.S 
Saffron  Walden — F.  E.  Emson,  Es« 


Printed  by  Wiles  &  Son,  Trinity  Street,  Colchester. 


■  I 


.^^^^    Free  to  Memjjinr;  Pme-t(ul\loif-^^ber8,  ^-•%-^'S^iJ^Vi_Jt    ^ V 

^   '     ^^AR   8    1905    1  ^      "^^'S^'-- 


t 


|jlBj^MiS^/ZX  .4/ J 


;S^ 


<y^  (\^    y  CX^^^L-A^ 


TRANSACTIONS 


OF   THE 


Qssex  Archaeological  ^ocietij. 


VOL.  IX.,   PART   IV. 

NEW   SERIES. 


COLCHESTER : 

PUBLISHED    BY  THK    SOCIETY   AT   THE    MOSBUM    IN    THE    CASTLE 
1904. 


Oc^ 


II. 


CONTENTS    OF    PART    IV.,   VOL.    IX. 

The  Capells  at  Raym,  1486-1622.     By  William  Minet, 
M.A.,  F.S.A 

Chigwell :  A  Rental  and  sonu  Place-names.     By  William 
Chapman  Wallkr,  F.S.A.  - 


III.     Inventories   of  Essex   Monasteries   in    1536,      By    R.    C. 
Fowler 

Afchaological  Notes... 

Quarterly  Meeting  and  Excursion^  Thursday y  4th  August,  1904    ... 

Quarterly  Meeting  and  Excursion,  Saturday^  24th  September,  1904 


PAGE 
243 

280 
296 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


^-^Rayne  Hall,  1904 

t  Rayne  Church,  1904       

'  Arms  of  the  Capell  family  (1572) 
^  Crest  of  the  Capell  family  (1572) 

Rochford  Church 

:   Rochford  Hall      


PAGE 

243 

24«> 

249 

249 

296 

298 

THE  CAPELLS  AT  RAYNE   1486-1622. 

BY   WILLIAM    MINET,    M.A.,    F.S.A. 

From  the  material  which  has  been  placed  at  my  disposition  it  would 
be  possible  to  treat  in  minute  detail  the  crofts,  tofts,  enclosures  and 
pightles,  which  go  to  make  up  the  manor  of  Rayne,  to  recover  their 
quaint  and  now  vanished  names,  and  to  identify  many  of  them. 
1  have  neither  the  skill  nor  the  patience  to  undertake  this,  task, 
while  I  have  some  doubt  as  to  its  utility. 

Interested  in  the  family  of  Capell  in  their  connection  with  Hadham, 
I  have  learnt  something  of  them  in  their  earlier  seat  at  Rayne,  and 
it  is  the  knowledge  thus  acquired  that  I  propose  as  the  subject  of 
this  paper. 

The  Capells  emerge  from  the  obscurity  of  a  small  Suffolk  manor 
in  the  person  of  William,  whose  father  John  died  in  1449  at  his  seat 
of  Stoke  Nayland,  where  he  lived  and  is  buried.^ 

William  was  a  younger  son,  who  came,  we  must  suppose,  to 
London,  and  there  made  a  fortune,  leaving  his  elder  brother  John 
to  inherit  the  obscurity  of  the  Suffolk  manor,  which  soon  passes  into 
utter  darkness;  for  it  is  through  William  alone  that  the  family 
survives  in  history.  A  member  of  the  Drapers*  Guild,  he  was 
certainly  a  successful  man,  and  invested  the  results  of  that  success 
in  land — almost  the  only  possible  security  of  those  days.  He  was 
Lord  Mayor  of  London  in  1503,  and  his  widow  Margaret's  will 
suggests  that  he  may  have  been  in  touch  with  the  wider  world  of 
politics  and  Court  life,  for  she  bequeaths  to  their  eldest  son.  Gyles, 
not  only  **  a  bed  of  crimson  satin  embroidered  with  his  father's 
helmet  and  his  arms  and  mine  and  with  the  anchors  and  his  word  in 
the  valance,  with  three  curtaines  of  red  sarcenet  belonging,"  but  also 
"  his  father's  chain  which  was  young  King  Edward  the  fifth's." 

Of  the  extent  of  William's  wealth  we  have  much  testimony,  the 
best  his  will,  which  deals  with  sixteen  manors  in  various  counties, 
a  messuage  in  St.  Bartholomew's  in  London,  and  large  amounts  of 
money  and  plate.  Twice  he  became  the  victim  of  Empson  and 
Dudley ;    and  in  support  of  that   incontrovertible  evidence,  come 


1    Marf;aret  Capell  (died  1522)  bequeaths  "  to  Nayland  church  whereas  my  husband's  father  and 
mother  lyen  a  convenient  vestment  or  coppe  with  his  arms  and  myen." 

[vol.  IX.      NBW   SVRIBS] 
R 


244  '^^^  CAPELLS  AT   RAYNB. 

legends  of  pearls  dissolved  at  royal  banquets,  at  which  royal  .bonds 
are  burnt.* 

Dying  in  151 5,*  he  directs  that  he  shall  be  buried  in  the  chapel 
which  he  has  ordained  and  prepared  in  the  parish  church  of  St. 
Bart holomew-the- Little,  the  tomb  to  be  built  as  John  Wade,  mason, 
hath  devised  and  drawn  a  platte  thereof. 

So  much  for  the  man  himself,  and  indeed  there  is  little  more 
known.  In  i486  begins  his  connection  with  Rayne,  for  on  the  first 
day  of  April  in  that  year  Richard  Turnant,  for  the  sum  of  iS^i,, 
conveys  to  him  the  manor  of  Litill  Reigne,  together  with  the 
advowson  of  the  parish  church  ;  and  also  all  his  land  enclosed  with 
hedges  and  ditches  lying  in  Litill  Reigne,  in  a  croft  there  called 
Basselottes ;  also  a  parcel  of  a  garden  and  land  called  the  More,  for 
the  head  of  a  conduit  there  to  be  made,  with  liberty  and  power  to  the 
said  Richard  and  his  co-feoffees  late  granted,  to  dig  and  a  continual 
course  of  water  to  have  and  make  from  the  said  conduit-head  to  the 
said  manor. 

Many  assurances  in  the  law  were  necessary  in  the  fifteenth  century 
to  complete  a  conveyance,  and  from  one  of  the  series  we  get  the 
boundaries  of  some  of  the  property,  which  lay  between  the  land  late 
of  Humphrey  Downham  on  the  east,  and  the  land  late  of  Henry 
Chapman  and  Richard  Cole  on  the  west,  the  highway  leading  from 
Braintree  towards  Dunmow  on  the  south,  and  the  land  of  the  rector 
of  Reigne  on  the  north,  while  the  fine — which  was  a  necessary  part 
of  the  transaction— adds  the  acreage,  viz. :  one  messuage,  two 
hundred  acres  of  land,  sixteen  acres  of  meadow,  one  hundred  acres 
of  pasture,  twelve  acres  of  wood,  with  17s.  yd.  of  rent.* 

It  will  have  been  noticed  that  the  conveyance  included  a  special 
grant  of  water  rights.  These  had  been  obtained  by  Richard  Turnant 
under  a  deed  of  1475  from  the  trustees  of  one  Roger  Pratt,  who, 
being  seized  of  a  tenement  and  garden  and  a  parcel  of  land  called 
le  More  (which  they  themselves  had  obtained  in  1468),  grant  to 
Turnant  "  a  cirtain  parcel  of  the  said  garden  and  land  to  make  a 
well  or  head  of  a  conduit."  The  details  of  this  grant  are  fully  set 
out  in  the  deed  printed  in  the  appendix.*  Suffice  it  to  add  here  that 
at  a  distance  of  about  270  yards  south-west  from  the  house,  a  spring. 


^  FulUr's  Worthies,  Lond.  1662,  p.  73. 

*  Weever  [Fun.  .Won.,  Lond.  1631,  p.  417)  %peaks  of  "  a  broken  inscription  "  in  the  church  of  St. 
Bartholomew  by  the  Exchange,  which  he  gives  thus :  "  Hlc  .  .  .  .  WilUelmus  Capcl  ....  Maior 
Lon  .  .  .  .  fil  Johannis  Capel  ....  Neylind  in  com  .  .  ,  .  ob  ,  .  .  .  1509."  Clearly  an  error, 
for  his  will  is  dated  1315. 

°  Appendix  C,  Nob.  i  to  3. 

*  Appendix  C,  No.  i. 


THE  CAPELLS  AT  RAYNE.  245 

or  head  of  a  conduit,  still  provides  a  supply  of  water  which  has 
never  been  known  to  fail,  and  serves  to-day  to  feed  water-cress  beds. 
The  name  of  the  land  on  which  this  well  is  situate  does  not  seem  to 
have  survived. 

It  is  evident  that  for  many  years  the  easement  was  regarded  as  a 
most  valuable  one,  to  be  carefully  watched  and  guarded.  In  the 
first  deed  relating  to  it  (1475)  mention  is  made  of  a  rent  of  id.  due 
to  the  lord  of  the  manor  in  respect  of  the  land  on  which  the  well-head 
stood.  This  land  must  subsequently  have  been  acquired  by  the 
Capells,  for  in  a  rental  account  of  1588  is  this  entry:  "  From  Giles 
Pratt  for  his  messuage  wherin  he  now  dwelleth  called  Nether  House 
with  a  garden  and  a  croft  thereto  adjoining  2"*  i**'  whereof  there  is 
allowed  unto  the  said  Giles  Pratt  i***  by  yere  for  the  conduyt  hedd 
buylded  upon  a  sprynge  in  a  pcell  of  Moore  within  the  said  croft. 
And  for  the  conducting  of  the  water  in  pipes  of  lead  from  the  said 
conduyt  into  the  Manor  house  of  Rayne  with  free  egress  and  regress 
for  the  Lord  of  the  said  Manor  to  and  from  the  said  conduyt  hedd 
and  pipes  of  lead  within  the  said  croft  at  all  times  when  nede  shall 
require  according  to  auncient  evidences  sealed  of  the  grant  of  the 
said  Moore  and  conducting  the  said  water  as  by  the  same  may 
appear,  and  so  remayneth  clear  by  the  yere  to  the  Lord  2''"  In 
1606  the  matter  is  again  mentioned  in  a  similar  account.  Henry 
Joslyne  was  then  the  tenant  of  the  land  whereon  stood  the  conduit 
head,  at  a  rent  of  35.  2d.,  which  is  debited  against  him,  but  follows  a 
note :  **  Over  and  above  the  said  sum  there  should  be  yearly  paid 
more  for  the  said  tenement  i***  which  is  allowed  for  the  condyt  head." 
A  later  account  still,  undated,  but  not  earlier  than  1623,  finds  the 
same  Henry  Joslyn  still  tenant  of  a  house  "  called  the  Moore  late 
Pratt's,"  and  a  similar  note  adds,  **  Giles  Pratt  did  aunciently  pay 
for  the  said  tenement  called  the  Moore  yearly  2*'  i**-  but  the  !**•  is 
allowed  by  the  Lord  of  the  M^or  for  his  condett  head  standing  upon 
part  of  the  said  tenement  to  convey  the  water  to  the  Manor  house." 

How  long  this  supply  of  water  to  the  manor-house  continued  to 
be  vital  to  its  enjoyment  we  cannot  say ;  but  in  confirmation  of  the 
story  it  is  remembered  in  the  village  that,  some  sixty  years  since, 
lead  pipes  were  found  on  the  line  from  the  well  to  the  house. 

Thus  owner  of  the  manor  and  328  acres  of  land  in  i486,  William 
Capell  shortly  after  began  the  series  of  additions  to  the  property 
which  increased  its  size  to  the  618  acres  which  was  its  extent  in 
1900.  In  1499  he  purchases  from  Henry  Dov.nham  Priests*  croft 
and  Priests'  meadow  for  lo/f.  135.  4^.,^  while  he  advances  a  further 


I   Appendix  C,  No.  ^ 


246  THE  CAPELLS  AT  RAYNE. 

sum  of  6lu  8s.  4^.  on  mortgage  of  a  croft  and  a  meadow  called 
Hovells.  In  1501  this  latter  parcel,  with  certain  other  lands  fully 
set  out  in  three  deeds,  are  absorbed  into  the  Rayne  property  at  a 
cost  of  io/».  8s.  4^/ 

I  quoted  above,  from  the  will  of  Katherine,  wife  of  William  Capell, 
a  bequest  to  her  son  Gyles,  of  a  bed,  for  the  reason  that  it  gave  us 
the  badge  of  the  anchor,  embroidered  in  that  case  on  a  valance. 
In  the  wood-carving  of  the  house  may  still  be  seen,  in  the  spandrels 
of  two  of  the  doors,  this  same  badge,  which  appears  again  on  a 
shield  on  the  south  side  of  the  west  door  of  the  church,  matched  in 
this  case  by  a  similar  shield  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  door  bearing 
the  family  crest — a  lion  rampant.  The  architecture  of  the  tower 
seems  to  bear  out  the  suggestion  that  it  was  the  work  of  William 
Capell,  while  the  house,  of  later  date,  is  probably  due  to  his  son 
Gyles. 

The  present  house,  as  evidence  of  1622  to  be  adduced  later  will 
show,  can  be  but  a  small  portion  of  the  one  which  once  stood  here ; 
nor  is  there  anything  remarkable  about  it,  except  the  wood-panelling, 
little  of  which,  however,  would  seem  to  have  been  designed  for  the 
place  it  now  occupies.  It  seems  probable  that,  on  the  final  removal 
of  the  family  to  Little  Hadham,  when  Rayne  Hall  became  a  farm- 
house, much  of  it  was  pulled  down  to  save  the  cost  of  repairs,  while 
what  was  left  standing  was  fitted  with  woodwork  from  the  destroyed 
portion.  This  certainly  was  the  case  at  Hadham  when,  in  turn,  the 
Capells  removed  thence  to  Cassiobury. 

The  next  date  in  the  story  of  the  place  is  1512  ;  when,  on  October 
23rd,  a  deed  was  executed  by  which  William  Capell,  for  a  marriage 
to  be  had  lietween  Gyles,  his  son  and  heir,  and  Marie,  one  of  the 
Queen's  servants  and  widow  of  Hugh  Denys,  agrees  that  if  the  said 
Gyles,  by  the  sufference  of  God,  before  the  feast  of  St.  Andrew  next 
coming  (November  30th),  shall  take  to  wife  the  said  Marie  and  her 
espouse,  after  the  law  of  Holy  Church,  then  that  he,  William,  at  the 
costs  of  the  said  Marie  Denys,  will  settle  the  manor  of  Little  Rayne 
with  other  estates  in  trust  for  his  son,  his  prospective  daughter-in- 
law,  and  the  issue  of  their  marriage.' 


^   Appendix  C,  No?.  7,  S,  g. 

«  Not  only  is  Rayne  settled  by  this  deed  but  also  other  lands  in  the  adjacent  parish  of  Stebblni; 
compr  smg  1,400  acres,  said  to  be  of  the  value  of  £50.  The  de«i  goes  on  to  say  that  Willtam  had 
lately  purchased  of  the  executors  of  the  late  Hugh  Denys  the  reveision  of  the  manors  of  Torpuricy . 
Ayton,  and  Russheton  in  Cheshire,  expectant  on  the  death  of  the  said  Marie,  and  this  reversion  1^ 
al»o  settled  on  the  same  trusts.  Furthermore  he  also  settles  the  manor  of  Beames,  in  Berkshire 
and  Wiltshire,  and  his  lands  called  Foxchills.  and  lands  in  Shenyngfeld,  Swalewfeld.  Farelcv. 
Dydynham,  Foxehills  and  Shipri»;e.  in  the  same  counties.— Appendix  C,  No.  xo,  where,  however, 
I  have  only  given  that  portion  ol  iU.>  deed  which  relates  to  Rayne. 


Trans.  Bsspx  Archaol  Soc,  Vol.  ix.,  to  fact  p.  Z46. 


Ravne  Church,  1904. 


THE   CAPELLS   AT   RAYNE.  ^47 

Gyles  had  been  married  twice  already :  first  to  Isabel  Newton,  by 
whom  he  had  a  son  Henry ;  and  next  to  Mary  Roos,  by  whom  he 
had  a  son,  Edward,  and  a  daughter,  Margaret.  The  third  marriage 
duly  took  place,  but  was  childless. 

Three  years  after  the  marriage  William  died,  and  was  buried  in 
London.  His  widow  survived  him  seven  years  ;  but,  having  regard 
to  the  settlement  just  quoted,  it  seems  more  probable  that  Gyles 
lived  at  Rayne,  as  there  is  some  evidence  that  she  lived  at  Hadham ; 
however,  a  bequest  in  her  will  of  two  potell  pots  of  silver  she  bought 
of  the  prior  of  Dun  mow,  does  slightly  connect  her  with  the  place. 

Gyles  continued  his  father's  policy  of  adding  to  the  estate,  and  in 
1548  purchased  98  acres  of  land  known  as  Old  Hall,  Oxnes,  Tayes, 
and  Home  croft,  lying  mostly  in  Rayne,  but  partly  in  the  adjoining' 
parish  of  Bocking.'  He  lived  on  till  1556,  and  the  desire  expressed 
in  his  will  to  be  buried  at  Rayne,  comes  as  additional  confirmation 
of  an  affection  for  the  place,  based  probably  on  his  residence  there. 
He  directs  that  he  shall  be  buried  in  the  church  there  **by  my  last 
wife  Mary  Denys,  in  the  stone  wall  where  I  desire  my  executors  to 
make  my  tomb  and  to  cast  out  a  light  into  the  churchyard  and  lay 
over  me  the  tombstone  that  is  in  my  storehouse  sepulcriter  so  that 
it  may  serve  for  the  sepulcher  to  stand  upon  my  course  every  Easter. 
All  my  lands  which  1  have  purchased  in  the  parish  of  Rayne,  called 
Tayes,  Home  Croft,  and  Oxnes,  I  give  to  Sir  Henry  Capell  my  son 
upon  condition  to  find  five  tapers  of  good  and  clean  wax  to  be 
burned  every  Easter  about  my  sepulcre  yearly  during  the  time  that 
the  sepulcre  is  upp.*'  Failing  the  performance  of  this  obligation  by 
Henry,  or  by  Edward,  his  younger  son,  the  lands  are  to  pass  to  the 
parson,  churchwardens,  and  six  of  the  chiefest  headboroughs  of 
Rayne,  to  sell  the  same  and  employ  the  money  in  the  performance 
of  his  will.  The  executors  are  further  to  ordain  a  herse-cloth  of 
black  velvet  with  a  white  cross  of  damask  and  fringed  with  black 
silk  to  be  laid  usually  upon  his  tomb ;  and  his  arming  sword  is  to  be 
set  over  his  funerals  according  to  the  device  of  the  heralds.  Was 
this  the  sword  he  had  used  when,  in  1520,  he  appeared  with  his  royal 
master  King  Henry  on  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold  as  one  of  the 
champions  of  England,  and  again,  twenty  years  later,  when,  with 
his  son  Henry,  he  was  deputed  to  receive  Anne  of  Cleves  on  her 
arrival  in  England  ?* 

Gyles'  third  wife,  Mary  Denys,  predeceased  him :  and,  m  the 
absence  of  children,  the  Rayne  property  passed,  under  the  settlement 

*   Appendix  C,  Nos.  ii  to  iH. 

'^   Chronicles  of  Calais.  Luud.  1846,  pp.  22,  176  (Cauideii  Soc.  Pub. 


248  THE   CAPELLS   AT    RAYNE. 

of  15 1 2,  quoted  above,  to  the  right  heir,  i,e.  to  Henry,  his  eldest  son 
and  only  child  by  his  first  marriage  with  Isabel  Newton.  This 
accounts  for  no  mention  being  found  of  Rayne  in  Gyles*  will :  but 
the  additions*  he  himself  had  made  to  the  estate  are  devised  to  the 
same  Henry,  as  **  all  my  lands  which  I  have  purchased  in  the  parish 
of  Rayne  called  Taynes,  Home  Croft  and  Oxnes."  The  household 
stuff  at  Rayne  is,  however,  under  the  same  will,  bequeathed  to  his 
second  son  JEdward,  who  is  appointed  executor,  and  directed  to  send 
for  one  Warde  of  Keldon  to  make  his — Gyles* — tomb  with  brick  at 
Rayne.     Of  this  monument  no  trace  remains. 

Henry  survived  his  father  one  year  only,  too  short  a  time  to  afford 
any  evidence  whether  he  ever  occupied  Rayne ;  moreover  his  will 
seems  to  prove  that  he  lived  in  London,  for  he  desires  to  be  buried 
in  St.  Helen's,  Bishopsgate,  or  else  in  his  grandfather's  chapel  in 
Little  St.  Bartholomew,  while  he  makes  a  bequest  to  the  high  altar 
of  St.  Botolph  "  where  I  now  dwell."  His  wife,  Anne,  apparently 
survived  him,  and  is  appointed  executrix  of  his  will.  The  land  at 
Rayne  is  not  mentioned  in  the  will,  so  we  are  left  to  suppose  that 
the  settlement  of  15 12  was  still  in  force,  under  which  it  passed  to  his 
brother  Edward.  Edward,  under  his  father's  will,  already  took  the 
household  stuff  at  Rayne,  but  it  is  curious  to  note  that  it  is  again 
left  to  him  by  his  brother's  will. 

The  third  generation  is  thus  practically  represented  by  Edward, 
who  owned  the  estate  from  1557  ^o  '577»  ^^^  during  this  period  he 
seems  to  have  drifted  away  from  all  the  family  seats  in  order  to  live 
at  Aspenden.  Why  he  did  this,  or  when  exactly,  it  is  impossible  to 
say;  but  we  find  him  there  in  1561,  while  in  1569  his  daughter, 
Anne,  marries  Edward  Halfhide  of  Tannis  Court,  in  the  parish  of 
Aspenden.*  His  will,  dated  1571,  describes  him  as  of  Aspiden,  and 
he  directs  that  he  shall  be  buried  in  the  church  there.  There  is, 
however,  no  record  of  his  death  to  be  found  in  the  registers,  nor  is  it 
known  where  he  died.  He  specifically  bequeaths  certain  furniture 
in  two  of  the  rooms  at  Tannis  Court,  where  we  must  infer  that 
the  last  years  of  his  long  life  were  spent  with  his  daughter  and 
son-in-law. 

Edward  died  in  1577 ;  and,  though  never,  it  would  seem,  living  at 
Rayne,  his  ownership  is  evidenced  by  a  settlement  of  it  he  makes  in 
1 561  on  his  son  Henry,  who  probably  went  there  in  that  year,  if  not 


^  In  the  deed  of  1534  (Xo.  16)  Oxnes,  T:iycs,  and  Hornecroft  are  given  as  98  acres,  while  in  the 
deed  of  1549  (No.  i8j  " Oxenhayes,  Hornecroft,  Tayts  and  otherwise"  contain  140  acres.  The 
difference  probably  lies  in  the  word  'otherwise.' 

-  Aspeudeti  registers.  Chauucy's  Hisl.  of  Herifordihirt,  pp.  536, 119.  A  curious  inventory  of 
the  C3ntenls  of  Tannis  Court  in  1569  will  be  found  in  the  Hom$  Counties'  Magaxine,  vol.  vi.  256. 


Crest  and  Arms  of  the  Capell  family 

From  a  brass  of  1572  in  Rayne  church. 


THE  CAPELLS  AT   RAYNE.  ^  ^49 

even  earlier,  perhaps  in  1557,  a  date  which  coincides  with  his  uncle 
Henry*s  death.*  Certainly  in  1564  he  was  there;  for  we  now  get  on 
to  the  firmer  ground  of  the  registers,  and  in  this  year  we  find  an 
entry  of  the  birth  of  Frances,  seventh  child  of  Henry  and  Katherine 
his  wife ;  three  more  birth-entries  carry  his  residence  there  on  to 
1569,  and  his  wife's  death  prolongs  it  to  1572.* 

The  date  of  Henry's  marriage  is  not  known,  though  his  eldest  son 
William  was  born,  according  to  the  statement  on  the  existing  tomb, 
in  1556.  By  the  settlement  of  1561  the  property  is  conveyed  to 
trustees  in  trust  for  Henry  for  life,  then  for  Katherine  his  wife, 
and,  after  the  death  of  the  survivor,  in  trust  for  the  right  heirs  of 
the  settlor.* 

On  the  death  of  his  first  wife  in  1572,  Henry  married  Mary 
Browne,  widow  of  John  Grey,  and  must  have  left  Rayne,  for  in  1577 
we  find  his  eldest  surviving  son,  Arthur,  living  there,*  where  he 
continued  to  reside  up  to  1588 ;  at  least  so  it  would  appear  from  his 
father's  will,  dated  and  proved  in  that  year,  the  year  of  his  death. 
By  this  he  directs  Arthur  to  leave  at  Rayne  all  such  bedding  and 
other  things  which  he  received  at  his  first  coming,  all  which  he 
bequeaths  to  his  second  wife,  who  survived  him.  Henry  had,  there 
can  be  no  doubt,  gone  to  live  at  Hadham  after  1572,  if  not  earlier; 
and,  in  1585  and  1587,  the  Hadham  registers  give  the  marriages  of 


^  Appendix  C,  No.  19. 

^  The  only  Capell  monumeni  surviving  in  the  church  is  to  this  Catherine,  who  died  March  9th, 
1573  (Kiven  in  Chancellor's  Funtral  Monuments  of  Essex,  Lond.  1890,  p.  333).  On  this'the  dates  of 
birth  of  all  the  children  are  given,  though  only  the  last  four  are  entered  in  the  registers.  The 
monument  was  intended  to  include  Henry  himself,  for  its  concluding  words  run :  "  Here  lyeth  also 
buried  the  said  Henry  Capell  Esqre  who  died  the  [blank]  day  of  [blank]."  Henry,  however, 
survived  till  1588.  and  married  again.  Besides  the  inscription,  the  stone  bears  three  shields 
showing  Capell  arms,  three  showing  Manners,  and  one  showing  Capell  quartering  Manners,  while 
in  the  centre  are  the  Capell  and  the  Manners  crests,  on  separate  shields.  The  Capell  shield  bears 
eight  quarterings,  the  last  six  of  which  Chancellor  attributes  to  various  names,  which,  with  the  one 
exception  of  the  third  (Isabel  Newton,  wife  of  Gyles  Capell,  died  1356),  do  not  appear  among  the 
alliances  we  know  of.  The  first  two,  said  to  be  Capell,  are  thus  : — i.  Gu.  a  lion  rampant  between 
three  cross  crosslets  fitch^e,  or.  2.  Arg.  a  chevron  gu.  between  three  roundells  (torteaux).  On  a 
chief  az.  a  fret  enclosed  by  two  cinquefoils,  or.  Now  Morant,  in  his  history  of  the  county  (ii.  403), 
speaks  of  arms  which  occupied  the  window  of  the  staircase  in  the  Hall,  and  gives  these  as 
quarterly:  ist  and  4th.  Arg.  a  chevron  below  three  torteaux.  2nd  and  3rd.  Gu.  on  a  chief  az.  a 
fret  between  two  cinquefoiis.  Morant's  arms  are,  obviously,  a  variant  of  the  second  quartering  of 
the  Capell  arms  on  the  tomb.  It  may  be  noted  that  the  recognized,  and  present,  arms  of  the  family 
— a  lion  rampant  between  three  cross  crosslets  fitch^e  -did  not  occur  in  the  window.  Morant 
adds  that  the  date  1533  appeared  in  the  blazon,  which  is  some  evidence  that  the  house  was  built 
by  Gyles  Capell. 

'  The  trustees  are  John  Wentworth  of  Bocking.  probably  husband  of  Elizabeth,  the  settlor's 
daughter  ;  Gyles,  his  second  son;  John  Hammond,  and  John  Churchill.  Edward  Half  hide  who, 
as  noted  above,  married  Anne,  daughter  of  the  settlor,  is  named,  and  acted  as  lawful  attorney  to 
give  seizin  of  the  premises. 

*  The  Rayne  registers  give  the  following  children  of  Arthur.  Mary,  bap.  March  2nd,  1377; 
Henry,  bap.  May  3rd,  bur.  June  8th,  1378 ;  Penelope,  bap.  Jan.  28th,  1381.  A  second  Henry,  who 
became  the  heir,  must  come  between  the  first  Henry  and  Penelope,  but  his  name  does  not  appear 
in  the  registers. 


250  THE  CAPELLS  AT  RAYNE. 

two  of  his  daughters,  Frances  and  Anne.  Moreover  his  will  directs 
that  the  house  at  Hadham  is  to  be  kept  up  till  Christmas,  and  that 
the  corn  and  hay  upon  the  ground  there  are  to  be  inned  for  Arthur 
for  his  housekeeping.  There  is  no  evidence  as  to  where  Henry  died 
or  is  buried.. 

We  have  then,  I  think,  established  that  Henry  lived  at  Rayne  up 
to  1572,  when  he  removed  to  Hadham,  in  his  father's  lifetime ;  while 
Arthur,  his  son,  lived  there  from  his  marriage  in  1577  up  to  1588, 
when  he  succeeded  his  father  at  Hadham.  The  Hadham  registers, 
however,  show  that  in  the  years  1583-84-85-86  Arthur  must  have 
been  with  his  father  at  Hadham ;  for,  of  his  twenty  children,  four 
were  born,  or  any  rate,  baptized  there  in  those  years.  In  1587 
the  birth  of  Robert,  the  ninth  child,  finds  him  back  at  Rayne :  the 
following  year  his  father  dies,  and  the  remaining  eleven  children  are 
all  baptized  at  Hadham. 

Mary  survived  her  husband  Henry ;  and,  though  the  deed  is  not 
extant,  it  is  clear  that  Rayne  must  have  been  settled  on  her  for  her 
life.  This  appears  from  a  later  settlement  made  in  1600  by  Arthur 
on  his  own  wife  Margaret,*  by  which,  inter  aliuj  his  reversion  to  the 
Rayne  property  expectant  on  the  death  of  his  step- mother  is  con- 
veyed to  trustees,  in  trust  for  himself  for  life,  remainder  to  his  wife 
for  life ;  and,  after  her  death,  to  his  own  heirs.  It  is  evident  from 
the  wording  of  this  deed  that  Hadham  had  now  become  the  central 
seat  of  the  family,  while  Rayne  was  regarded  as  the  dower  house : 
as  such  it  was  occupied  by  Mary,  Henry's  widow,  up  to  the  time  of 
her  death,  which  must  have  taken  place  in  1614,  after  which  date 
we  find  Henry,  Arthur's  son,  living  there.  Up  to  1614  Henry  was 
living  with  his  father  at  Hadham  Hall,  where  the  births  of  four  of 
his  younger  children  occur  in  the  registers,''  but  in  that  year  he  goes 
to  Rayne,  for  his  wife  Theodosia  dies  and  is  buried  there  (Jan.  19th, 
1614).  Almost  immediately  after  her  death  Henry  married  again  ; 
and,  between  1 61 5- 162 1,  the  Rayne  registers  pive  us  the  births  of 
his  four  children  by  his  second  wife,  Dorothy  Aldersey,  widow  of 
Thomas  Hoskins.  The  next  year  Henry  himself  dies,  at  Hadham 
Hall,  but  is  brought  to  Rayne  to  be  buried." 

Further  evidence  of  his  residence  there  with  his  second  wife, 
Dorothy,  comes  to  us  from  a  memorandum  book  covering  this  period, 
still  in  the  keeping  of  the  rector  of  Rayne.     The  following  entries 

^   Appendix  C,  No.  20. 

■   Gamaliel,  1601 :  Arthur,  1603;  James,  1604;  Elizabeth,  1605. 

•   Little  Hadham  reKistcrs,  April  29th,  1622  :  *•  Sir  Henry  Capell,  buried  at  Raif^.  Ma>   ist. 
Kayne  rcKisters,  May  isl,  1622     "  Sir  Henry  Cain:!!,  buried." 


THE    CAPELLS   AT    RAYNE.  25I 

from  this  book  reveal  the  interest  taken  by  Dorothy,  as  well  as  by 
her  mother,  who  must  have  been  living  with  them,  in  the  church : — 

A  cushon  for  the  pulpitt  of  greene  tufiftaffitie  given  by  M^s  Aldersey  in  the 

yeere  1620. 
A  peece  of  greene  brode  cloth,  being  a  yearde  and  a  halfe,  for  the  comunion 

table,  given  to  the  church  by  Mistress  Aldersey,  mother  to  the  Ladie 

Dorothie  Capell  in  the  yeare  1620. 
A  new  comunion  table  given  by  the  Ladie  Dorothie  Capell.  1620. 
A  new  hearce  given  by  the  Ladie  Dorothie  Capell,  1620. 
A  new  ewer  for  the  font  given  by  Sir  Henry  Capell,  1620. 

With  Henry's  death  all  personal  connection  of  the  family  with 
Rayne  ceases.  The  next  two  generations,  both  represented  by  an 
Arthur,  remained  on  at  Hadham  Hall,  which  the  first  Arthur  did 
much  to  improve  and  beautify  :  until,  in  1667,  the  second  Arthur 
moved  to  Cassiobury,*  where  he  was  buried  in  1683. 

Further  evidence  of  the  break  with  Rayne  is  derived  from  the 
tithe  books,  which  are  still  extant.  Until  1622  Henry  is  entered  as 
paying  the  tithe,  but  after  that  date  come  unknown  names,  repre- 
senting the  tenants  of  the  house,"  and  I  think  that  it  may  safely  be 
concluded  that  the  house  became,  what  it  has  ever  since  remained,  a 
farm.  After  1622,  there  is  but  one  personal  link  with  Rayne:  in 
1633  a  Henry,  son  of  Henry,  the  last  resident  at  Rayne,  is  brought 
to  be  buried  there. 

The  story  has  been  a  somewhat  difficult  one  to  follow ;  and,  except 
from  the  genealogical  point  of  view,  not,  I  fear,  a  very  interesting  one. 
Luckily  one  document  survives  which  enables  us  to  reconstitute  the 
house  as  it  was,  and  to  gain  some  idea  of  its  extent  and  furnishing. 

Settled,  as  we  have  seen,  by  Arthur  Capell  as  a  jointure  for  his 
wife  Margaret,  that  settlement  never  took  effect,  owing  to  Margaret's 
death  in  1604.  In  1614,  on  the  death  of  Mary,  Arthur's  step- mother, 
he  handed  the  house  over  to  his  son  Henry.  Henry  died  in  1622, 
and  the  deed  I  am  about  to  quote  bears  date  two  months  after  his 
death.  It  is  made  between  Arthur  Capell  of  Hadham,  and  Dorothy 
his  daughter-in-law,  the  recent  widow.  Its  provisions  explain  them- 
selves, and  are  as  follows : — It  recites  that  Arthur  heretofore,  upon 
Henry's  going  to  keep  house  at  the  manor  house  of  Rayne,  did 
provide^  for  the  stocking  and  furnishing  of  the  said  house  and  the 


^  The  last  entry  in  the  registers  at  Little  Hadham  is  the  death  of  a  Henry  on  Jan.  14th,  1667; 
the  first  entry  in  the  Watford  registers  is  the  death  of  a  Margaret,  his  aunt,  March  i8th,  1668.  The 
removal  from  Hadham  Hall  to  Cassiobury  may,  therefore,  be  fixed  between  these  dates. 

»  The  name  in  the  tithe  books  for  1623  is  Emmanuel  Stock.  The  undated  rental  account, 
already  referred  to  in  another  connection,  shows  that  he  was  tenant  of  a  large  l>art  of  the  estate, 
trying  a  rent  of  123/i.  7s.  41/.  out  of  a  then  total  rent  of  337/i.  145.  ott. 


25^2  THE   CAPELLS   AT   RAYNE. 

grounds  thereto  belonging,  both  household  ^and  cattle,  and  at  his  own 
cost  sowed  or  made  ready  to  be  sown  the  grounds  with  and  for  all 
kinds  of  corn  and  grain,  and  delivered  the  said  house  and  grounds 
into  the  possession  of  the  said  Henry,  together  with  the  said  house- 
hold stuff  and  the  corn  in  the  bams  and  corn  in  the  ground  and 
cattle  thereupon,  yet  with  intent  that  if  the  said  Henry  should  die, 
living  the  said  Arthur,  that  the  same,  or  the  like  in  place,  should  be 
returned  to  the  said  Arthur,  together  with  the  house  and  grounds,  to 
be  disposed  of  as  Sir  Arthur  should  see  fit :  and  whereas  Sir  Henry 
lately  became  very  sick  at  the  mansion  house  of  Sir  Arthur  and 
there  was  treaty  had  with  Dame  Dorothy,  and  she  being  made 
acquainted  with  the  intention,  in  kind  manner  agreed  that  if  Sir 
Henry  should  die  without  making  a  will  she  would  be  ready  to  per- 
form what  was  intended  in  that  behalf :  since  which  time  Sir  Henry 
had  departed  this  life  without  making  any  will,  and  administration 
of  his  goods  is  committed  to  Dame  Dorothy,  by  means  whereof  she 
is  possessed  of  the  said  house.  The  deed  then  goes  on  to  say  that 
Dame  Dorothy,  in  performance  of  the  agreement,  has  granted  to  Sir 
Arthur  all  the  household  stuff,  com  etc.  and  all  other  her  goods  now 
being  about  the  said  manor  house  of  Rayne  for  his  own  proper  use. 

The  document  is  followed  by  a  schedule,  headed,  "A  schedule 
indented  mencioninge  the  particulars  of  the  goodes,  chattels,  imple- 
ments of  household  corne  and  cattell  which  amongest  other  thinges 
are  conveyed  by  the  deed  whereunto  these  presentes  bene  annexed, 
as  foUoweth." 

This  schedule  has  a  twofold  interest :  it  gives  the  number  and  the 
naming  of  the  rooms  in  the  house ;  and  it  also  sets  out  in  full  detail 
their  contents,  thus  painting  for  us  a  picture  of  an  early  seventeenth 
century  house.  To  print  it  in  full  would  mean  much  repetition ; 
I  therefore  propose  to  give  the  list  of  the  various  rooms,  with  the 
contents  of  some  of  them  as  samples.  The  spelling  is  modernized 
throughout. 

The  Hall  and  Oyster  Room  adjoining. 

Two  long  tables,  five  forms,  one  pair  of  andirons, '  a  firefork,  a  table,  a  settle, 
two  joined  forms,  a  chessboard  with  chessmen. 

The  Parlour. 
Two  round  and  one  square  table,  a  livery  cupboard,'  a  carved  cupboard,  a  side 
table,  seven  low  turkey  work  stools,  a  chair  and  twelve  cushions  of  turkey  work. 


>  The  derivation  of  this  word  is  very  curious,  but  too  long  to  set  out  here :  sutfice  it  to  say  that 
it  has  nothing  to  do  with  iron.    Sec  Skc»t,  or  the  NetP  Eng.  Diet. 

B  Originally  a  cupboard  from  which  "liveries,"  i.e.  rations,  were  served  out.  Prom  this 
it  came  to  mean  a  cupboard  of  any  kind,  especially  an  ornamental  cupboard  or  sideboard. 
It  often  had  a  cloth  over  it,  called  a  carpet.  ("  A  carpet  for  the  livery  cupboard  " :  Nfw  Bng,  £>•«.#. 
5.V.  livery.)    The  dining  room  will  afford  a  further  example  of  the  word  "  livery." 


THE  CAPELLS  AT  RAYNE.  253 

two  window  pillows,  twelve  black  leather  stools,  one  black  and  four  red  leather 
chairs,  three  joined  stools,  a  form  covered  with  velvet,  a  screen,  two  green,  one 
blue  and  one  old  turkey  work  carpet,  four  window  curtains,  a  pair  of  andirons, 
firepan,  a  pair  of  tongs  and  a  pair  of  bellows. 

Dining  Room. 
A  table  with  leaves,  two  livery  tables,  a  cupboard,  twelve  turkey  work  stools, 
a  chair  and  two  stools  of  blue  and  white  velvet,  and  fire  utensils  as  in  the 
previous  rooms. 

The  Parlour  Chamber  and  the  Little  Chamber  by  it. 

This  must  have  been  one  of  the  best  bedrooms,  and  its  contents  may  be  taken 
as  a  good  sample  of  the  others.  It  contained  a  bedstead,  a  quilted  mattrass,  a 
feather  bed.  a  bolster,  a  pillow,  two  blankets,  a  tapestry  coverlet,  a  table,  a  green 
carpet,  two  stools,  a  chair  of  silver  "  grogeron,*'*  one  of  "  tobine  "  with  two  stools 
to  it,  five  window  curtains  and  one  bedstead.    The  next  room  is  the 

Chamber  over  the  Gate  House. 

This  contained  nothing  worth  note,  and  may  or  may  not  have  been  a  part  of 
the  main  house.    This  is  followed  by 

My  Lady's  Chamber  and  My  Lady's  Closet  adjoining. 

The  bedstead  here  had  curtains  and  valance  of  "buffing."  probably  some  kind  of 
leather ;  the  only  other  articles  deserving  special  mention  are  six  bedstaffs :  these 
were  the  rods  or  laths  stretched  across  the  framework  of  the  bed  to  support  the 
mattrass.  Next  to  my  lady's  chamber  was  a  press,  or  wardrobe,  as  we  should 
say.  containing  household  stores  of  various  kinds,  such  as  a  varilla,  a  canopy  of 
yellow  and  blue  say,  with  two  curtains  and  a  quilt  of  the  same,  a  red  mantle  to 
lay  upon  a  bed,  six  orris  work  cushions,  a  velvet  saddle  with  girths  and  a  red 
cloth  to  it.  and  a  velvet  saddle  cloth  for  a  woman.  This  press  supplies  several 
strange  words.  Stanford  {Did.  of  Anglicised  Words)  gives  "  varella  "  as  a  Portugese 
word,  meaning  a  pagoda  in  which  idols  were  kept,  with  some  quotations  illus- 
trating this  meaning,  none  of  which,  however,  throw  any  light  on  the  use  of  the 
word  here,  though  an  analogy  would  seem  to  suggest  that  it  meant  the  canopy  of 
a  bed.  The  "  red  mantel  "  gives  an  earlier  and  a  wider  meaning  to  a  word  which 
has  now  become  limited  to  a  mantelpiece;  while  the  "orris"  work  has  the  same 
derivation  as  arras,  a  tapestry  hanging,  being  so  called  from  the  place  of  its 
making.  "  Orris  "  was  a  kind  of  lace  used  in  embroidery,  and  first  made  at  Arras. 
The  next  room  was 

Mri^  Aldersey's  Chamber. 

She  no  doubt  was  the  mother  of  Dame  Dorothy,  of  whose  interest  in  the  church 
we  have  had  evidence  already.  The  contents  of  her  room  were  similar  to  those  of 
the  other  bedrooms,  though  her  carpet  was  of  "  darnex,"  a  material  which  Halliwell 
explains  as  being  a  coarse  sort  of  damask :  another  instance  of  a  material  named 
after  the  place  of  its  first  making,  in  this  case  Tournai.  Near  this  stood  the  great 
chest  in  the  gallery,  which  must  have  been  used  as  a  china  cupboard,  for  it  held 
a  voyder,  which  Johnson  (ed.  1755)  explains  as  a  basket  in  which  broken  meat 
was  carried  from  the  table ;  a  great  charger,  a  pasty  plate,  six  round  pie  plates, 
twelve  great  pewter  dishes  and  twelve  somewhat  smaller,  twenty-four  small-dishes 


^    Mod.  program,  a  material  made  of  silk  and  hair,  so  called  from  its  coarse  grain.    I  aui  unable 
to  suggest  any  explanation  of  tobine. 


254  THE   CAPELLS  AT   RAYNE. 

and  twenty-four  trencher  plates,  the  latter  no  doubt  of  wood,  twenty-four  saucers, 
two  flagging  pots,  or,  as  we  should  call  them,  flagons,  a  basin  and  ewer,  four 
candlesticks,  a  salt,  six  wickers  to  put  dishes  upon,  and  two  water  pots 

After  this  we  have  the  linen,  kept  in  the  trunk  in  the  nursery.  Of  this  there 
were  one  pair  of  fine  holland  sheets  and  two  pairs  of  three-leaved  sheets,  three 
pairs  of  fine  "flexen"  sheets,  three  dozen  fine  "flexen"  napkins,  two  "  flexen  ** 
towells.  seven  hempen  table  cloths,  two  diaper  table  cloths,  four  diaper  cupboard 
cloths,  four  diaper  towels,  two  pairs  of  fine  pillowberes  (pillow-cases),  seven  pairs 
of  coarse  sheets,  three  pairs  of  pillowberes;  and.  left  abroad  for  the  ser\*ants. 
eight  pairs  of  sheets,  two  wallets,  one  new  and  the  other  old.  Besides  this,  the 
the  room  contained  three  beds  with  their  fittings. 

The  other  Nursery  and  the  Chamber  over  the  same 

held  the  usual  beds  and  furniture,  one  of  the  chairs  being  noted  as  without  a 
bottom.  Then  follow  bedrooms,  the  contents  of  which  need  not  be  noted,  as  they 
vary  in  no  way  from  what  has  gone  before.     The  rooms  were : 

Mv  Ia)RD  OF  Oxford's  Chamber  and  the  Chamber  next  the  same. 

The  Chamber  next  the  Hall  Chamber. 

The  Chamber  next  the  Gate  House. 

The  Brick  Chamber  and  Chamber  next  adjoining. 

The  Cistern  Chamber. 

The  Closet  by  the  Hall. 

The  Porter's  Lodge. 

The  Kitchen, 
which  begins  the  list  of  what  would  to-day  be  called  oflices.  It  contained  eleven 
dishes  of  pewter,  a  cullender,  a  great  brine  pwin,  one  lesser  brass  pan,  three  kettles, 
two  brass  pots,  two  dripping  and  one  baking  pan.  a  trivet,  three  chafers,  three 
spits,  a  cleaver,  a  chopping  knife  with  a  butcher's  axe.  a  slice,  a  skimmer  and  two 
basting  ladles,  a  bread  grate,  a  beef  fork,  a  salt  box,  a  stone  mortar  with  a  wooden 
pestle,  a  mustard  querne,  a  gridiron,  tongs  and  bellows,  a  firepan  for  sea  coals,  a 
fowling  piece,  a  peele  (shovel),  three  trammels,  two  iron  racks,  two  iron  grates, 
a  fire  fork  and  fryingpan,  two  pairs  of  pot  hooks,  two  wooden  platters,  four  dresser 
boards,  and  a  bar  of  iron.     Then  follow 

The  Pantry. 

The  Cook's  Chamber. 

The  Husbandmen's  Hall. 

The  Wet  Larder. 
used  for  salting  meat,  was  furnished  with  a  hanging  keep,  salting  trough,  two  brine 
tubs,  two  souse  tubs,  a  salt  tub,  an  oatmeal  tub,  and  two  tables.     Next  came  the 

Buttery  and  Cellars  and  Brewhouse. 
where  were  pots,  jacks,  trenchers  and  candlesticks.  Of  linen  in  a  chest :  four 
dozen  diaper  napkins,  six  dozen  flax  and  tow  and  two  coarse  table  cloths,  three 
diaper  towels  and  four  flaxen  towels.  The  preparations  for  beer  were  on  an  ample 
scale :  thirty-one  hogsheads  and  six  runlets,  twelve  of  the  hogsheads  being  full 
of  beer;  beer  stalls  to  lay  the  hogsheads  on,  a  tin  tunnel,  and  three  half  tubs. 
For  the  brewing  there  were  a  copper  and  mashing  vat,  two  yealding  vats  (for 


J 


THE  CAPELLS  AT  RAYNE.  255 

fermenting),  two  coolers,  a  trough,  two  beer  stalls,  two  jettes  (a  long  handle  having 
a  bowl  at  the  end.  for  stirring  the  liquor),  four  tubs,  nine  half  tubs  and  killers,  a 
tunnel,  a  coal  rake  and  a  fire  fork.  A  killer  (to-day,  keller)  being  a  receptacle 
placed  under  the  cask  to  catch  the  overflow  and  drip. 

The  Dairy, 

The  Milk-house  and  the  Room  next  to  it, 

The  Dairy  Chamber  and  the  Chamber  next  the  same. 

The  Bake-house, 

complete  the  list  of  the  offices  strictly  pertaining  to  the  mansion.  Among  the 
utensils  found  in  them,  one  or  two  may  be  noted  as  preserving  words  that  are  no 
longer  used  in  this  connection.  The  bucking  tub  in  the  dairy  was  no  doubt  used 
for  washing  the  butter,  and  reminds  one  of  the  buck  basket  in  which  Sir  John 
Falstaff  found  concealment.  Two  trammels  were  used,  I  suggest,  for  straining 
the  cheese  through :  the  word  now  survives  chiefly  as  applied  to  a  special  form 
of  net.  Kellers  were  also  used  in  the  dairy,  to  place  under  the  cheeses  during  the 
process  of  pressing.     Of  rooms  more  directly  connected  with  the  farm  we  have — 

The  Husbandmen's  Chamber. 

with  four  beds  and  the  necessary  bedding; 

The  Saddle  House. 

The  Timber  House, 

The  Fish  House, 

which  gives  us  a  malt  mill,  troughs  to  convey  the  water,  timber  for  wheels  and 
ploughs,  and  four  hundred  ashen  hoops. 

The  Store  House 

contained  various  farm  oddments,  such  as  iron  crows  and  pitches,  dew  rakes,  axes, 
bills,  a  picker  for  hop  holes,  spades,  shovels,  mattocks,  a  draw  net ;  fans,  riddles, 
sieves  and  a  corn  screen  for  winnowing  the  corn,  ladders,  scales  and  sacks.     In 

The  Great  Stable, 

The  Room  under  the  Apple  Loft, 

The  Husbandmen's  Stable  and  the  Yard, 

were  six  plough  horses  and  geldings,  and  an  old  mare,  ploughs,  carts,  harness, 
and  thirteen  hogs. 

The  Garden  Chamber, 

The  Brick  House, 
complete  the  buildings. 

The  home  farm  was  not  large:  twenty-two  acres  of  wheat  and 
barley,  and  twenty  acres  of  oats,  peas,  and  bullymange,'  three  score 
and  ten  sheep,  eight  and  thirty  lambs,  with  fifteen  cows  and  bullocks, 
complete  the  stock.* 

^    Buckwheat.    Gerarde  :  Herbal,  Lond.  1636,  p.  89. 

■    It  is  interesting  to  compare  this  inventory  with  a  somewhat  sioiilar  one  of  1556,  which  will  be 
found  in  Archaohgia,  xxxvi.  28^. 


256  THE    CAPELLS    AT    RAYNE. 

It  is  evident  from  the  number  of  the  rooms  comprised  in  the  above 
inventory  that  the  house  must  have  been  a  large  one,  though  not  so 
large  as  Hadham  Hall ;  nor,  to  judge  from  the  small  portion  now 
remaining  (which  forms  the  subject  of  one  of  the  illustrations  to  this 
paper),  was  it  to  be  compared  with  it  in  architectural  magnificence ; 
indeed  it  may  be  said  to  have  stood  in  much  the  same  relation  to 
Hadham  as  this  did  to  the  later  home  of  the  family  at  Cassiobury. 

The  history  of  the  Capells  thus  seems  to  fall  naturally  into  three 
epochs,  marked  by  their  three  homes:  Rayne,  i486- 1622;  Hadham 
Hall,  1 570- 1 667;  Cassiobury,  1668  to  the  present  date.  With  the 
first  of  these  I  have  now  dealt ;  and  I  trust  later  to  be  able  to  con- 
tinue the  story  up  to  the  end  of  their  stay  at  Hadham. 


THE   CAPEI.LS   AT    RAYNE. 


257 


APPENDIX    A. 
References  to  Capell  Wills  quoted  jrom  in  the  foregoing  paper. 


DATED. 

PROVED. 

REFERENCE. 

WilUam    - 

I  Sept.  15 15. 

17  March  1515. 

P.C.C.  13  Holder. 

Margaret  - 

I  Dec.  1516. 

18  April  1522. 

2  Ayloflfe. 

Gyles 

15  March  1555. 

19  Feb.  1556. 

6  Wrastley. 

Henry 

21  Nov.  1556. 

4  March  1557. 

II  Noodes. 

Edward    - 

21  Jan.  1571. 

II  May  1577. 

„       34  Daughtry 

Henry 

16  June  1588. 

13  July  1588. 

.,      48  Rutland. 

APPENDIX    B. 


Capell  entries  in  the  Registers  at  Rayne, 


Baptisms. 


1564 

March  23. 

Frances           x 

1566 
1567 

June  13. 
Feb.  22. 

Anne                | 
Robert              ( 

[children  of  Henry.] 

1569 

March  22. 

Mary                / 

1577 

March  2. 

Mary 

1578 
I58I 

May  3. 
Jan.  28. 

Henry 
Penelope 

[children  of  Arthur.] 

1587 

March  31. 

Robert             ' 

I6I5 

Jan.  4. 

Henry 

s.  of  Henry. 

I6I9 

May  4. 

Grace 

d.  of  Henry. 

1620 

April  27. 

Mary 

d.  of  Henry. 

I62I 

Nov.  8. 

Thomas 
Marriage. 

s.  of  Henry  and  Dorothy 

1584 

Sept.  6. 

Gamaliel  and  Jane  Wyotte: 

Burials. 

1572 

March  13. 

Lady  Katren 

w.  of  Henry. 

1578 

June  8. 

Henry 

[s.  of  Arthur.] 

1578 

June  8. 

Robert 

[s.  of  Henry.] 

1586 

Aug.  13. 

Grace 

[d.  of  Arthur] 

I6I4 

Jan.  19. 

Theodosia 

w.  of  Henry. 

1620 

May  2. 

Mary 

d.  of  Henry. 

I62I 

Jan.  7. 

Thomas 

s.  of  Henry  and  Dorothy 

1622 

May  I. 

Sir  Henry. 

1633 

June  4. 

Henry 

8,  of  Sir  Henry, 

258  THE  CAPELLS  OF  RAYNE. 

APPENDIX    C. 

Abstracts  of  Deeds  relating  to  th^  Manor  of  Rayne. 


Deeds  of  the  original  purchase   of  the   Manor  and   Water 

Rights. 

I.— 1475.    Sep.  4. 
The  Deede  of  Roger  Prat  and  other  for  the  Waterwey  fro  the  More  to  Welles. 

To  all  the  faithful  in  Christ  to  whom  this  present  writing  shall  conie  Roger 
Prat,  of  Reigne  Parva,  in  county  Essex,  John  Pryour,  Walter  Frenshe  of  Reigne. 
and  John  Bele  of  Felsted,  send  greeting  in  the  Lord.  Whereas  we  are  now 
jointly  seized  in  our  demesne  as  of  fee,  to  the  use  of  the  said  Roger  Prat,  of  the 
feoffment  of  Robert  Prat  and  Robert  Rowte,  of  i  tenement  with  i  garden,  and  a 
certain  parcel  of  land  called  le  More  in  Reigne,  situate  between  the  land  of  Robert 
Rowte  on  the  west  part,  and  the  land  formerly  of  Richard  Spryng  on  the  east 
part,  one  head  thereof  abutting  upon  the  highway  leading  from  Branketre  to 
Donmow  and  the  other  head  abutting  on  the  land  of  Richard  Turnaunt.  Esq,. 
called  Rowtescroft.  on  the  north  part,  as  in  a  certain  charter  of  the  said  Robert 
Prat  and  Robert  Rowte  to  us  thereof  made,  dated  6  February,  7  Edw.  IV.  (146S). 
manifestly  appears :  Now  we  have  grantetl  to  the  said  Richard  Turnaunt,  Thomas 
Staunton,  mercer,  Thomas  Tymeot,  Roger  Purpet,  William  Turner,  clerk,  and 
Henry  Pachet,  and  their  heirs  for  ever,  a  certain  parcel  of  the  said  garden  and 
land,  to  make  and  newly  construct  a  well  or  head  of  a  certain  conduit  in  the  said 
parcel  of  garden  and  land,  and  free  authority  and  licence  to  bring  together  all 
"  lez  Sprynges  "  of  water  in  the  said  garden  and  land  up  to  the  said  well  as  often 
as  it  shall  be  opportune,  and  full  power  to  dig  and  make  ditches  for  "  lez  pypes,'* 
to  be  laid  from  the  said  well,  and  to  lead  and  cause  to  be  led  in  the  best  manner 
that  they  shall  know  the  water  continually  running  from  the  said  well  up  to  the 
manor  of  Reigne  Parva,  otherwise  called  Wellys  Reyne,  of  them,  the  said  Richard 
Turnaunt  and  others :  also  to  have  free  ingress  and  egress  for  them,  their  heirs. 
and  their  servants  to  the  said  garden  and  land,  and  from  the  same  at  all  future 
times  as  well  by  our  tenement  as  elsewhere  from  whatever  part,  to  make,  mend 
and  renew  the  said  well  as  often  as  they  shall  see  fit,  without  any  impedient  or 
contradiction,  provided  always  that  it  will  not  be  lawful  for  us  to  obstruct  the  sa,id 
well  or  springs,  nor  to  put  dung  or  filth  thereabout,  nor  to  impede  the  water,  or 
water  course  henceforth  :  We  have  also  released  to  the  said  Roger  Prat  and 
others,  id.  of  yearly  rent,  which  they  ought  to  pay  to  us  by  reason  of  the  said 
manor  among  other  rents  and  services,  for  the  said  tenement,  whenever  we  disturb 
those  ditches  or  lands  we  ought  to  put  them  right  again  at  our  costs,  and  we  \vill 
do  so  in  future. 

Witnesses : — William  Waleys,  Robert  Rowte,  Richard  Diaper,  Robert  Wc^mer, 
John  Smyth,  and  many  others. 


THE  CAPELLS  OF  RAYNE.  259 

2. — 1486.     Apr.  I. 
Thcndinture  of  the  bargeyn  and  sale  of  Richard  Tumaunt  squyer  to  Sir  W  Capell. 

This  Indenture  witnesses  that  Richard  Turnaunt,  esq.,  for  the  sum  of  i^s^i. 
sterling  to  him  by  Sir  William  Capell,  knight,  in  hand  paid,  has  bargained  and 
clearly  sold  to  the  said  Sir  William  the  manor  of  Li  till  Reigne  in  co.  Essex, 
together  with  the  advowson  of  the  parish  church  of  Li  till  Reigne,  and  also  all  his 
land  enclosed  with  hedges  and  ditches  and  other  appurtenances  lying  in  Litill 
Reigne  in  a  croft  there  called  Baselottes.  also  a  parcel  of  a  garden  and  land  called 
the  More  for  the  head  of  a  conduit  there  to  be  made,  together  with  all  the  liberty 
and  power  to  the  said  Richard  and  other  his  co-feofi'ees  late  granted  to  dig  and  a 
continual  course  of  water  to  have  and  make  from  the  said  conduit  head  in  and  to 
the  said  manor ;  and  also  all  other  lands  and  tenements,  rents,  reversions  and 
services  which  the  said  Richard  or  any  other  persons  to  his  use  have  in  the  town 
and  parish  of  Litill  Reigne :  To  hold  to  him  and  his  heirs  for  ever,  quit  of  all 
manner  of  Statutes  of  the  Staple,  Statutes  merchant,  recognizances  and  all  other 
charges,  saving  only  the  service  due  to  the  chief  lords  of  the  fee. 

3. — 1486.     Apr.  21.     (Latin.) 
Carta  fcoffamenti  Johls  Tyrell  et  al.  de  Manerio  d$  Reynes. 

Know  all  present  and  to  come  that  we  John  Tyrell,  esq.,  William  Turner,  clerk, 
and  John  Lancastre  have  demised  to  William  Capell,  knight.  Henry  Marney.  esq., 
and  John  Capell,  gentleman,  our  manor  of  Reynys  Parva  in  co.  Essex,  together 
with  the  advowson  of  the  parish  church  of  the  said  manor :  Which  said  manor 
and  advowson  we  lately  jointly  had  to  us  and  our  heirs  for  ever  of  the  demise  of ' 
Richard  Turnaunt,  Thomas  Tymeot  and  Roger  Purpet,  Margaret  then  the  wife 
of  the  said  Richard  Turnaunt  being  named  with  us  in  the  said  charter :  To  hold 
the  said  manor  and  advowson  to  the  said  William  Capell,  Henry  Marney  and 
John  Capell  and  their  heirs  for  ever.  And  moreover  know  ye  that  we  have  made 
and  ordained  Thomas  Abbot  and  WMlliam  l^onde  our  true  and  lawful  attorneys  to 
enter  into  the  said  premises  and  to  deliver  full  and  peaceable  seisin  thereof  in  our 
names  to  the  said  William,  Henry  and  John  and  their  heirs. 

4. — 1486.     May  31.     (I^tin.) 
Relaxaco  Rici  Turnaunt  ArmigJ  et  Margarete  uxls  eius  de  Manerio  de  Reign  pua. 

To  all  the  faithful  etc.,  Richard  Turnaunt,  esq.,  and  Margaret  his  wife,  greeting 
Know  ye  that  we  with  one  assent  ha\^  released  etc.  to  William  Capell,  knight, 
Henry  Marney,  esq.,  and  John  Capell.  gentleman,  and  to  their  heirs  for  ever,  all 
our  right  in  the  manor  of  Parva  Reigne  in  co.  Essex,  together  with  the  advowson 
of  the  parish  church  of  Reigne ;  also  in  all  that  land  enclosed  with  hedges  and 
ditches  lying  in  Parva  Reigne  in  a  certain  croft  there  called  Baselottis  between 
the  land  late  of  Humphrey  Downham  on  the  east  part,  and  the  land  late  of 
Richard  Chapman  and  Henry  Cole  on  the  west  part,  and  the  highway  leading 
from  Uraintree  towards  Dunmow  on  the  south  part,  and  the  land  of  the  rector  of 
Reigne  on  the  north  part ;  also  in  a  certain  parcel  of  garden  and  land  called  the 
More  for  a  certain  well  or  head  of  a  conduit  to  be  made,  with  liberty  and  power 
to  dig  and  a  continual  water  course  to  have  from  the  said  well  to  the  said  manor ; 
also  in  all  other  our  lands,  etc.  in  the  town  and  parish  of  Reigne,  so  that  neither 
we  the  said  Richard  and  Margaret  or  any  others  in  our  names  may  from  hence- 
forth claim  any  right  or  estate  in  the  said  premises.  And  we  will  warrant  the 
said  premises  to  the  said  Sir  William  Capell,  Henry  Marney  and  John  Capell  and 
their  heirs  for  ever  by  these  presents  against  all  people. 


26o  THE    CAPELLS    OF    RAYNE. 

5.— 1486.     Octave  of  Holy  Trinity.     (Latin.) 

fynes  of  Ric.  Tumannt  and  Margaret  his  wy/e. 

This  is  the  final  agreement  made  in  the  court  of  the  Lord  the  King  at  West- 
minster in  the  octave  of  Holy  Trinity  i  Hen.  7  [i486],  before  Thomas  Bryan  and 
others,  justices,  between  William  Capell,  knight,  Henry  Marney,  esq.,  and  John 
Capell,  plaintiffs,  and  Richard  Turnaunt,  esq.,  and  Margaret  his  wife,  deforciants, 
of  the  manor  of  Parva  Reynys  and  the  advowson  of  the  parish  church  of  Parva 
Reynys,  and  i  messuage,  200  a.  of  land,  16  a.  of  meadow,  100  a.  of  pasture,  12  a. 
of  wood  and  175.  yd.  of  rent  in  Parva  Reynys  whereupon  a  plea  of  covenant  was 
summoned  between  them  in  the  same  court,  to  wit,  the  said  Richard  and  Margaret 
acknowledged  the  said  premises  to  be  the  right  of  the  said  William  as  those 
which  the  said  William,  Henry  and  John  have  of  the  gift  of  the  said  Richard  and 
Margaret  and  the  same  remised  and  quitclaimed  to  them  and  the  heirs  of  the  said 
William  for  ever.  And  further  the  said  Richard  and  Margaret  granted  for  them- 
selves and  the  heirs  of  the  said  Margaret  that  they  will  warrant  to  the  said 
William,  Henry  and  John  and  to  the  heirs  of  the  said  William  the  said  manor, 
lands  and  advowson  against  all  men  for  ever.  And  for  this  acknowledgment  and 
fine  the  said  William.  Henry  and  John  gave  to  the  said  Richard  and  Margaret 
200  marks  of  silver. 

Deed  of  the  purchase  of  Priest's  Croft  and  Priest's  Mead. 

6. — 1499.     Apr.  29. 

For  Preste  Croft  and  Preste  Mede  in  Regne. 

Indenture  between  William  Capell,  kt.,  and  Henry  Downham  of  Little  Rayne, 
gentleman,  witnessing  that  for  10//.  13s.  /\d.  paid  by  W.  Capell,  Downham  sells  a 
croft  called  Preest  croft  and  Preests  medowe  and  a  croft  called  Templelond  and 
a  piece  of  land  called  a  Husshet  lying  between  Wellesgrove  and  Nailyngherste, 
and  a  piece  of  land  called  an  Aldercarre  lying  between  land  of  W.  Capell  on 
either  side,  one  end  abutting  on  the  parson's  land  on  the  north,  and  a  piece  of 
land  lying  in  l^rodefeld,  one  end  abutting  upon  Makemeres  lane  on  the  east. 
Covenant  before  the  feast  of  St.  Michael  to  make  an  estate  of  the  premises  and  10 
hand  over  title  deeds  etc.  and  that  the  premises  are  free  from  encumbrances 
except  rent  due  to  the  chief  lord  and  an  obligation  of  the  Statute  Staple  of  West- 
minster of  even  date  whereby  H.  Downham  is  bound  to  W,  Capell  in  20// 
Covenant  that  the  yearly  value  is  8s.  ^d.  and  if  the  value  be  above  or  below  this 
the  difference  is  to  be  adjusted  after  the  rate  of  16  years  purchase.  Further  that 
on  the  date  hereof  W.  Capell  hath  lent  to  H.  Downham  6//.  8s.  4//.  which  Downham 
agrees  to  pay  on  May  14,  1500,  failing  which  Downham  agrees  to  convey  a  croft 
and  a  meadow  called  Hovel  Is. 

(Signed)        Henry  Downham. 

Deeds  of  the  purchase  of  Hovells  and  other  lands. 
7. — 1501.    Oct.  26. 

Indenture  of  Henry  Downham,  gent.,  of  the  bargain  and  sale  of  a  croft  and  meadow  called 
Hovells  and  of  other  divers  parcels  of  land  lying  in  the  parish  of  LittU  Rayne. 

Indenture  made  between  Sir  William  Capell,  kt.,  and  Henry  Downham  of 
Little  Rayne,  gent.,  witnesseth  that  Henry  Downham  for  the  sum  of  loli.  8s.  44/. 


THE  CAPELLS  OF  RAYNE.  261 

hath  sold  to  William  Capell  a  croft  and  a  meadow  called  Hovells  and  a  croft 
called  Templelond  and  a  piece  of  land  called  Bushett  between  Welles  grove  and 
Nathyngherst  land,  and  a  piece  of  land  called  an  Aldercarr  between  the  land  of 
William  Capell  on  either  side  whereof  one  head  abutteth  on  the  parson's  land 
against  the  north,  and  also  another  piece  of  land  lying  in  a  field  called  Brodefeld 
the  one  head  thereof  abutting  upon  Makemereslane  on  the  east  part.  Covenant 
that  Henry  Downham  before  the  feast  of  St.  Andrew  [Nov.  30]  will  make  unto 
William  Capell  a  good  estate  in  the  premises  and  will  deHver  all  deeds  relating  to 
the  same,  and  that  the  premises  are  of  the  yearly  value  of  13s.  ^d.  above*  all 
charges  and  reprises. 

(Signed)        Henry  Downham. 


8.— 1501.     Nov.  3.     (Latin.) 

Carta  Henrtci  Doumham  de  croft  prat  v(k  Hnvells  et  de  0,1  pcell  terr  in  pvO  Reyne. 

Know  all  men  that  I,  Henry  Downham  of  Rayne,  gent.,  have  granted  and 
hereby  confirm  to  Richard  Halton,  rector  of  Rayne,  Thomas  Abbot  and  John 
Rote,  yeomen,  a  croft  of  land  and  a  field  called  Hovells  in  Rayne  between  my 
lands  called  Teyes-down  on  the  west  and  the  lane  leading  from  the  rectory 
of  Rayne  to  Wellesgreen  on  the  east,  one  end  abutting  on  a  field  below  the 
rectory  on  the  north  and  the  other  end  on  land  of  William  Capell  and  my  land 
on  the  south,  and  a  croft  called  Templelond  and  a  piece  of  land  called  Busshet 
lying  between  Welles  grove  and  land  called  Nailyngherst  lond,  and  a  piece  of 
land  called  le  Aldercarre  lying  between  land  of  William  Capell  on  either  side,  one 
end  abutting  on  the  parson's  land  on  the  north,  and  another  parcel  of  land  in 
Brodefeld,  one  end  abutting  on  Makemereslane  on  the  east,  to  have  and  to  hold 
the  same  of  the  chief  lords  of  the  fee  by  the  usual  customs  and  payments. 

(Signed)         Henry  Downham. 


9.— 1501.     Feb.  18.     (Latin.) 

Relaxatio  Henrtci  Doumham  de  Hovells  et  de  aliis  pcell  tirr  in  pvd  Rtyne. 

To  all,  etc.  I,  Henry  Downham  of  Rayne,  gentleman,  have  released  to  Richard 
Halton,  rector  of  Rayne,  Thomas  Abbot  and  John  Rote,  yeomen,  all  my  right  etc. 
in  a  croft  and  field  called  Hovells  lying  between  my  land  called  Teyesdown 
on  the  west  and  a  lane  leading  from  the  rectory  to  Wellegreen  on  the  east 
one  end  abutting  on  a  field  below  the  rectory  on  the  north  and  the  other 
on  land  of  William  Capell's  and  of  mine  on  the  south,  and  in  a  croft  called 
Templelond  lymg  between  the  lands  of  Nailyngherst  called  the  Eighteen  Acres 
on  the  west  and  land  of  William  Capell's  on  the  east,  one  end  abutting  on 
Bokkyng  park  on  the  north  and  the  other  on  Wellesbrome  on  the  south,  and  in 
another  piece  of  land  called  Busshet  between  Wellesgroveffenne  on  the  north  and 
land  Nailyngherst  called  Claplese  on  the  south,  one  end  abutting  on  Wellesgrove 
on  the  east  and  the  other  on  Clapmede  on  the  west,  and  in  another  piece  of  land 
called  le  Aldercarre  lying  between  land  of  William  Capell  on  either  side  one  end 
abutting  on  the  parson's  land  on  the  north,  and  in  another  piece  of  land  in 
prodefeld,  one  end  abutting  on  Makemerelane  on  the  east. 

(Signed)        Henry  Downham. 


262  the  capells  of  rayne. 

Settlement  on   the    Marriage   of  Gyles  Capell  with    Mary 

Denys. 

lo. — 1512.     Oct.  23. 

This  Indenture  made  the  23rd  day  of  October,  4  Henry  8  [1512].  between  Sir 
William  Capell,  knight,  of  the  one  part  and  Sir  Robert  Poyntz,  knight,  Richard 
Broke,  serjeant  at  law,  John  Heron,  esq.,  and  Godfrey  Toppes,  gentleman,  of  the 
other  part.  Witnesses  that  for  a  marriage  to  be  had  and  solemnized  between 
Giles  Capell,  esq.,  son  and  heir  apparent  of  the  said  Sir  William,  and  Marie 
Denys,  widow,  one  of  the  Queen's  servants,  late  wife  of  Hugh  Denys.  esq., 
deceased,  the  said  Sir  William  agrees  that  the  said  Gyles  by  the  sufferance  of 
God  before  the  feast  of  St.  Andrew  the  Apostle  next  coming  shall  take  to  wife  the 
said  Mary  and  her  espouse  after  the  law  of  Holy  Church :  for  the  which  marriage 
so  to  be  had  the  said  Sir  William  for  him  and  his  heirs  grants  to  the  said  Sir 
Robert  Poyntz  and  others  that  he  before  the  said  feast  of  St.  Andrew  at  the  costs 
of  the  said  Mary  Denys  shall  make  to  Sir  Henry  Marney,  the  said  Sir  Robert 
Poyntz  and  Sir  George  Maners,  knights,  Thomas  Tyrell,  master  of  the  Queen's 
horse,  Robert  Bekensale,  clerk,  William  Paulet,  the  said  Richard  Broke,  John 
Heron,  Godfrey  Toppes  and  such  others  as  the  said  Mary  shall  name,  a  good  and 
lawful  estate  of  the  manors  of  Porters  Crekers  alias  Creykers  and  Humfreveyles 
in  Stebbyngh  in  co.  Essex,  and  of  his  20  messuages,  20  tofts,  i.ooo  a.  of  land.  100  a. 
of  meadow,  200  a.  of  pasture,  100  a.  of  wood  and  loli.  of  rent  in  Stebbyng  Moche 
Salyng  Li  till  Salyng  olde  Salyng  and  Felsted  in  the  said  county ;  and  of  all  those 
lands  and  tenements  called  Holtes,  Nicholl  and  Blakehende ;  and  of  all  other  his 
lands  and  tenements,  rents,  reversions,  services,  meadows,  woods  and  pastures  in 
Stebbing,  Myche  Salyng  Li  tie  Salyng  olde  Salyng  and  Felsted :  which  said 
premises  the  said  Sir  William  Capell  warrants  to  be  of  the  clear  yearly  value  of 
50/1.  sterling  ;  also  of  the  manor  of  Litle  Reyne  alias  Welles  Reyne  in  the  said 
county,  and  of  the  advowson  and  patronage  of  the  parish  church  of  Litle  Reyne, 
and  of  his  messe,  200  a.  of  land,  16  a.  of  meadow,  100  a.  of  pasture,  12  a.  of  wood 
and  17s.  Cxi.  of  rent  in  Litle  Reyne,  Felstead  and  Well  Reyney ;  and  of  the 
lands  and  tenements  called  Basselottes,  Hovelles,  Reynes  and  Brownynges  in 
Litle  Reyne,  and  all  the  lands  and  tenements  which  the  said  Sir  William  or  any 
other  persons  to  his  use  have  in  Litle  Reyne  and  Felsted :  which  said  manor  and 
other  the  premises  the  said  Sir  William  assures  shall  be  of  the  clear  yearly  value  - 
of  16//.  6  .  8  sterling :  To  hold  all  the  said  premises  to  the  said  Sir  Henrj-  Mamey 
and  others,  to  the  use  of  the  said  Giles  and  Marie  and  of  the  heirs  of  the  body  of 
the  said  Giles  lawfully  begotten ;  and  for  default,  to  the  use  of  the  right  heirs 
of  the  same  Giles,  discharged  of  all  former  bargains,  jointures,  dowers,  uses,  wills, 
statutes,  etc.  made  by  the  said  Sir  William  or  any  other  persons.  And  also  the 
said  Sir  William  shall  discharge  the  premises  of  all  arrearages  of  rent  service  to 
the  day  of  the  making  of  this  indenture. 

Moreover  the  said  Sir  William  covenants  that  he  will  keep  harmless  the  said 
Giles  against  the  persons  hereafter  named  of  and  for  all  debts  which  the  said  Giles 
owes  them  and  all  bonds  and  recognizances  in  which  he  stands  bound  to  them. 
from  the  beginning  of  the  world  up  to  the  22nd  day  of  September  last,  to  wit. 
Henry  Pattemer,  Edmund  Burton,  Richard  Hawkyns,  drapers,  Averey  Rawson, 
Jamys  Jentyll,  Thomas  Hynde.  Hugh  Clopton,  Lewes  Harpeffeld.  William  Botry. 
William  Jones,  Edward  Redknap,  mercers,  Nicholas  Worley,  goldsmith,  Peter 
Course,  merchant,  Nicholas  Golyber,  mercer,  Robert  Penson,  skii^ner,  and  G^rge 
Henyngham,  corsei:. 


the  capells  of  rayne.  263 

Deeds  of  the  purchase  of  Old  Hall,  Oxhenhayes,  Horncroft 

AND   TaYES. 
11.-1425.     Mar.  7. 

Know  all  men  that  we,  John  Beer,  of  Felsted,  and  Robert  Waleys'of  the  same, 
have  granted  to  John  Doreward.  esq..  Sir  John  Chapman,  rector  of  the  church  ol 
Parva  Reyne,  Sir  John  Clerk,  vicar  of  the  church  of  Salyng,  John  Keteryng 
of  the  same.  John  Alman,  of  Magna  Berdefeld,  and  William  Moryell,  of  Felsted, 
and  their  heirs,  all  our  manor  called  Old  Hall  in  the  village  of  Parva  Reyne, 
together  with  all  other  lands  and  tenements,  rents,  and  services  in  the  same 
called  Oxenheys  and  Teyes :  which  said  manor  and  lands  together  with  William 
Aylemare,  esq.,  John  Clerk,  vicar  of  the  church  of  Salyng,  John  Maykyn,  and 
John  Maykyn,  lately  had  of  the  gift  and  feoffment  of  John  atte  Park  and  Walter 
Symond,  chaplain :  which  said  William  Aylemere  and  others  released  to  us  all 
their  right  and  claim  in  the  said  manor  and  lands:  To  hold  to  the  said  John 
Doreward  and  others,  and  their  heirs  for  ever. 

Witnesses: — Sir  Wm.  Coggeshal,  knight,  Hugh  Naylyngherst,  esq.,  John  Goolde, 
Richard  Frensh.  John  Pryour,  Nicholas  l*rat,  and  Richard  Sprynge. 

12.— 1430.    July  7. 

To  all  the  faithful  in  Christ.  John  Keteryng,  of  Salyng,  sends  greeting  in  the 
Lord.  Know  ye  that  I  have  remised  and  quitclaimed  to  John  Doreward,  esq., 
John  Chapman,  rector  of  the  church  of  Parva  Rayne,  Sir  John  Clerk,  late  vicar 
of  the  church  of  Salyng,  Johrt  Alman  of  Berdestede  Magna,  and  William  Morell 
of  Felstede,  and  their  heirs,  all  my  right  and  claim  in  the  manor  called  Old 
Halle,  in  the  village  of  Parva  Reyne,  with  all  the  lands  and  tenements,  rents  and 
services  in  the  same,  called  Oxenheyes  and  Teyes  :  which  said  manor  lands,  etc., 
the  said  John  Doreward,  and  others  above  named,  and  I  had  jointly  of  the  gift 
and  feoffment  of  John  Beer,  of  Felstede,  aud  Robert  Waleys  of  the  same. 

Witnesses: — Hugh  Naillynherst,  esqre.,  John  Goolde,  John  Priour,  Richard 
Spryng,  Walter  Coggeshall,  and  others. 

13-— 1435      Mar.  25. 

Know  all  men  that  we.  John  Doreward,  esq.,  John  Chapman,  clerk,  John 
Alman.  and  William  Morell.  have  granted  to  John  Wryghte,  clerk.  John  Smyth, 
of  Branketre.  and  John  Helder,  of  Bockynge,  our  manor  called  Old  Halle  in  the 
village  of  Parva  Reygne.  in  county  Essex,  together  with  all  lands,  tenements,  &c., 
in  the  same  village,  called  Oxenheyes  and  Teyes :  which  said  manor  and  land  we. 
together  with  John  Clerk,  late  vicar  of  the  church  of  Salynge,  now  deceased,  and 
with  John  Keterynge,  who  lately  by  his  deed  of  release  altogether  quit  claimed  to 
us  and  our  heirs  for  ever,  all  his  right  which  he  had  with  us  in  the  said  premises, 
lately  had  of  the  gift  and  feoffment  of  John  Beer,  of  Felstede,  and  Robert  Walleys 
of  the  same:  to  hold  to  the  said  John  Wryghte  and  others,  and  their  heirs  forever. 

Witnesses; — John  Tyrell,  knight,  John  Pykenham.  Thomas  Torell,  Lewis 
Johan,  Robert  Darcy.  Hugh  Naylyngherst,  John  Greene,  and  others. 

14.— 1435.    Apr.  28, 

Know  all  men  that  we,  John  Wrj^ghte.  clerk.  John  Smyth,  of  Branketre,  and 
John  Helder.  of  Bockynge,  have  granted  to  Richard  Banasire  and  William  Morell, 
of  Felsted,  our  manor  called  Old  Halle,  in  the  village  of  Parva  Reigne,  in  county 


264  THE    CAPELLS   OF    RAYNE. 

Essex,  together  •  with  other  lands  and  tenements  in  the  said  village  called 
Oxenheyes  and  Teyes :  which  said  manor  and  lands  we  lately  had  of  the  gift  and 
feoffment  of  John  Doreward,  esq.,  John  Chapman,  John  Alman,  and  William 
Morell :  to  hold  to  them  and  their  heirs  for  ever. 

Witnesses: — Hugh  Naylynghurst.  John  Chapman,  clerk,  John  Maykyn,  senior. 
John  Maykyn,  Junior,  John  Swetewode,  and  others. 

15. — 1478.     May  2. 

Know  all  men  that  we,  William  Barton.  John  Beell,  senior,  William  Nanseglos. 
and  John  Beell,  junior,  have  granted  to  Humphrey  Downham  and  Elizabeth  his 
wife,  all  that  our  manor  called  Old  Hall,  in  Parva  Kayne,  in  county  Essex,  and 
our  2  tenements  there  called  Oxen  Heyes  and  Teyes,  with  all  lands,  woods,  alders, 
&c.,  thereto  belonging,  which  we  lately  had  of  the  gift  and  feoffment  of  the  said 
Humphrey  :  to  hold  to  the  said  Humphrey  and  Elizabeth,  or  to  the  heirs  of  their 
bodies,  paying  to  us  yearly  after  the  death  of  the  said  Humphrey,  loli. 

Witnesses  : — Henry  Went  worth,  esqre  ,  Richard  Whele,  William  Eiamers. 
Thomas  Craimford  (?),  John  Serle,  and  many  others. 

16.— 1534.     Jan.  31. 

Indenture  between  Michael  Dormer,  citizen  and  Alderman  of  London,  of  the 
one  part,  and  Thomas  Harve.  of  Little  Kayne.  in  county  Essex,  gent.,  and  Mary 
his  wife,  of  the  other  part,  witnesses  that  where  before  this  time  the  said  Thomas 
and  Mary  sold  to  the  said  Michael  and  his  heirs  40  a.  of  arable  land,  6  a.  of 
meadow,  and  40  a.  of  pasture,  called  Oxnes  and  Teyes,  and  a  croft  called  Home 
Croft,  containing  12  a.  lying  in  Lyttell  Rayney,  in  county  Essex,  and  all  other 
lands,  tenements,  &c..  there  called  Oxnez  Tayez,  and  in  tenure  of  Sir  Giles  Capell, 
knight,  and  all  evidence  concerning  the  same  for  30/f.,  as  by  indentures  made 
between  the  said  parties,  dated  20  November,  1526,  more  plainly  appears :  it  was 
also  by  indenture  covenanted  between  them  that  if  the  said  Thomas  or  Mary 
should  at  any  time  within  the  space  of  3  years  after  the  said  indenture  of  20  Nov., 
made  a  sure  estate  in  fee  simple  of  lands  and  tenements  in  North  Crawley,  in 
county  Bucks,  or  any  other  place  in  the  said  county  or  in  Essex,  in  one  town 
lying,  of  the  clear  yearly  value  of  40s.  to  the  said  Michael  and  his  heirs,  that  then 
all  the  said  lands  in  County  Essex,  in  the  said  former  indenture  bargained  and 
sold  should  be  to  the  use  of  the  said  Thomas  and  Mary  and  their  heirs  of  the  said 
Mary,  and  forasmuch  as  no  lands  in  North  Crawley  were  made  over  to  the  said 
Michael  and  his  heirs,  nor  a  debt  of  21//.  us.  gd.^  owing  to  him  by  said  Thomas 
paid,  all  the  said  premises  were  at  the  end  of  the  said  3  years  and  have  ever  since 
been  to  the  said  Michael  and  his  heirs.  By  the  said  former  indenture,  the  said 
Michael  granted  that  if  the  said  Thomas  and  Mary  did  not  make  over  in  fee 
simple  lands  and  tenements  of  the  yearly  value  of  40s.  to  the  said  Michael  and  his 
heirs  within  the  said  3  years,  then  he  (Michael)  should  make  over  lands  in  county 
Essex  of  the  yearly  value  of  405.  over  in  fee  simple  to  the  said  Thomas  and  Mary-. 
and  the  heirs  of  the  said  Mary,  in  full  satisfaction  of  the  said  lands  sold  to  the 
said  Michael,  and  forasmuch  as  the  said  Michael  did  not  make  over  such  lands  he 
has  hereby  released  the  said  Thomas  from  the  said  21//.  05.  gd.  due  to  him.  and 
has  moreover  paid  to  the  said  Thomas  and  Mary  11//. 

26  April,  1535.  I,  Thomas  Harvey,  received  405.  of  Sir  Giles  Capell.  of  Little 
Rayne,  for  half-years'  rent  and  farm  of  lands  lying  in  Teys 


THE   CAPELLS    AT    RAYNE.  265 

17. — 1548.     Apr.  16. 

Indenture  between  Sir  Giles  Capeli,  of  Little  Reygne  in  county  Essex,  knight, 
of  the  one  part,  and  James  Dormer,  gent.,  one  of  the  sons  of  3ir  Michael  Dormer, 
knight,  late  Alderman  of  London,  deceased  of  the  other  part.  Witnesseth  that 
the  said  John  Dormer  has  bargained  and  sold  to  the  said  Sir  Giles  all  those 
lands,  tenements,  meadows,  called  Oxenheyes,  Hornecroft,  Teyes  and  otherwise, 
which  were  late  of  the  said  Sir  Michael  Dormer,  and  are  now  in  the  tenure  of  Sir 
Giles  Capeli,  lying  in  Little  Reigne  and  Bockyng,  to  hold  to  the  said  Sir  Giles  and 
his  heirs  for  ever.  The  said  John  Dormer  covenants  that  he  and  his  heirs  and 
Elizabeth  his  wife,  before  the  feast  of  All  Saints  next  coming,  will  make  to  the 
said  Sir  Giles  and  his  heirs,  a  good  and  sufficient  estate  in  the  law  in  fee  simple, 
of  all  the  said  premises  at  the  cost  of  the  said  Sir  Giles :  also  that  he  and  Ambrose 
Dormer,  William  Dormer,  Geoffrey  Dormer,  and  Thomas  Dormer,  sons  of  the  said 
Sir  Michael,  shall  within  the  next  j  years,  do  all  lawful  acts  and  deeds,  by  fine, 
feoffment,  recovery  or  release,  for  the  further  assurance  of  all  the  said  premises 
of  the  said  Sir  Giles. 

18. — 1549.     Nov.  27. 

Memorandum  that  the  27th  day  of  November,  3  Edw.  VI.  we  Anthony  Brown, 
and  William  Bendlowes.  gentlemen  of  the  counsel,  learned  in  the  law,  of  Sir  Giles 
Capeli,  knight,  and  at  the  request  of  the  said  Sir  Giles  shall  purchase  a  writ  of 
covenant  against  John  Ambrose,  William,  Geoffrey,  Thomas  Dormer,  gentlemen, 
of  all  those  lands,  tenements,  meadows,  &c.,  called  Oxenhayes,  Horncroft,  Tayes 
and  otherwise,  which  late  were  of  Sir  Michael  Dormer,  knight,  and  late  were  in 
tenure  of  the  said  Sir  Giles,  lying  in  Little  Rayne  and  Bockyng  in  county  Essex, 
which  writ  shall  be  brought  of  the  said  premises  by  the  name  of  60  acres  of  land, 
20  acres  of  meadow  and  60  acres  of  pasture  in  Little  Rayne  and  Bockyng :  all 
which  said  premises  the  said  John  Dormer  lately  sold  to  the  said  Sir  Giles,  as  by 
indentures  made  between  them,  dated  i6th  April,  2  Edw.  VI.  more  fully  appears, 
which  said  writ  shall  be  directed  to  the  sheriff  of  Essex,  returnable  before  the 
Justices  of  the  Common  Bench  at  Westminster  in  Hilary  term  next,  and  there  the 
said  John  Doriner  and  others  shall  personally  appear  and  acknowledge  the  said 
premises  to  be  the  right  of  the  said  Sir  Giles,  and  shall  release  them  to  him  and 
his  heirs. 

We  also  devise  that  the  said  Sir  Giles  shall  purchase  a  writ  of  entre  in  le  post 
against  the  said  John  Dormer  and  others,  returnable  before  the  said  Justices  on 
the  morrow  after  the  Purification  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary  next  ensuing,  and 
that  then  the  said  John  Dormer  and  others  shall  confess  the  action  without  delay. 

We  also  devise  that  the  said  John  Dormer  and  others,  shall,  before  the  end  of 
the  said  Hilary  term  ensuing,  enfeoff  the  said  Sir  Giles  and  his  heirs  in  fee  simple 
of  the  said  premises,  to  hold  to  them  for  ever. 

By  we,  Anthony  Brown,  William  Bendlowes. 

Settlement  of   Edward   Capell,   of   Aspenden,  on   his   son 
Henry  and  Katherine  his  wife. 

19- — 1 561.    Nov.  3. 
Indenture  between  Sir  Edward  Capeli  of  Aspeden  in  co.  Hertford,  knight,  of  the 
one  part,  and  John  Wentworthe  of  Booking  in  co.  Essex,  esti.,  Giles  Capell  second 
son  of  the  said  Sir  Edward,  John  Hamond  and  John  Churchill,  gentlemen,  of  the 


266  THE  CAPELLS  AT  RAYNE. 

other  part,  witnesses  that  as  well  for  and  in  consideration  of  the  preferment  and 
stage  of  lyving  of  Henry  Capell,  esq.,  son  and  heir  apparent  of  the  said  Sir 
Edward,  and  also  for  and  in  consideration  that  the  Lady  Katheryn  now  wife  of 
the  said  Henry  may  be  assured  of  a  jointure  of  the  lands  and  tenements  of  the 
said  Sir  Edward  Capell's  inheritance— the  said  Sir  Edward  has  granted  and 
confirmed  to  the  said  John  Wentworth,  Giles  Capell,  John  Hamonde  and  John 
Churchill  all  that  the  manor  and  lordship  of  Little  Rayne  in  co.  Essex  and  all 
his  lands  and  tenements  in  Kayne,  Saling.  Brayntree,  Bocking,  Panfielde  and 
elsewliere  in  co.  Essex,  now  or  late  in  the  several  tenures  of  William  Thurgood 
and  Richard  Strayte ;  also  all  his  lands  and  tenements,  now  or  late  in  the  several 
tenures  of  John  Mott,  Ewen  Bolton,  Allayn  Coo,  Richard  Cowper.  John  Apprice 
and  John  Ballard,  which  are  now  or  at  any  time  have  been  accounted  part  of  the 
said  manor  of  Little  Rayne  ;  also  his  park  called  Rayne  Parke,  and  his  wood 
called  Bocking  Parke  alias  Bocking  Wood,  in  Raigne,  Brayntree  and  Bocking :  to 
hold  to  the  said  John  Wentworth,  Giles  Capell,  John  Hamond  and  John  Churchill 
and  his  heirs  for  ever  to  the  use  of  the  said  Henry  Capell,  esq.,  for  the  term  of  his 
life  without  impeachment  of  any  waste ;  after  his  decease,  to  the  use  of  the  said 
Lady  Katheryn  now  wife  of  the  said  Henry  during  her  life  in  the  name  of  her 
jointure  ;  and  after  her  decease,  to  the  use  of  the  said  Sir  Edward  Capell  for  his 
life ;  and  after  his  decease  the  manor  of  Little  Raigne,  and  the  lands  and  tenements 
in  Raigne,  Saling,  Brayntree,  Bocking  and  Panfelde,  the  said  park  called  Raigne 
Parke,  to  the  use  of  the  right  heirs  of  the  said  Sir  Edward  for  ever :  and  the  said 
wood  called  Bocking  wood,  the  said  manor  Barwyke  Barnes,  and  the  said  manors  of 
Iklingham,  Oldhaull,  Great  and  Little  Franham  to  the  use  of  the  heirs  of  the  body 
of  the  said  Sir  Edward ;  and  for  default,  to  the  use  of  his  right  heirs  for  ever : 
upon  condition  that  if  the  said  Lady  Katheryn  shall  at  any  time  hereafter  have  a 
good  and  lawful  assurance  of  a  jointure  for  the  term  of  her  life  made  by  the  said 
Sir  Edward  or  by  the  said  Henry  Capell  or  their  heirs  of  any  other  manors,  lands, 
&c.,  which  shall  be  of  a  greater  yearly  value  than  the  manors,  lands.  &c.,  by  these 
presents  to  her  assured  ;  or  if  hereafter  she  shall  happen  to  be  lawfully  entitled  to 
have  dower  of  the  manors,  lands,  Ac,  of  the  said  Henry  Capell  her  husband,  and 
that  the  said  dower  is  of  greater  yearly  value  than  the  premises  hereby  assured  to 
her,  then  the  said  John  Wentworth  and  others  shall  stand  seised  of  all  the  said 
premises  to  the  use  of  the  said  Henry  Capell  for  his  life  ;  after  his  death,  to  the 
use  of  the  said  Sir  Edward  for  his  life  ;  and  after  his  death,  of  the  said  manor  of 
Little  Raigne,  and  all  other  the  said  lands,  &c.,  in  Raigne,  Saling,  Braintree. 
Bocking  and  Panfeld,  the  said  park  called  Raigne  park,  to  the  use  of  the  right  heirs 
of  the  said  Sir  Edward  Capell  for  ever ;  and  of  the  said  wood  called  Bocking  wood, 
and  the  manor  of  Barwyke  Barnes  and  the  said  manors  of  Iklingham,  Oldhaull. 
Great  and  Little  Fransham  to  the  use  of  the  heirs  of  the  body  of  the  said  Sir 
Edward  ;  and  in  default,  to  the  use  oi  his  right  heirs  for  ever. 

Furthermore  the  said  Sir  Edward  by  these  presents  appoints  Edward  Halfed 
and  Thomas  Wedd  his  lawful  attorneys,  to  enter  into  all  the  said  premises,  &c. 

By  me  Edward  Capell. 

Settlement  by  Arthur  Capell  on  his  wife  Margaret. 
20.  —1600.    Apr.  10. 

Indenture  between  Sir  Arthur  Capell  of  Little  Hadham  in  co.  Hertford,  knight, 
and  the  Lady  Margaret  his  wife  on  the  one  part,  and  Gamaliel  Capell  of  Abbas 
Roothing  in  co.  Essex,  esq.,  and  William  Hampton  of  Little  Hadham,  yeoman. 


THE  CAPELLS  AT  RAYNE.  267 

of  the  other  part,  Witnesses  that  the  said  Sir  Arthur  for  a  competent  jointure  to 
be  had  for  the  said  Lady  Margaret  in  satisfaction  of  her  right  or  title  of  dower  to 
the  lordships,  manors,  lands  and  tenements  whatsoever  of  the  said  Sir  Arthur 
covenants  and  grants  with  and  to  the  said  Gamaliel  Capell  and  William  Hampton 
and  their  heirs  that  they  and  their  heirs  shall  from  henceforth  stand  seised  of  the 
reversion  or  remainder  expectant  upon  the  death  of  the  Right  Honourable  Mary 
Lady  Gray,  late  the  wife  of  Henry  Capell,  esq.,  deceased,  father  of  the  said  Sir 
Arthur,  of  the  manor  of  Little  Rayne  alias  Welles  Hall  in  co.  Essex,  and  of  a 
wood  or  woodground  called  Hocking  wood  alias  Bockinge  parke  in  Bochinge  or 
Little  Rayne,  and  of  all  other  the  lands  and  tenements  of  the  said  Sir  Arthur  in 
Little  Rayne,  Brainiree,  Panfield  and  Bockinge  in  co  Essex,— to  the  only  use  of 
the  said  Sir  Arthur  Capell,  for  the  term  of  his  natural  life,  without  impeachment 
of  waste;  and  after  his  death  to  the  use  of  the  said  I^y  Margaret  his  wife  for 
her  life,  for  her  jointure ;  and  after  her  decease,  to  the  only  use  of  the  said  Sir 
Arthur  and  his  heirs  for  ever.  And  moreover  to  the  intent  that  the  said  I^ady 
Margaret  Capell  may  have  the  present  possession  of  the  said  manor  of  Rayne  and 
other  the  said  lands  and  tenements  in  co.  Essex  immediately  upon  the  decease  of 
the  said  Sir  Arthur,  if  she  shall  happen  to  survive  him. 

And  whereas  the  said  Sir  Arthur  stands  possessed  for  divers  years  yet  enduring, 
determinable  upon  the  death  of  the  said  Lady  Graye.  of  the  said  manor  of  Little 
Rayne.  and  the  said  wood  called  Bockinge  wood  or  park  and  other  the  lands  in 
Little  Rayne.  Bockinge.  Braintree  and  Panfield  demised  to  him  by  the  said  Lady 
Graye.  widow,  for  divers  years  yet  to  come,  if  she  so  long  shall  live — the  said  Sir 
Arthur  by  these  presents  grants  to  the  said  Gamaliel  Capell  and  William  Hampton 
all  his  estate  and  interest  in  the  said  manor  and  other  the  premises  for  all  the 
term  of  years  therein  to  come,  to  the  only  use  of  the  said  Sir  Arthur  during  so 
many  years  as  shall  incur  during  his  life ;  and  after  his  decease,  to  the  only  use  of 
the  said  Lady  Margaret  his  wife  during  so  many  years  of  the  said  term  as  she 
shall  live,  if  she  shall  accept  the  said  jointure ;  and  after  her  decease,  or  if  she 
shall  refuse  the  said  jointure,  to  the  only  use  of  the  said  Sir  Arthur. 

And  whereas  there  is  one  rent  of  180/r.  reserved  to  the  said  Lady  Gray  for  her 
natural  life  upon  the  demise  of  the  said  manor  of  Little  Rayne,  and  Bockinge 
wood  or  park  and  other  the  lands  of  the  said  Sir  Arthur  lying  in  Little  Rayne, 
Bockinge.  Braintree  and  Pan6eld  in  co.  Essex,  in  which  demise  there  is  contained 
a  condition  of  re-entry  for  non-payment  of  the  said  rent  whereby  the  value  of  the 
said  jointure  (during  the  life  of  the  said  Lady  Gray)  will  be  much  less  than  it  is 
meant  to  be  the  said  Sir  Arthur  for  him  and  his  heirs  for  the  supply  of  the  value 
of  the  said  jointure  for  the  said  time  covenants  with  the  said  Gamaliel  Capell  and 
William  Hampton  and  their  heirs  that  if  the  said  I.ady  Margaret  shall  after  the 
death  of  the  said  Sir  Arthur  and  during  the  life  of  the  said  Lady  Gray  accept  the 
said  jointure,  that  from  thenceforth  all  persons  who  now  stand  seised  or  who 
hereafter  shall  stand  seized  of  the  manor  of  Barwicke  Barners  in  co.  Essex,  the 
manors  of  Fransham,  Kyrckhams  and  Wilcocks  in  co.  Norfolk,  and  all  other  the 
lands  and  tenements  of  the  said  Sir  Arthur  in  Little  Fransham  reputed  as  parcel 
of  the  said  manors,  and  of  the  manor  of  Burroughe  St.  Margaret  in  co.  Norfolk 
(the  said  marsh  called  Winckle  marsh  only  excepted)  shall  stand  thereof  seised  to 
the  use  of  the  said  Lady  Margaret  Capell  during  the  life  of  the  said  Lady  Mary 
Gray  and  no  longer. 


268  THE    CAPELLS   OF    RAYNE. 

APPENDIX     D. 

The  following  ten  deeds,  all  earlier  in  date  than  those  given  in 
Appendix  C,  no  doubt  relate  to  land  which  must  at  some  time  have 
been  added  by  the  Capells  to  their  original  purchase.  They  are 
preserved  here  as  being  of  value  for  the  topography  of  the  parish, 
seeing  that  they  give  a  large  number  of  field  names  now  lost.  The 
first  three  all  refer  to  the  same  property :  and,  though  dealing  with 
a  different  interest  to  that  conveyed  by  the  deed  given  above 
(Ap.  C,  No.  i),  bring  before  us  some  of  the  same  parties.  The 
three  deeds  numbered  4,  5,  6,  have  to  do  with  small  properties,  some 
of  which,  at  one  time,  belonged  to  Robert  Prat,  but  there  is  nothing 
to  show  when  this  passed  to  the  Capells.  The  last  four  (Nos.  7  to 
10)  are  connected  with  the  land  known  as  Hovels,  and  add  to  our 
knowledge  of  the  earlier  history  of  a  portion  of  the  property  conveyed 
to  the  Capells  by  the  deeds  printed  in  Appendix  C.  (Nos.  7,  8,  9). 

A  Deed  of  Nicholas  Prat. 
I.  - 1428. 

Know  etc.  that  I  Nicholas  Prat  of  Felstede  have  granted  to  Roger-atte-More  of 
Felstede.  William  Hawkyn.  William  Krensshe,  and  John  Beel  of  the  same  all  my 
lands  etc.  in  the  vill  of  Parva  Reignes :  also  one  cottage,  one  garden  and  four 
crofts  situate  in  the  vill  of  Felstede  whereof  the  said  cottage  is  called  Schaders 
and  lies  between  the  Common  called  le  Farehey  of  the  one  part  and  my  croft 
called  Bagerukkis  croft  of  the  other  part :  the  garden  is  called  Stogelles  and  lies 
between  land  late  of  John  Oxenhey*  called  Redene  of  the  one  part  and  the  lane 
leading  from  Makemeriegore*  towards  the  Farehey  on  the  other  part,  one  head 
abutting  on  the  highway  leading  from  Branketre  to  Dunmowe  and  the  other 
upon  land  called  Recheslane  :  one  croft  is  called  Samentiscrofte  and  lies  between 
the  land  of  Richard  Frensshe  of  the  one  part,  and  the  Common  called  le  Collehale 
of  the  other  part,  one  head  abutting  upon  the  wood  called  Blakstoneshey.  and 
the  other  upon  the  land  late  of  Walter  Oxenhey :  the  second  croft  is  called 
Aillettiscrofte  and  contains  2a.  and  lies  between  the  land  of  John  Edwene  and 
Robert  Wale  is  of  the  one  part,  and  the  Common  called  le  Farehey  of  the  other 
part,  one  head  abutting  on  the  said  Common,  and  the  other  on  the  land  called 
Haver>'nges,  formerly  of  John  Oxenhey:  the  third  croft  contains  2a.  and  lies 
between  the  land  of  John  Clement  of  the  one  part,  and  the  land  of  Peter  Wright 
of  the  other  part,  one  head  abutting  on  the  land  of  John  Harwere  called 
Skepberdes,  and  the  other  on  the  highway  leading  from  Branktre  to  Dunmowe  : 
the  fourth  croft  is  called  Cuatteslegh  and  lies  between  the  land  of  Richard 
Downham  called  Aillewenes  of  the  one  part  and  the  wood  called  Blakchelley  of 
the  other  part,  one  head  abutting  on  the  land  late  of  the  said  Richard  Downham, 
and  the  other  on  the  land  of  me  the  said  Nicholas  called  le  Parrok,  to  hold  to 
them  and  their  heirs  for  ever. 

Witnesses : — Hugh  Naillinghurst,  Richard  Downham,  Richard  Frenshee,  John 
Edwene,  John  Goolde  and  others  (not  named). 

Given  at  Felstede  on  Tuesday  in  the  vigil  of  the  Blessed  Vir^n  Mary, 
7  Henry  VI. 

^   Oziiey  Spriug,  in  Paudcld.    Tram.  viii.  205.        <   Make  Moors,  in  Rayne.    Trans,  vlii.  201. 


.  THE  CAPELLS  OF  RAYNE.  269 

A    Deed    of   Roger-atte-More,   William    Hawkyn,    and 

John   Beel. 

2. — 1448. 

Know  etc.  that  we  Roger-attc-More,  William  Hawkyn  and  John  Beel  of 
Felstede  have  granted  to  Robert  Prat  of  Parva  Reign,  Thomas  Marchall,  and 
Robert  Rough t  of  Reign,  all  those  lands  etc.  in  Reign  which  we  lately  had, 
together  with  Robert  Frensshe  now  deceased,  of  the  gift  of  Nicholas  Prat  of 
Felstede.  We  have  also  given  to  the  said  Robert,  Thomas,  and  Robert,  five 
crofts  of  land  in  Felstede  called  Samentiscroft,  Aillet.  Guatteleighe.  Tv/eyacres 
and  Stogolles.  \The  boundaries  of  these  crofts  are  as  given  in  the  following  deed 
of  1468.) 

Witnesses : — John,  son  of  John  Pryour,  senior,  Richard  Chapman.  Robert 
Spryng  of  Reign,  Thomas  Prat.  John  Marchaunt,  William  Morell,  John  Sunday 
and  others  (not  named). 

Given  at  Reign  on  Tuesday  in  Easter  week,  26  Hen.  VI. 

A  Deed  of  Robert  Pratte  and  Robert  Rowte. 
3.— 1468. 

Know  etc.  that  we  Robert  Pratte  of  Parva  Reign,  and  Robert  Rowte  of  the 
same,  have  granted  to  John  Priour  of  Reign,  Walter  Frensshe  and  John  Beel  of 
Felstede,  all  those  lands  etc.  in  the  vill  of  Parva  Reignes  which  we  lately  had, 
jointly  with  Thomas  Marchale  of  Felstede,  now  deceased,  of  the  gift  of  Roger- 
atle-More.  William  Hawkyn,  and  John  Beele  senior,  as  in  a  certain  charter, 
dated  on  Tuesday  in  Easter  week  26  Henry  VI.,  to  us  thereof  made  more  fully 
appears. 

We  have  granted  also  to  the  said  John.  Walter,  and  John,  five  crofts  of  land 
lying  separate  in  Felstede,  whereof  the  first  is  called  Samantiscroft  lying  between 
the  land  of  Richard  Frenssh  of  the  one  part  and  the  land  late  of  Richard  Spryng 
of  the  other  part,  one  head  thereof  abutting  on  the  wood  called  Blackstonesheye 
and  the  other  on  the  croft  of  land  called  Collehalecrofte  formerly  of  Thomas 
Wallenger:  the  second  croft  is  called  Ailetcrofte  and  lies  between  the  land  of 
William  Moton  and  the  land  of  Robert  Waleis  of  the  one  part,  and  the  Common 
called  Farehey  of  the  other  part,  one  head  thereof  abutting  on  land  late  of  Richard 
Downham  and  the  other  on  the  said  Common  called  le  Farehey :  the  third  croft  is 
called  Guatlegh,  and  lies  between  land  late  of  Richard  Downham  of  the  one  part, 
and  the  wood  called  Blakestonehey  of  the  other  part,  one  head  thereof  abutting 
on  land  of  the  said  Richard  Downham  and  the  other  on  land  of  Robert  Pratte 
called  le  Parrock  :  the  fourth  croft,  Tweiacre,  lies  between  the  land  of  John  Beele 
on  the  one  part  and  the  land  of  William  Waleys  of  the  other  part,  one  head 
abutting  upon  the  land  of  John  Harewer,  called  Skipberdes,  and  the  other  on  the 
highway  from  Dunmowe  to  Hranktre  :  the  fifth  croft  is  called  Stogellis  croft,  and 
lies  Iwlvveen  the  land  late  of  Richard  Downham  of  the  one  part,  and  the  land 
called  Richeslane'  of  the  other  part,  one  head  abutting  on  the  said  lane  and  the 
said  highway,  to  hold  to  them  and  their  heirs  for  ever. 

Witnesses  : — Hugh  Naylinghirste  esq..  Ralph  Downham.  Richard  Frenssh, 
John  Frenssh.  Thomas  Frenssh,  Thomas  Pratte,  Robert  Sprynge  and  others 
(not  named). 

Given  at  Reigne  6  Feb.  7  Edw.  IV. 


^   Rich  Field,    rram.  vlii.  210. 


270  THE    CAPELLS    OF    RAYNE. 

A  Deed  of  John  Lytle. 

Know  etc.  that  I  John  Lytle  son  and  heir  of  Alice  Lytle  of  Parva  Rcynes,  have 
granted  to  John  Chapman,  rector  of  the  church  of  Parva  Reynes,  Robert  Waleys 
of  Felstede,  William  Morell  of  the  same,  John  Prior  of  Reynes,  and  Robert 
Rowght  of  the  same,  all  ray  lands  etc.  which  I  now  have  in  Reynes  and  which 
were  formerly  of  Robert  Prat  of  Reynes.  to  hold  to  them  and  their  heirs  of  the 
chief  lords  of  that  fee  by  the  services  due  and  accustomed- 
Witnesses: — Hugh  Naillynggherst,  Richard  Downham  esq  ,  John  Goolde,  John 
Prior,  Richard  Spryng,  Richard  Frenssh,  John  Edwene  and  others  (not  named). 
Given  at  Reynes  5  May  9  Hen.  VI. 

A  Deed  of  Robert  Stagey  and  John  Beer. 

5—1431- 

Know  etc.  that  we  Robert  Stacey  of  Felstede  and  John  Beer,  smyth,  senior, 
have  granted  to  John  Chapman,  rector  of  the  church  of  Parva  Reynes,  Robert 
Waleys  of  Felstede,  William  Morell  of  the  same,  John  Prior  son  of  John  Prior  of 
Parva  Reynes,  and  Robert  Rowght  of  the  same,  all  that  moiety  of  one  messuage 
and  of  all  the  lands  etc.  in  Parva  Reynes  which  formerly  were  of  Robert  Prat  of 
Reynes  and  which,  after  the  death  of  the  said  Robert,  descended  to  Katherine 
now  the  wife  of  Robert  Waleys,  one  of  the  heirs  of  the  said  Robert  Prat  by  right 
of  inheritance,  and  which  we,  together  with  Robert  Pakk  rector  of  the  church  of 
Reynes,  now  deceased,  lately  had  jointly  of  the  gift  of  Thomas  Cowland  of 
Waltham  Magna  and  Robert -atte-Bregge  of  Felstede,  to  hold  to  them  and  their 
heirs  for  ever. 

Witnesses: — Hugh  Nailyngherst,  Richard  Downham,  esq.,  John  Goolde,  John 
Prior,  Richard  Spryng,  Richard  Frenssh,  John  Edwene  and  others. 

Given  at  Reynes  5  May  9  Hen.  VL 

A  Deed  of  Henry  de  Welles. 
6. — 1291. 

Know  all  men  etc.  that  1,  Henry  de  Welles,  have  given  and  by  this  my  present 
charter  have  confirmed  to  Henry  de  Reynes  Parva,  clerk,  for  his  service  and  for 
one  mark  of  silver  which  he  gave  me  in  hand,  all  the  alder  grove  as  it  is  enclosed 
with  hedges  and  ditches  which  formerly  was  of  William  Roce  in  the  parish  of 
I'arva  Reynes.  which  lies  in  breadth  between  the  alder  grove  of  William  le 
Franceys  and  the  way  which  leads  towards  the  church  of  Parva  Reynes,  and  in 
length  between  the  alder  grove  of  the  said  William  and  the  messuage  of  the  said 
Henry.  To  have  and  to  hold  all  the  said  alder  grove  of  me  and  my  heirs  for  ever, 
paying  therefor  yearly  to  me  and  my  heirs  one  rose  at  the  feast  of  the  Nativity  of 
St  John  the  Baptist  for  all  services  etc.  And  1  the  said  Henry  and  my  heirs  will 
warrant  the  said  alder  grove  to  the  said  Henry  and  his  heirs  by  the  said  free 
service  against  all  men  and  women  for  ever. 

Given  at  Reynes  Parva  on  the  feast  of  the  Translation  of  St.  Thomas  the 
Martyr  in  the  19th  year  of  the  reign  of  King  Edward  son  of  King  Henry. 
Witnesses :  Robert  de  Reynes,  Walter  de  Thorp.  Roger  de  Naylinghurst,  Michael 
de  Beauchamp,  Roger  de  Oxenhey,  Robert  Plonte,  Robert  Portchors,  Robert 
Duning.  Nicholas  Swyft,  William  le  Franceys,  Simon  Prat,  and  others. 


THE  CAPELLS  OF  RAYNE.  27I 

A  Deed  of  William  Hovel. 
7. — Undated,  but  connected  with  the  one  which  follows  it. 
'  Know  etc.  that  I,  William  Hovel  of  Parva  Raynes  have  granted  to  Nicholas 
Baynard  and  his  heirs  all  the  right  which  I  had  in  all  that  tenement  which 
Richard  Baynard,  brother  of  the  said  Nicholas,  bought  of  me  in  the  vill  of  Parva 
Raynes,  and  for  this  grant  the  said  Nicholas  gave  to  me  a  certain  sum  of  money. 

Witnesses: — Richard  de  Naylinghurst,  Michael  de  Bellocampo,  William  de  la 
More,  Gervase  Portchors,  Jeoffry  le  Francoys,  Jeoffry  de  Oxenehey,  Robert 
Plonte,  Henry  de  Raynes,  clerk. 

A  Deed  of  Robert  Hovel. 
8.-1295. 

To  all  etc.  Robert  Hovel  son  of  Nicholas.  1  have  granted  to  Nicholas  Baynard 
and  his  heirs  all  the  right  which  I  have  in  all  the  lands  or  tenements  which 
formerly  were  of  William  Hovell  my  brother  in  the  vill  of  Parva  Reynes  which 
the  said  William  sold  to  the  said  Nicholas,  Michael  de  Bellocampo,  John  de 
Welles  and  Matilda  de  Welles  in  the  said  vill :  and  be  it  known  that  the  .said 
Nicholas  shall  do  service  to  the  chief  lords  of  that  fee  for  the  said  premises :  and 
for  this  grant  the  said  Nicholas  gave  to  me  half  a  mark. 

Witnesses: — Robert  of  Reynes,  Richard  of  Naylinghurst,  William  Franceys, 
Michael  de  Bellocampo,  Roger  de  Oxenhey. 

Given  at  Parva  Reynes  on  Tuesday  next  before  the  Epiphany  of  the  Lord,  in 
the  23rd  year  of  the  reign  of  King  Edward. 

A  Deed  of  John  de  Thorp. 

9—1329 

Know  etc.  that  I  John,  son  and  heir  of  Walter  de  Thorp  of  Parva  Raynes, 
have  given  to  Ralph,  son  of  Sir  William  Pycot,  Kt.,  of  Magna  Salyngges.  thirty 
pence  of  yearly  rent  which  John,  son  and  heir  of  Roger  de  Watenylle,  was  wont 
to  pay  me  yearly  out  of  a  certain  field  called  Hovelesland  lying  in  the  vill  of 
Raynes  between  the  land  of  John,  son  of  Henr>'  the  clerk  of  Raynes,  on  the  one 
side,  and  the  land  of  Simon  Dodeman  of  the  other,  to  be  taken  at  Easter  and 
Michaelmas  by  equal  portions,  To  hold  the  said  rent  with  homage  etc.  to  Ralph 
of  the  chief  lord  of  that  fee  by  the  service  thereof  due  and  of  right  accustomed. 

Witnesses :  -Thomas  at  the  Old  Hall,  John  Houglot,  John  Prat,  Simon  Dode- 
man of  Parva  Rayne,  Nicholas  Cam  of  Pandfeld,  John  Ro  of  Shaldeford,  John 
Wymer  of  Salyngges. 

Given  at  Par\'a  Raynes  on  Wednesday  in  the  feast  of  St.  Lucy  the  Virgin 
3  Edw.  in. 

A  Deed  of  John  Pycot. 

10.— 1344. 

To  all  etc.  I  John,  son  of  William  Pycot  of  Magna  Sallyngg  have  released  to 
John  son  of  Walter  de  Oxenhey  and  his  heirs  for  ever  all  the  right  I  had  in  a 
certain  field  called  Hovelesland  lying  in  the  vill  of  Parva  Raynes:  and  also  in 
2S.  6d.  of  rent  which  I  was  lately  wont  to  take  of  the  said  John  out  of  the 
said  land. 

Witnesses : — William  Doreward,  John  de  Ash,  Richard  his  brother,  Robert  de 
Naylinghurst,  John  son  of  Sawall  Spicer. 

Given  at  Westminster  on  Thursday  next  before  the  feast  of  St.  Edmund  the 
King,  18  Edw,  HI,  


272  THE  CAPELLS  OF  RAYNE. 


APPENDIX    E. 

Pedigree  of  the  Capell  Family:    1449-1709. 

The  annexed  pedigree  has  been  drawn  up  to  assist  in  the  under- 
standing of  the  foregoing  paper.  Such  portions  of  it  as  are  given  in 
ordinary  type  are  derived  from  the  usual  sources ;  the  entries  taken 
from  the  registers  of  Rayne  Parva  and  Hadham  Parva  being  shown 
in  small  capitals  and  italics  respectively. 

Clutterbuck  gives  a  full  pedigree,  which  claims  to  be  based  on  the 
registers,  where  these  apply  :  but  I  do  not  find  myself  in  accord 
with  all  his  statements.  For  example,  among  the  twenty  children 
of  Arthur  Capell  (1557- 1632),  he  shows  a  (second)  Gamaliel,  bom  at 
Hadham,  and  a  James,  neither  of  whom  I  can  find :  while  the  Rayne 
registers  give  a  Mary,  and  the  Hadham  registers  a  Henry,  whom  he 
does  not  recognize.  The  frequent  recurrence  of  the  same  christian 
name  makes  it  difficult  to  attribute  a  register  entry  to  the  right 
individual  in  all  cases,  nor  do  I  claim  infallibility  for  my  pedigree 
in  this  direction,  but  many  of  Clutterbuck's  statements  are  not 
substantiated  by  the  registers  at  all.  The  wills,  which  often  set  out 
relationships,  have  been  of  great  service  in  checking  and  in  rightly 
attributing  the  entries  in  the  registers. 

My  main  object  being  to  establish  the  residence  of  the  family  at 
Rayne  and  Hadham  I  have,  without  attempting  to  follow  out  the 
collateral  branches,  limited  myself  to  the  entries  found  in  the  registers 
of  those  parishes,  which  cover  the  period  1564- 1667,  with  one  later 
instance — 1696,  in  the  latter  register.  I  have  added  one  or  two 
Watford  entries,  since  these  prove  the  date  of  the  removal  from 
Hadham  to  Cassiobury,  which  must  have  taken  place  between 
January  1667  and  March  1668.  The  dates  are  given  in  the  old 
style. 


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CHIGWELL : 
A  RENTAL   AND    SOME    PLACE-NAMES. 

BY   WILLIAM    CHAPMAN    WALLER,    F.S.A. 
I. 

Chigivell :  TJie  Rentall  of  George  Manok,  sqnier^  of  his  Manor  there. 

Before  the  Conquest  the  manor  of  Chigwell  was  numbered  among 
the  countless  possessions  of  Harold,  who  held  it  of  the  Confessor ; 
twenty  years  afterwards  it  had  passed  to  Ralph  de  Limesi,  who  was 
lord  also  of  the  great  manors  of  Amwell  and  Hoddesdon.  The 
subsequent  descent  of  the  manor  has  been  traced  by  our  county 
historians,  and  it  is  needless  to  recapitulate  here  what  they  have  told 
us  of  le  Bretons,  de  Goldinghams,  and  Writtells ;  though,  with  the 
fresh  material  laid  open  within  recent  years,  the  story  may  one  day  be 
worth  re-telling.  For  the  purpose  of  introducing  the  document  now 
to  be  printed  it  will  suffice  to  say  that  the  manors  of  Chigwell  and 
\^'est  Hatch'  were,  in  July  1534,  the  subject  of  a  Final  Concord, 
to  which  the  Chancellor  and  other  officers  of  state  were  parties.  To 
George  Mannok,  William  Mannok,  and  Etheldreda,  William's  wife, 
they  paid  1,000  marks  in  silver  for  the  manors  aforesaid,  six  mes- 
suages, 300  ac.  of  arable  land,  300  ac.  of  meadow,  300  ac.  of  pasture, 
80  ac.  of  woodland,  and  12/.  of  rents,  in  Chigwell,  Barking,  Theydon, 
and  Lambourne — such,  at  least,  is  the  description  set  out  in  the 
Fine.  The  Ministers'  Accounts  for  the  following  year  contain  one 
rendered  by  John  Kempe  (the  lessee)  from  Nov.  ist  1533  (on  which 
day,  it  is  stated,  the  King  purchased  the  said  manors  from  George 
Mannok),  to  Michaelmas  1536 — to  wit,  two  years  and  three  quarters. 
Kempe  paid  93/.,  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  a  lease  for 
fifteen  years  granted  him  by  Mantiok  in  1530-31,  and  reported  that 
no  manor  courts  had  been  held,  and  that  no  casualties  had  accrued. 
To  the  woodward  105.  a  year  was  paid,  and  325.  was  allowed  for 
repairs  to  a  barn  at  West  Hatch.''  Kempe,  or  *Campe*  as  he  is 
called  elsewhere,  had  trouble  with  his  lease ;  for  in  July,  1537,  the 
King  made  a  fresh  one,  for  twenty-one  years  at  a  rent  of  21/.,  to 


1   Wpsthach  occurs  in  a  deed  of  1340.    Cat.  Anc.  Deeds,  I.  b  939, 
•   Excluq.  M.A.  (Ebsex  and  Herts),  27-28  H,  VIII. 


274  chigwell:  a  rental 

William  Rolte,  one  of  his  Sergeants-at-Arms,  who  desired  to  enter. 
Rolte  having  instituted  proceedings,  Kempe  put  in  his  lease,  and 
the  matter  was  doubtless  arranged,  for  we  subsequently  find  Rolte 
paying  31/.  a  year.*  It  was  at  some  date  before  1528,  when  Thomas 
Ilderton's  will  was  proved,  that  George  Mannok  caused  to  l>e  drawn 
up  the  beautifully  written  roll  which  ultimately  found  its  way  into 
the  Public  Record  Office.*  The  document  is  in  English,  with  a  few 
marginal  annotations  of  later  date  made  in  Latin.  The  spelling  is, 
as  usual,  somewhat  erratic ;  and,  on  the  whole,  it  seems  better  to 
give  here  a  carefully  edited  version  rather  than  a  literal  transcript, 
using  italics  for  the  annotations.     We  begin  at  the  beginning. 

The  Abbot  of  Stratford,  for  lands  called  Bochurst,  by  year— 20s.  and  2  ward- 
pence. 

The  same  for  lands  called  Koriells,  sometime  Isabell  Purgate,  by  year — iii 
Not  paid. 

The  Abbot  of  Tyltey,  for  certain  lands  there  by  year,  12s.  4^.,  lib.  of  pepper, 
1/6.  of  cummin,  and  2d.  ward -penny,  whereof  6d.  is  paid  yearly  for  a  pair  ot  gilt 
spurs— IIS.  3^.,  lib.  pepper,  ilb  cummin.  2  ward-pence. 

The  same  Abbot  for  a  scythe  in  the  lord's  meadow  every  third  year  by  a  day 
and  ^erased :  a  man  to  make  hay  by  a  day  every  third  year] — 6d.  [i2rf.  naseef]. 

The  heirs  of  Thomas  Bled lo we,  for  lands  called  Brownings  and  DotypoUs,  by 
year — 6s.  4^.,  and  2  ward-pence.  In  the  hands  of  Thomas  Smith  during  the  mtHority 
of  Bledlowe's  heir.     Paid. 

The  same  heirs  for  lands  called  Thely,  sometime  William  Bonanntre.  by  year— 
lod.     Not  paid.     [Erased  :  Order  to  distrain.']     Late  Stondon. 

The  same  heirs  [erased:  for  three  bederepes  by  year,  i2i.]  for  a  scythe  in  the 
meadow  6d.  by  year — [erased  :  is.  6rf.]  6d.  Order  to  distrain  (?)  because  Bailiff  dtd  sc 
in  the  time  of  .  .  .  Cok  and  Andrew  Trappes. 

John  Dey  for  a  tenement  and  certain  lands  called  Ptyngeles  by  year — 85 
[erased :  and  ^d.  for  a  bederep].     Trappis. 

Agnes  [erased :  Joan]  Rypton  otherwise  called  Agnes  Wyllet,  for  a  tenemeai 
called  Cacehares,  by  yere — 2s. 

The  same  Agnes  [erased :  Jone],  for  lands  called  Hawkyns,  by  year — 6d. 

The  same  Jone  (sic),  for  Wynter  Floud,  by  year — i2rf.     Not  paid. 

The  same  Jone  (sic),  for  a  bederepe  in  harvest— 4^. 

The  same  Jone  (sic),  for  3  roods  of  land  lying  under  West  Hatch,  parcel  of 
Cacchhares,  sometime  John  Logge,  by  year — 6d.     Now  Blanch  Heyward. 

Christopher  W^yrall,  for  a  tenement  called  Brokehouse,  with  certain  lands. 
sometime  Bonannters,  by  year— 6s.     He  has  kept  back  2s.     Now  Elderton. 

The  same  Christopher,  for  lands  called  Goldyngs  Croft,  late  William  Bonannter. 
and  afterwards  William  Stondon.  by  year — 4^.     Now  Elderton. 

The  landholders  of  John  Taylour,  late  Richard  Stondon,  by  year,  now  Richard 
Cock— 2S.     Not  paid. 


1   Augm.  Proc.  2.54;  Min.  Ace.  38  H.  VIII.— i  Ed.  VI, 
■  O-  Lane.  XXV.  p.  17. 


AND    SOME    PLACE-NAMES.  275 

Richard  Cok,  for  two  tenements  called  Gates  and  Morkyns,  by  year— los.  8d., 
and  2  ward-pennies.     Paid  95.  Gd.     Trappis. 

The  same  Richard  shall  find  three  bederepes  a  day,  and  a  man  with  a  scythe  to 
mow  a  day,  and  a  man  to  make  hay  a  day,  and  a  man  to  gather  nuts  two  days 
gagged* — 2S.  S(l.     Trappis. 

Thomas  Elderton,  for  two  tenements  called  Martyns  and  Wastells,  late  Thomas 
Smyth,  by  year— 4s.  6rf.  and  2  ward-pence.     Mr.  Th.  Holmys. 

The  same  Th.  Elderton  for  three  bederepes,  and  mowing  and  making  of  3  acres 
,  mead,  and  a  man  to  gather  nuts  two  days — 3s.  Sd. 

The  same  Th.  Elderton.  for  a  tenement  called  Sakes,  by  year — 2S.  and  one 
bederepe,  ^d.     Paid. 

The  same  Th   Elderton.  for  a  croft  called  Thornebyes,  by  year — iHd.    Paid. 

The  same  Th.  Elderton,  for  a  meadow  late  Richard  Fulham,  by  year — [blank]. 
IntraV  in  Ciirid.     Now  Harrison. 

William  Fulham,  for  lands  called  Fremans  otherwise  Frythmans,  by  year,  late 
Piers  Fulham-  (xi.     Not  paid     Risley. 

William  Roote,  for  Daungers  Hope,  by  year — 6d,     In  the  lord's  hand. 

Sir  Philip  Cooke,  Kni,  for  Pecokks  Croftes,  by  year— 25.     Now  John  Coke,  esq. 

Johanne  Hewes,  widow,  for  lands  called  Danwcxxls  Taps  and  Jacletts,  by 
year — 25.  and  [erased :  one  bederepe]. 

The  same  Johanne,  for  lands  called  Wynter  Floud,  by  year — 13^.     Not  paid. 

William  Boylond,  for  a  tenement  called  Morkyns  (2  acres),  by  year — 7</,,  and 
for  a  bederepe,  4^. — i  id. 

Item  :  Of  the  same  for  Hosebri^croft  [erased  :  Purycroft"]  containing  2  acres — iid.  and 
suit  of  court. 

Richard  Fulham,  for  a  tenement  and  certain  lands  called  Blakemans,  late 
Richard  Taylour.  by  year.  4s.  6d. ;  and  two  bederepes.  M. ;  for  r^ne  acre  meadow, 
mowing  and  making.  izd.\  i  ward-penny — 6s   yi. 

The  same  Richard  Fulham,  for  two  bederepes  and  a  scythe  a  day  in  the 
meadow — [erased:  iHd.  13J.] 

William  Cooke  for  lands  called  Appultons,  sometime  Henry  Page  and  after- 
wards John  Edensore,  by  year — 25.  Gd.     t  ward -penny 

[Erased :  The  same  William  for  Fortey  and  Appultons  late  John  Edensore.  by 
year — ]  22hd.  and  2  ward-pence. 

The  same  William  shall  mow  and  make  an  acre  of  the  lord's  meadow  every 
third   year— ^^ 

The  same  William,  for  lands  sometime  Hugh  Cleye  called  Cley  Land,  by  year— 
fxi.  and  i  ward-penny.     Not  paid. 

Reynold  More,  for  Monds  Croft  abutting  upon  Saves  I^ne  [erased:  Sawes], 
sometime  John  Sayar,  by  year — [erased:  Cs.]  ^d.     Elderton. 

The  same  Reynold,  for  his  house  in  Church  Street,  by  year — ^d.  He  has  sold 
to  Pakingion ;  or  P.  has  sold  it  (Pakyngton  vendidit). 

[Erased :  William  Cole  and  Joan  Rypton  for  Rosebrigge  Croft  and  Pur>-  Croft 
late  John  Sagar,  and  afer wards  William  Rypton,  by  year — 2$.  and  a  bederepe,  ^d. 
Trappis  and  Boylond.] 

The  same  William  shall  mow  and  make  an  acre  of  meadow — I2rf. 

*  'Gagged'  must  mean  *ata  wage,'  as  later  in  the  case  of  Edward  Crayford.  The  nms  were 
acorns  for  the  pigs,  which  are  still  gathered  in  sacks, 

T 


276  chigwell:  a  rental 

Edward  Tray  ford  [?  Craffbrd].  for  a  tenement  at  Bokehurste  Hill  late  Jaba 
Harow.  by  year — 14^^. ;  [erased :  and  he  shall  find  a  man]  to  wash  sheep  and  shear 
the  lord's  sheep  a  day,  and  a  man  with  a  fork  in  the  meadow  to  make  hay  a  day 
and  a  man  with  a  scythe  to  mow  a  day,  and  two  bederepes  a  day.  and  a  man 
gagged  to  gather  nuts  a  day — Sd.  paid  for  these  services  in  Trapps'  time. 

The  same  Edward,  for  land  lying  at  Buckhurst  and  meadow,  by  year — 14s. 

Edward  Alyn.  for  land  called  Loughbarows  Gnores  and  Pikemans,  by  year, 
and  he  shall  find  a  man  with  a  scythe  in  the  lord's  meadow  a  day.  and  two  mec 
with  forks  to  make  hay  a  day,  and  three  days  in  harvest,  every  three  men  called 
bederepes  (sic)^  and  [erased:  he  shall  harrow  the  lord's  land  a  day.  and  feather 
nuts  a  day] — los.  lod.  and  4  ward-pence. 

John  Smyth  for  a  tenement — ^i^. — in  Church  Street  and  half  an  acre,  4//.;  lands 
sometime  Matthew  Clawghton,  by  year — y^. 

Edward  Harrison  for  a  parcell  of  meadow  by  year,  late  Richard  Fulham — 6d. 

The  first  question  that  occurs  to  one  is:  was  this  document  copied 
from  another,  or  was  it  the  result  of  oral  enquiry  ?  The  erasures, 
which  are  nunfierous,  suggest  that  it  was  not  a  copy ;  but,  on  the 
other  hand,  the  services  mentioned  are  so  minute  and  so  antiquated, 
that  they  must  have  been  commuted  for  many  long  years  before  our 
document  was  drawn  up,  and,  unless  they  had  been  committed  to 
writing,  the  memory  of  them  would  have  been  obliterated.  There 
is  about  them  nothing  very  remarkable,  but,  like  similar  *Kxtents' 
elsewhere,  they  mark  the  extreme  complication  of  the  relationship 
between  lord  and  tenant  in  early  times.  When  we  come  to  examine 
the  names,  personal  and  of  places,  they  carry  us  back  a  century  or 
two  beyond  the  date  of  our  document.  John  de  Burgate,  for  instance, 
was  living  in  Chigwell  in  1341,  and  had  as  his  neighbour  John 
Sake — whose  name  is  perpetuated  in  Snakes  Lane  (Woodford),  the 
n  being  a  later  interpolation.*  The  lands  owned  by  Tiltey  Abbey 
were  probably  those  given  by  John  Fitz  Gilbert,  Herbert,  William, 
and  Margery  Chigwell,  and  confirmed  by  William  and  Alina  de 
Goldingham,  at  some  date  unspecified.'  The  memory  of  the  ancient 
owners  is  preserved  in  the  names  still  current — Grange  Court  and 
Grange  Hill ;  for  the  monks  doubtless  had  a  grange  there,  in  which 
one  or  two  of  their  number,  with  some  lay  brethren,  were  resident. 
William  Bonanntre's  name  was  in  all  probability  Bonaventure, 
which  occurs  in  an  Essex  Fine,  13  Ric.  H.,  and  two  of  the  family 
were  freeholders  within  the  forest  in  1365.  In  1404  a  man  of  the 
name  was  a  miller  in  Lough  ton.  The  Thomas  Elderton  of  our  ATS. 
seems  to  be  Ilderton,  the  stockfishmonger,  whose  will  was  proved 


^  There  is  some  obscurity  in  the  text  here.    *  Bodercpe '  was  service  at  the  lord's  reqanst  in 
harvest-time. 
«  Cat.  Anc.  Deeds,  i.  b  777. 
9  pssex  Archaol.  Soc.  Trans.,  viii.  (h.s.)  357, 


AND    SOME    PLACE-NAMES.  277 

on  October  20th  1528  {P.C.C.  38,  Porch),  and  whose  desire  was  to  be 
buried  "in  Chikewell  church,  in  the  lower  ende  of  the  north  He 
whiche  I  dud  make  longer  in  length  as  is  nowe."  Lands  he  held, 
freehold  and  copyhold,  and  he  gave  "the  Brokehouse  Mede  and 
other  lands  towards  the  sustentacion  of  a  preest  to  sing  at  the  Trinitie 
awter."  In  connexion  with  this  altar  should  be  noted  the  gild  or 
fraternity  of  the  Holy  Trinity  in  Chigwell,  which  owned  a  certain 
amount  of  land  in  the  parish,  with  sixty  sheep  and  ten  cows.  At  the 
time  of  its  suppression  its  possessions  were  valued  at.  41s.  6d.  per 
annum,  nett.»  William  Boylond  had  a  predecessor  Robert,  in  1325, 
whose  land  lay  in  a  field  called  Brokland ;  and  Robert  de  Forteye, 
who  was  witness  to  a  deed  in  1298,'  has  left  a  memorial  of  himself  in 
Forty  Field  (4  ac,  T,M.  696),  which  lies  due  south  of  Brook  House. 
When  we  turn  to  the  place-names  we  find  that  a  certain  number 
of  them,  in  one  form  or  another,  are  still  extant  in  the  parish ;  or 
were  so,  at  least,  when  the  Tithe  Commutation  Award  was  drawn  up. 
Bochurst  is,  of  course,  Buckhurst ;  but  in  its  older  and  more  correct 
form,  which  reveals  the  fact  that  it  was  a  wood  held  by  boc  (book)  or 
charter.  Roughly  speaking,  Monkhams,  Monken  Buckhurst,  was 
the  Abbot's  land :  where  precisely  Koriells  was,  nothing  remains  to 
shew.  Cacehares,  or  Cacchhares,  has  passed,  by  the  familiar  process 
of  popular  etymology,  into  Catch  Hares,  which  lies  behind  the 
house  known  as  Broom  Hill,  some  five  hundred  yards  from  West 
Hatch  and  on  the  other  side  of  the  main  road.  It  contains  12  acres, 
and  is  No.  705  on  the  Tithe  Map.  Hither  Mawkins  and  Mawkins 
Grove  {T,M.  140,  151)  lie  south-west  of  Brook  House;  and  Rose 
Bridge  Field  {T,M.  591-2)  is  half  way  down  Vicarage  Lane.  *The 
landholders  of  John  Taylors '  is  a  curious  phrase ;  but  I  rather 
incline  to  think  that  what  is  still  known  as  *Tailours'  is  meant,  and, 
if  so,  the  name  goes  a  long  way  back.  For  already  in  the  thirteenth 
century  there  was  a  landholder  variously  called  John  de  Chichewell, 
tailor,  John  Tailor  (Cissor)  de  Chigwell,  and  John  Tutprest,  le 
Taylour,  who  was  evidently  a  man  of  substance,'  and  bent  upon 
investing  it  in  land  there.  Tailours  belonged  at  one  time  to  the 
Maltasses,  or  Malthus  family,  from  whom  came  the  famous  writer 
on  Population.*  It  is  possible  that  other  names,  which  failed  to 
secure  a  place  in  the  Tithe  Award,  still  live  on  the  lips  of  the  older 
village-folk,  and  some  Chigwell  reader  may  be  able  to  supply  them. 


^   Partic.  /or  Grants  :  2  Edw.  VI.— Whitehouse  and  Bayley ;  and  also  Golding  and  Cely. 
'^   Cat.  Anc.  Dteds,  i.  b  692,  974. 

^  Harl.  MS.  4,809  (Luketon:  lU.,  liv.,  Ivi.).   Tutprest  suggests   Tout  prtt,  as  though  one  should 
say  *  John  Reach-me-down.* 
♦  Bppitig  Fornl:  Proc.  0/ Commissiorurs  (1871-3).  Hi.  ai4io. 


278  chigwell:  a  rental 

II. 
Concerning  some  Chigwell  Placc-natnes. 

The  last  instalment  of  the  Feet  of  Fines  for  Essex  contains  one  of 
unusual  length  and  interest,  but  in  this  note  only  a  single  aspect 
of  it  can  be  commented  on.*  A  glance  at  the  Ordnance  Map  of  the 
district  (25in.  scale)  reveals  a  bifurcation  of  the  river  Roding,  just 
below  the  White  Bridge  which  affords  pedestrians  a  means  of  com- 
munication between  Chigwell  and  Loughton.  Near  by,  in  Little 
Hall  Field,  is  the  ancient  moated  site  on  which,  in  all  probability, 
the  first  manor-house  of  Chigwell  stood.  The  watercourse,  which 
travels  first  west  and  then  southwards  until  it  rejoins  the  river, 
extends  for  some  three-quarters  of  a  mile,  enclosing  a  considerable 
area.  For  the  first  part  of  its  course  it  forms  the  south-west  limit 
of  a  field  which,  abutting  north-east  on  Alderton  (Alewarton)  or 
Common  Mead,  lies  partly  in  one  parish  and  partly  in  the  other,  the 
lx)undary  being  undefined  This  field  is  called  Spital  Mead,  and  of 
the  name  the  Fine  in  question  seems  to  give  us  the  origin.* 

A  difference  of  opinion  had  apparently  arisen  between  the  Abbot 
of  Waltham,  lord  of  Luketon  and  Alewarton,  and  William  le  Breton, 
lord  of  Chigwell,  as  to  the  rights  of  common  in  their  respective 
manors,  which  each  had,  I  suppose,  pur  cause  de  vicinage.  A  con- 
cession made  by  the  Abbot  was  that  Le  Breton  might  enclose  **  all 
that  part  of  the  wood  which  was  between  the  land  of  the  Hospital  of 
S*-  Giles  and  the  wood  of  the  Abbot  of  Stratford,*'  to  whom  Buckhurst 
had  belonged  since  Richard  de  Munfichet  gave  it  to  the  monks — 
Monkhams,  people  call  it  now ;  then  it  was  Monken  Bochurst.  All 
this  happened  in  1240,  rather  more  than  a  century  after  Matilda, 
Queen  of  Henry  I.,  had  founded  outside  London  her  hospital  for 
lepers,  dedicated  to  St.  Giles.  A  chartulary  of  the  possessions  of 
the  Brethren,  compiled  in  the  year  1400,"*  contains  no  mention  of  any 
land  in  Chigwell,  whence  we  may  perhaps  infer  that  it  had  passed 
by  purchase  or  exchange  into  the  hands  of  neighbouring  owners. 

An  earlier  incidental  notice  of  the  ownership  is  found  in  a  docu- 
ment of  1 1 76,  when  the  Brethren  of  the  Hospital  of  St.  Giles  were 
fined  2s.  3^.  for  an  ancient  purpresture  in  Chigwell  ;*  but  no  reference 
to  it  occurs  in  the  grant  of  their  possessions  made  to  Lord  Dudley 
in    1544.      Their   connection  with  the  parish  appears,  however,  in 


1   Essex  Fines,  pp.  127  8  (659J. 

-   Chif:;u<ell  Tithe  Award.    A  part  is  called  Spiial  Mew;  but  prol»ably  in  error. 

^   Harl.  A/S.  4.015. 

^    Chap.  Ho.  Fnt.  Rolls:  Box  2  (x  , 


AND    SOME    PLACE-NAMES.  279 

another  interesting  gift  which  is  fully  recorded.  On  July  5th  1297, 
Richard  de  Chigewelle,  citizen  of  London,  gave  to  John  de  Bereden, 
joygnour  (joiner)  of  London,  in  free  marriage  with  Alice,, his  bride, 
his  tenement  next  within  Holborn  Bar,  with  a  shop  next  the  gate 
there,  they  to  pay  him  yearly  a  rose  on  St.  John  Baptist's  day,  and 
to  the  Hospital  of  St.  Giles  6s.  ^d.  sterling.  Of  this  document  Sir 
John  Bretun,  knight,  then  warden  (custos)  of  the  city  of  London, 
was  a  witness,  with  several  others,  including  the  Sheriffs,  and  the 
Alderman  of  the  Ward.  * 

The  water-course  already  alluded  to,  figures  in  the  Fine  as  the 
riparia  scissa — the  Cut,  as  we  should  say ;  and  a  relic  of  *  the  wood 
called  Kocheshal '  was  preserved  at  any  rate  until  1727,  when  a  plan 
of  *  Luxborough  and  Cocksalls  *  was  made. "  The  latter  abutted 
on  the  main  road,  perhaps  nearly  opposite  to  the  Manor  House. 
Mention  of  this  last  reminds  one  that,  towards  the  close  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  when  Chapman  and  Andre's  maps  were  made, 
it  was  known  as  The  Bowling  Green ;  and  it  was  there  that  Sir 
Harry  Hickes  died  on  October  28th  i755.*  The  house  changed  its 
name  after  the  lords  ceased  to  inhabit  it.  By  an  odd  coincidence 
there  is,  at  the  other  end  of  the  parish,  a  house  called  Bowls. 

South-east  of  Spital  Mead  we  have  Lady  Mead,  which  some 
interpret  as  Law-day  Mead,  or  the  mead  in  which  a  court  was  held  ; 
then  Thompsons  Lops;  and  then,  abutting  on  Back  Lane,  inter- 
sected by  the  railway,  and  now  in  part  built  upon,  Great  and  Little 
Slap  Bang.  These  essentially  modern  titles  appear  to  be  a  corrupted 
form  of  Slapam  (Slapham),  which  figures  in  a  grant  made  by  Simon, 
son  of  Warine  de  la  Bokhirst,  somewhere  about  1300.*  To  the 
north  of  all  these  we  find  Plucketts,  a  name  extending  over  a  wood 
and  several  fields.  Its  origin  may  be  traced  to  Nicholas  Ploket,  of 
London,  who  in  1366  demised  to  John  W'yndhill,  certain  lands,  etc, 
in  the  vills  of  Chekewell  and  Berkyng. ' 


»  Harl.  MS.  4,015, /o.  130;  and  Parton  :  Hospital  and  Parish  0/ St.  GiUs-in4h4-Fi*Uis  (1822). 

2  Brit.  Mns, :  /fX.,  xlii- 31.  4''- 

•*  G.E.C.:  Compute  Baronetane,  i. 

*  if  or/.  A/S.  4,809, /o.  19. 

^  Cat.  Am.  Deeih,  I.,  B969. 


INVENTORIES    OF 
ESSEX    MONASTERIES    IN     1536. 

BY    R.    C.    FOWLER. 

Twelve  Essex  monasteries  fell  at  the  dissolution  of  1536.  One  of 
these,  the  Augustinian  priory  of  St.  Botolph  at  Colchester,  was 
granted,  with  all  its  goods,  to  Sir  Thomas  Audeley  on  26th  May, 
and  we  are  not  here  concerned  with  it.  The  others  were  the 
Cistercian  abbey  of  Tiltey;  the  Premonstratensian  abbey  of  Bee- 
leigh  ;  the  Benedictine  priories  of  Earls  Colne,  Hatfield  Peverel, 
Hatfield  Regis,  and  Castle  Hedingham;  the  Cluniac  priory  of 
Prittlewell;  and  the  Augustinian  priories  of  Berden,  Dunmow,  Leighs 
and  Thremhall.  The  abbot  and  convent  of  Tiltey  surrendered  their 
house  on  28th  February,  but  were  temporarily  re-instated.  Leighs 
priory  was  granted  to  Richard  Ryche  on  25th  May,  but  the  goods 
belonging  to  it  were  not  included  in  the  grant. 

These  eleven  houses  were  visited  on  various  days  in  June  by  four 
royal  commissioners,  Sir  John  Seyntclere,  Humfrey  Browne,  serjeant 
at  law,  Francis  Jobson  and  Thomas  Mildmay;  and  formal  inven- 
tories of  the  goods,  cattle  and  plate  belonging  to  them  were  taken, 
which  are  now  preserved  at  the  Public  Record  Office  in  the  form  of 
a  paper  book,  bound  in  parchment,  under  the  reference  K.R., 
Church  Goods,  12/33.  The  pages  are  between  16  and  17  inches  long 
and  6  inches  broad.  All  the  inventories  are  in  good  condition  except 
the  second ;  the  first  part  of  this  has  been  torn  out,  but  it  clearly 
relates  to  Tiltey.  It  is  signed  by  Margaret,  marchioness  of  Dorset. 
The  Leighs  inventory  is  signed  by  the  commissioners,  and  each  of 
the  other  nine  by  the  head  of  the  house.  A  duplicate  of  the 
Beeleigh  inventory,  signed  by  the  commissioners,  is  also  preserved 
under  the  reference  K.K.,  Church  Goods,  10/25. 

It  will  be  convenient  to  summarise  the  inventories  in  Arabic 
notation  and  also  to  add  the  net  incomes  of  the  houses  as  given  in 
the  Valor  Ecclesiasticus  of  1535  : — 


Dunmow. 

Hedingham. 

Colne. 

Beeleigh. 

Thremhall. 

C    s-   d. 

£    s.   d. 

£    s.    d. 

£    s.    d. 

£     s.    d. 

Goods 

83  10    8 

21  14    7 

89    I    4 

74  18  10 

17     2     3 

Cattle 

19  16    2 

9  17    2 

694 

31  15    0 

8  10     4 

Corn 

62     I     4 

17  II    4 

17  18    4 

14    3     8 

14  16     8 

Debts      . 

nil. 

nil. 

nil 

32  II     2 

II      0  11 

Total       . 

.     165     8     2 

.     150     i     4 

49     3     I 

113    9    0 

153     8     8 
157  16  "J 

51    10     2 

Income    . 

29  12  10 

156  12    4i 

60  xS     7i 

INVENTORIES   OF   ESSEX    MoNASTEftlES.  281 

Hatfield  Hatfield 

Berden.  Regis.  Prittlewell.  Leighs.  Peverel. 


i    5.   d. 

£    s. 

d. 

£     s.    d. 

£    s.    d. 

£    s.    d. 

Goods      .. 

772 

42     3 

I 

I 10  18     0 

24     3     4 

39  18  II 

Cattle      . . 

268 

7    5 

8 

38  14     0 

II  15     0 

21  II     6 

Corn 

nil 

16  16 

8 

27    17      2 

100 

400 

Debts 

nil. 

'4  10 

0 

600 

nil. 

93    6    8 

Total       ..        9  13  10  70  15    5        183    92  36  18    4        158  17    I 


Income    ..       29    6    4^      122  13    2J      135  11     2}      114     14  60  14  11 

The  income  of  Tiltey  was  ;f  167  2i.  6d. 

The  large  amount  of  arrears  due  to  Hatfield  Peverel  is  perhaps 
explained  by  the  fact  that  it  was  a  cell  of  the  abbey  of  St.  Albans, 
and  the  accounts  of  the  two  houses  may  have  become  mixed.  It 
will  be  seen  that  Prittlewell  was  richest  in  goods  and  cattle  and 
Dunmow  in  corn,  while  Berden  was  much  the  poorest. 

Two  other  paper  books,  relating  to  all  the  above  houses  except 
Hatfield  Peverel,  are  worth  notice  in  this  connection ;  although  to 
print  them  would  involve  much  needless  repetition.  The  three  books 
are,  however,  not  always  in  agreement.  K.R.,  Church  Goods,  12/32, 
entitled  "  The  boke  of  sale,"  is  a  fair  copy  of  detailed  lists  of  the 
goods  sold  and  the  plate.  K.R.,  Church  Goods,  12/31,  contains 
detailed  lists  of  the  goods  sold  and  the  total  values  of  the  plate. 
It  also  contains  detailed  lists  of  the  debts  owing  by  and  to  the 
various  houses;  and  memoranda  of  the  total  sums  paid  at  the 
dissolution,  presumably  in  expenses  and  gratuities.  A  summary  of 
these  is  as  follows  : — 


Debts 

Debts                     Sums 

owed  by. 

owing  to.                  paid. 

£     5.    d. 

£    s.    d.              £     5.    d. 

Hatfield  Regis 

167  16     0 

4  10    0             II     3    9 

Prittlewell 

nil. 

600              6  16    8 

Dunmow 

25    8    0 

nil.                21  18    4 

Berden 

3    9    5 

nil.                  450 

Leighs . . 

32    3  loi 

nil.                  8  18     I 

Thremhall 

3  13    8 

nil.                 9     I     8 

Colne  .. 

15  13    9 

200            15  12     8i 

Hedingham   • 

8    y  II 

nil       i         ^°  '5  10 
'"'■      (and    3    6    8 

Beeleigh 

121  18     4 

32  II     2             18  13     8 

Tiltey  .. 

126  13  II 

nil.                 12     4    0 

The  following  is  a  transcript  of  the  inventories  referred  to  above 
the  simpler  contractions  having  been  extended. 


282 


DUNMOWE 
PRIORATUS. 


Remaynynge 
with  the 
commissioners. 

Sold. 

Sold. 
Sold. 
Sold. 


Sold 


Sold. 
Sold. 

Sold. 
Sold. 


Sold 


INVENTORIES    OF    ESSEX    MONASTERIES. 

DUNMOW. 

An  inventory  indentyd  made  the  iiide  daye  of  June  anno 
xxviiivo  regis  Henrici  Octavi  betwene  Sir  John  Seyntclere  knyght 
Humffrey  Browne  seriaunt  at  lawe  Fraunces  Jobson  and  Thomas 
Myldemaye  commissioners  to  the  kynge  our  soverayne  lorde 
one  thone  partie  and  Gefferey  Shether  prior  ther  one  thother 
par  tie  wytnessith  that  the  same  commissioners  have  delyvered 
to  the  said  prior  the  daye  and  yere  above  wrytten  theise  parcells 
of  stuff  herafter  in  this  present  inventory  conteyned  and  sp)eci6ed 
safley  to  be  kept  to  thuse  and  behove  of  our  said  soverayne 
lorde.  Videlicet 

In  the  Quyre. 
,  Furste  a  pixe  of  sylver  parcel!  gilte  poiz.  xiii. 
)      oz.  di.  oz.  at  the  oz. 

I  Item  a  canape  over  the  sacrement  hoped  with 

iii.  hopes  of  sylver  worth  by  estimacion      . .  xxd 

Item  a  table  for  the  high   alter  gilte  of  Our 

Lady  the  Assump)cion  praysed  at  . .  cs. 

Item  ii.  alter  clothes  of  dyaper  praysed  at      . .  nvid 

Item  a  frontlett  for  the  same  aulter  praysed  at  iis.     iiiii 

Item  a  nether  hangynge  of  redd  for  an  alter 

praysed  at  . .  ...  xiid 

Item  ii.  cosshenes  for  the  high  aulfer  at         . .  in\d 

Item  a  ffoot  of  cooper  for  a  crosse  to  stand 

one  praysed  at  . .  . .  I'uid 

Item  ii.  alter  clothes  for  one  of  the  chapter 

aulters  praysed  at     . .  . .  vid 

Item  a  vestment  of  blacke  wosted  with  flowres 

praysed  at  xxi. 

Item  iiii.  standerdes  of  latten  before  the  high 

aulter  praysed  at       . .  . .  . .  xxiiis.      iiiii. 

Item   xxi.   books  wrytten    in   parchement   of 

dy verse  sorts  praysed  alle  together  at  ..  liiis.      iiiii. 

Item   the    same  quyre    hangid   with   steyned 

worke  praysed  at       . .  . .  xiid. 

Item  a  payer  of  organes  praysed  at  . .  xs.         xi 

Summa     . .     ixli.  xvj.  iid. 

In  Our  Lady  Chappell. 
Item  opon  the  alter  ther  ii.   alter  clothes  of 

dyaper  praysed  at     . .  \iid 

Item  ii.  hangyngs  of  steyned  worke  praysed  at  yj^ 

Item  an  olde  vestmont  of  fustyan  opon   the 

same  aulter  praysed  at  . .  xvW 

Item  a  sacrynge  bell  at  irf 

Summa  iis.  x\d. 

In  Seynt  John  Chappell. 
Item  one  aulter  cloth  of  dyaper  at  . .  viiii. 

Item   a  vestment    of   blew    course    chamlett 
praysed  at  . .  . .  . .  iis 

Item  a  towell  for  the  same  aulter  praysed  at. ,  jj^ 

Summa     . .     iis.  xd, 


] 


INVENTORIES    OF    ESSEX    MONASTERIES. 


283 


Sold. 

Tho  vestment  given 
to  the  parisshc  of 
Lytell  Diinmowe  and 
the  rest  sold  for  X5. 

Sold. 


Sold. 


Sold. 
All  sold. 

Sold. 

Sold 

Sold. 

Ye  white  sold 

and  the  red  sold. 

Sold. 

One  of  them 

sold. 


Remaynynge 
with  the 
commissioners. 


In  the  Vestery. 
Item  a  vestment  of  blake  satten  with  a  crosse 

of  whit  damaske  at  . . 
Item  a  vestment  of  old  redd  cloth  of  bawde- 

kyn    with   deacon    and   subdeacone   to  the 

same  at    . . 
Item  a  vestment  of  olde  blewe  cloth  of  bawde- 

kyn    with    deacon    and    subdeacon    to    the 

same  at    . . 
Item  a  vestment  of  whit  sylke  with  deacon  and 

subdeacon  to  the  same  at 
Item  a  suyt  of  vestments  with  ii.  copes  very 

sore  worne  of  coper  bawdekyne  praysed  at . . 
Item  a  cope  of  blacke  worsted  with  floures  at 
Item  iii.  copes  of  blewe  bawdekynes  one  with 

swanes  and  ii.  with  peycokfethers  praysed  at 
Item  a  cope  of  the  armes  of  Englond  and  of 

Fraunce  praysed  at  . . 
Item  a  cope  of  olde  redd  sarsnett  with  stripes 

of  gold  praysed  at     . . 
Item  a  cope  of  grene  and  purple  praysed  at   . . 
Item  ii.  olde  coopes  ore  whit  and  another  of 

whit  and  redd  praysed  at 
Item  an  olde  blewe  cope  at 
Item  ii.  vestments  of  white  fustyan  for  I^nt 

praysed  at 
Item  a  crosse  of  sylver  parcell  gilt  with  iiii. 

Evangelysts  with  the  pomell  poz.  xxxiiii.  oz. 

at  iiis.  viiirf.  and  Jhus  Cristus  one  the  back- 

syde 
Item  one  chalyce  parcell  gilte  newe  made  with 

a  crucifixe  with  a  M  one  the  fot  poz.  xiiii. 

oz.  at  iiis.  uiid.  the  oz. 
Item  one  chalyce  of  sylver  parcell  gilt  with  a 

crucifixe  one  the  fot  with  flowres  poz.  xiiii. 

oz.  i.  qrt.  at  lyke  price 
Item  a  chalice  gilte  wrytten  alx>ute  the  same 

calicem    etc.    poz.  xx.   oz     iii    qrt.   at   iiis. 

the  oz.     . . 
Item  ii.  candelstyks  of  sylver  parcell  gilte  the 

foote  and  the  hede  belly  poz.  Iii.  oz.  at  iiis 

iiiii/.  the  oz.  . .  . .  . .  viii// 

Item   a  senser  of    sylver    parcell    gilte  with 

lyberdes  hedes  gilte  poz.  xxxii.  at  iiis. 

iiii//.  lyke  price 
Item  a  shepe  for  sence  with  a  spone  of  sylver 

parcell  gilte  poz.  iiii.  oz.  di.  oz.  at  iiis.  iiiiii. 

the  oz.    . . 
Item  a  texte  covered  with  plate  of  sylver  and 

gilt   with   the  crucifixe  of  Mary   and   Jhu 

praysed  at 


XX  vis. 

xs. 


xxs. 

iis. 


viiirf 


iiis 

iiud 

iis. 

iiiirf 

vs. 

iiis. 

iiis.     iiii^. 


vi//.    iii  is.    viii</. 


xlvis.    yiiid. 


xlviis.       v'ui 


iiii/i. 


virf. 


xiis.    viiid. 


cvis.    viiirf. 


284 

Sold. 


ii.  payar  sold. 
Solde. 


Sold. 
Sold. 
Sold. 
Sold. 
Sold. 

Sold. 

Sold. 

Sold. 

Sold. 

Sold  ii.  skewers. 

One  sold. 

Sold. 

Sold. 
Sold. 
Sold. 
Sold. 

Sold. 

StoUen. 

Sold. 


Sold. 


Sold. 


Sold. 


Sold. 


INVBNTORrES   OF   ESSEX   MONASTERIES. 

Item  ii.  stones  for  the  aulter  called  superal tares 

praysed  at 
Item  iiii.  corporas  cases  at 
Item  vi.  cruetts  of  pewter  at 
Item  a  crosse  cloth  of  sylk  of  the  Assumpcion 

of  our  Lady  at 
Item  a  candelstyk  of  latten  praysed  at 


yid 
virf. 

xiii. 
jiiid. 


Summa 


xxxvili.  xviiis.  iiix^. 


In  the  kechynb. 

Item  xiii.  olde  platters  of  pewter  praysed  at  . .  iiis.     iiiii. 

Item  vi.  porrengers  at. .                 . .                 . .  xijd. 

Item  iiii.  other  old  porrengers  at  . .                . .  viiii. 

Item  iiii.  olde  sawsers  at                                  . .  v\d. 
Item  vi.  platters  vi.  dysshes  and  v.  sawsers  of 

new  vessell  prajrsed  at                . .                . .  vis.    viiid. 

Item  ii.  frying  pannes  at                                  . .  viiid. 

Item  vi.  ketells  of  brasse  at                              . .  vis.    viud. 

Item  a  brasse  pott  at   . .                                   . .  xxi. 

Item  ii.  skylletts  at       ..                 ..                ..  xvid. 

Item  ii.  ladells  and  ii.  skewers  praysed  at      . .  vid. 

Item  iii.  spitts  praysed  at               . .                 . .  iii5. 

Item  an  olde  panne  of  brasse                           . .  vid 

Item  a  panne  of  lead    . .                 . .                . .  iiis.     iiiii. 

Item  a  gredyerne  of  yorne                               . .  xiii. 

Item  a  trevett  at          . .                 . .                . .  viiid. 

Item  ii.  rostyng  racks  of  yorne  at. .                . .  iiis. 

Item  a  great  barre  of  yorne  with  pothangyngs  at  iiis.     iiiii. 

Item  a  great  stone  morter  at         . .                . .  vs. 

Item  a  morter  of  brasse  with  a  pestell  praysed  at  vid. 

Item  a  boylynge  lead  at                  . .                 . .  iiis.     iiiii. 

Item  a  lytell  stone  morter  at         . .                 . .  viiid. 

Summa     ..     xlvs.  viiii. 

In  the  covent  parlor. 

i  Item  ii.  tables  praysed  at                . .                 . .  viiii. 

I  Item  the  hangyng  of  the  same  parlor  praysed  at  xvii. 

(  Item  ii.  coberds  and  ii.  formes      . .                . .  iiiii. 
Summa     ..     lis.  iiiii. 

In  the  covent  halle. 

i  Item  the  hangyng  of  the  same  halle  praysed  at  xiii 

{  Item  iii.  tables  and  iii.  formes  at  . .                .  •  xvii. 
Summa     . .     iis.  iiiii. 

In  the  buttery. 

Item  a  table  cloth  of  dyaper  praysed  at          . .  iis.     iiiii. 

Item  iiii.  pleyne  tableclothes  praysed  at        . .  xxi. 

Item  viii.  pleyne  napkynes  praysed  at             .'.  viiii. 

Item  iiii.  towles  pleyne  at              . .                 . .  viiii. 

Item  a  bason  and  an  ewer  at         . .                 . .  iis. 

Item  iii.  chafynge  dysshes  praysed  at             . .  iis. 

Item  a  latten  bason  at. .                . .                . .  iiiii 

Item  iii.  candelstyks  of  latten        . .                . .  vii. 


i 


INVENTORIES   OF   ESSEX    MONASTERIES. 


285 


Remaynynge 
with  the 
commissioners. 


f  Item  a  salt  of  sylver  parcell  gilt  poz.  x.  oz.  di. 

at  iiis.  iiiit^.  the  oz.    ..  ..  ..  xxxi5.    viii^. 

Item  X.  spones  of  sylver  poz.  vi.  oz.  di.  iii.  qrt. 

at  iii5.  mid.  the  oz     . .  . .  . .  xxii5.       lid 

Item  a  nutt  garnysshed   with  sylver  with  a 

cover  of  silver  praysed  at  . .  . .  xvs. 

Item  iii.  masers  hoped  with  silver  praysed  at  xis.    viiirf. 

Summa     ..     iiii//.  xs.  viiitf. 


Sold. 
Not  sold. 

Sold. 


The  fatts  sold. 


Spent. 


In  the  bakhowsse. 

Item  a  horsse  mylle  praysed  at     . . 

Item  ii.  knedynge  troughes  at  . . 
I  Item  a  panne  to  make  grout  at  . . 
\  Item  a  trevett  at 

Item   ii.   great    bruynge    leades    praysed    by 
estimacion  at  . .  . .        * 

Item  a  cestrne  of  leade  praysed  by  estimacion  at 

Item  an  olde  messhinge  fatte 

Item  ii.  yelynge  fatts  and  iiii.  kelers 

Item  a  ledc  to  waiter  in  barley 

Itemxv.  sealme  malte  at  vs.  the  quarter         . .  iiii//, 

Summa     ..     xii//.  xviiis.  iirf. 


y'md 

\i\d 

vid. 

cs. 

xxvis. 

\md. 

xiiid. 

V5. 

xxvis. 

v'md. 

.      VIS. 

viiirf. 

Alle  spent. 

Spent  with  the 
cart  horsse. 
Spent  in  the 
howsse 

Sold. 

The  doDf^e  carte  sold 
and  the  cart  sold. 
Sold. 
Sold. 

Sold.  { 

Sold.  I 

One  spent  and 
the  rest  sold. 

Sold.  { 

Sold.  { 

One  spent  and 
tbother  sold. 


At  the  da  ye  re. 

Item  v.  seme  whete  unthresshed  by  estimacion 

at  x5.  the  seme 
Item   XX.  busshells  of  pease   unthresshed  at 

iiii(/.  the  bushel 
Item  in  the  garner  xxii.  busbhells  of  whet  at 

xvirf.  the  b. 
Item  iiii.  lodes  of  hey  at  ii5.  the  lode 
Item  xii.  horsse  for  the  ploughes  praysed  at  x5.^ 

the  pece  . .  . .  . .  . .    vi/i. 

Item  a  carte  and  a  dong  cart  at     . . 

Item  one  hakeney  horsse  at 

Item  a  mylle  horsse  very  olde  praysed  at 

Item  a  bore  praysed  at 

Item  V.  sowes  at  \\d.  a  pece 

Item  X.  shetes  of  the  gret  sorte  at  xd.  the  pece 

Item  V.  shetes  of  a  nother  sort  at  vid.  the  pece 

Item  vii,  kyne  at  viiis.  the  pece     . . 

Item  iii.  eflfekers  at  vs.  the  pece    . . 

Item  a  buUe  praysed  at 

Item  xxxi.  shepe  at  xiid.  the  pece. . 

Item  xiiii.  lambes  at  viiirf.  the  pece 

Item  ii.  steres  praysed  at 

Summa     . .     \ix/f.  wis.  iii. 


vis. 

viiirf. 

xxixs. 

\md 

viiis. 

xiiis. 

mid. 

xiiis. 

iiiii. 

iiis. 

xiiid. 

iiis. 

iiiirf. 

viiis. 

iiiii/ 

viiis. 

iiiirf. 

iis. 

vid. 

Ivis. 

xvs. 

vs. 

xxxis. 

ixs. 

iiiirf. 

xiiis. 

iiiirf. 

286 


INVENTORIES    OF    ESSEX    MONASTERIES. 


In  the  greate 
chambre. 


In  the  osterv  chambers. 

y  Item    the    hangynge  of    the   same    chamber 
praysed  at 
Item  one  tester  of  yellowe  blew  praysed  at    . . 
Item  a  ferbed  and  a  mattras  praysed  at 
Item  ii.  blanketts  of  wolle  at 
Item   ii.   pyllowes    with    their   pillowe    beres 

praysed  at 
Item  a  cover lett  of  tapestry  very  olde  at 
^  Item  a  table  and  a  chayr  at 

Summa     ..     xiis.  \d. 


xvirf. 

vi5.    x-iiid. 

iiiii/. 


Sold. 


Sold. 


In  the  chapple  chambre. 
Item    the    hangyng    of    the    same    chambre 


praysed  at 

iuid. 

Item  a  testor  for  a  bedd 

vid. 

Item  a  fetherbed  a  bolster  ii.  pillowes  a  payer 

of  blanketts  a  coverlett  praysed  all  at 

xiiis.     iiii</ 

Summa     . .     xiiiis.  iirf. 

In  the  servants  chamber. 

Item  ii.  fetherbedes 

viiis. 

Item  ii  bolsters 

viiitf 

Item  a  payer  of  blanketts 

iiiiif. 

Item  ii.  coverletts  praysed  at 

wid. 

Item  ii.  testers  for  the  same  bedes  at 

viiid. 

Item  one  matteras  at   . . 

xiiid. 

Summa     . .     xiis.  iirf. 

Sold. 


In  the  parlor. 

Item  the   same    parlor  hangid   with  steyned 

worke  praysed  at       . .                 . .                 . .  iiis.     iiiid. 

Item  a  coberde  of  weynscott  praysed  at          . .  vis.    viiirf. 

Item  a  table  a  payre  of  trestylls  and  ii.  formes  at  wd. 

Item  a  carpett  for  the  same  table  at                . .  vd. 
Summa     . .     xiis.  \d. 


In  the  chamber  over  the  parlor. 

Item  hangyngs  for  the  same  chambre  praysed  at 
Item  ii.  payer  of  almone  ryvetts  at 

Summa     . .     xis.  iiii^. 


xvii. 


Sold. 


Napery. 

Item  iiii.  payer  of  shetes  belongyng  to  the 
chambers  praysed  at 

Summa     . .     iiis. 


iiis. 


In  a  ffelu  called  Berfeld 

Sold  to  my  lorde  xx 

of  Sussex.  Item  vi,  ml  of  bryck  in  a  keli  praysed  at 


,  xiii//.     vi3.    viiirf 


INVENTORIES    OF    ESSEX    MONASTERIES. 


287 


Summa  ciiili.  vis.  \d.  unde 

XX 

rem'  clare  iiii  iii/i.  xs.  viiirf. 


catall  xix/f.  xvis.  iirf.     ^    xx 


corne  Ixii/i.  xvid. 
Totalis  clxv/r  viiis.  iirf. 


I 


iiii  i//.  xviis.  vi^. 


Memorandum  that  we  William  Hernerde  of  Northende  and  Thomas  Wyseman 
of  the  same  dwellynge  within  the  parisshe  of  Waltehamc  in  the  countie  of  Essex 
husbondmen  have  receyved  of  the  kyngs  commissioners  the  xiith  daye  of  July 
anno  xxviiivo  Regis  Henrici  octavi  alle  the  parcells  of  stuff  here  before  in  this 
present  inventory  conteyned  whiche  ben  not  titled  in  the  hede  sold  to  be  safly 
kept  to  thuse  of  our  said  soverayne  lorde.  In  wytnes  wherof  we  the  same 
William  Bernerde  and  Thomas  Wyseman  have  signed  this  byll  with  our  hands 
the  daye  and  yere  above  wrytten. 

per  me     Wyllyam  Bamarde. 
per  me    Thomas  Wysseman. 


[TiLTEY.j 


iii.  sold. 

Sold. 
Sold 

Sold. 
Sold. 


ill.  copes  sold 
with  the  deacone 
and  suhiieacone. 

Sold. 


suM 

Item  xxix.  pec 

praysed  at 
Item  a  vestment  of  white  damaske  at 
Item  a  vestment  of  white  sarsnett  with  deacone 

and  subdeacone  to  the  same  at . . 
Item  a  vestment  of  grene  velvett  at 
Item   a   vestment   of  grene   bawdekyne  with 

deacone    and     subdeacone    to    the    same 

praysed  at 
Item  a  cope  of  blewe  damaske  with  deacone 

and  subdeacone  to  the  same  praysed  at 
Item  iii.   copes  of  sylke   wrought  with   bests 

of   golde   deacone   and   subdeacone   to   the 

same 
Item  one  other  cope  of  braunched  sylke  purple 

praysed  at 


vis. 

viiirf 

xiis. 

xiiis. 

iiiirf. 

xiiis. 

iii'-rf 

Sold. 


I  Item  vi.  basones  of  latten  at 
<  Item  vi.  candelstycks  of  latten 

Summa 


xii^. 

xii^. 


288 


INVENTORIES   OF    ESSEX   MONASTERIES. 


Sold. 


Sold. 
Sold. 

Ponderan'  Ixix. 
poundes  at  Md.  ob. 
ihe  lb.  xiils.  Hid. 
ob.  sold. 

Sold. 


In  the  kbchyne. 
'  Item  ii.  brasse  potts     . . 

Item  ii.  ketells  praysed  at 

Item  ii.  pannes  at 

Item  iii.  spitts  at 

Item  ii.  payer  of  pottehooks  at 

Item  a  payer  of  aundyornes  of  yome  at 
\  Item  a  colender  of  latten  at 

Item  a  brasen  morter  and  a  pestell  of  yorne  at 

Item  xvi.  platters  of  olde  fasshion  pewter  at  . 

Item  X.  pewter  dysshes  at 

Item  X.  sawsers  at        . . 

Item  an  olde  charger  of  pewter     . . 

Item  a  ladell  of  latten  a  fflesshe  hooke  of  yorne 
and  a  beame  of  yorne  at 

Summa     ..     xxs.  iiud. 


U15. 

iis. 


11115. 

iis. 


xiii. 
iiiii. 

iii^. 
xvid. 

iid. 


xii^. 

iiii^. 


Sold. 


Resp'  valuat' 

quousque 

ponderantur. 


Sold. 
Sold. 
Sold. 


In  THK  ABBOTTS 
DYNYNGE  CHAMBER. 

/Item  the  hangynes  of  grene  and  redde  saye 
a  table  a  carpett  of  gaunt  worke  ii.  lytell 
carpetts  of  the  same  for  a  coberde  and  a 
counter  of  weynescotte  at 
Item  a  bason  and  an  ewer  of  pewter  at 
'  Item  V.  cosshenes  of  carpett  worke 
;  Item  ii.  torned  chayers  at 
Item  a  payer   of    tonges    and  a  ffyre  forke 
praysed  at 

Summa     ..     vis.  virf. 

In  the  gestbn  chamber. 

Item  the  hangyngs  of  steyned  worke  a  ffether- 
bed  and  a  bolster  a  coverlett  and  a  pillowe  at 

I  In  the  servaunts  chamber. 

I  Item  a  lytell  ffetherbedd  a  bolster  and  an  olde 
\     coverlett . . 


iiiirf. 

viiirf. 

xiicf. 

v\d 

xiii/. 


vis.    viiid 


iiii^ 


In  the  brewhowsse. 

Item  ii.  great  bras.se  potts  hangen  in  a  furnes  Pertinent  domine 

praysed  at                   . .                  . .                  . .  marchionisse. 

Item  one  lessor  pott  of  brasse  at  . .                 . .  or  inferius. 

Item  ii.  brewynge  fatts                    . .                  . .  Nil  quia  pertinent 

domine  marchionisse. 

In  the  churchb. 

Item  vi.  peyer  of  lytell  candelstyks  of  latten  at  iis.     iiiiif 

Item  a  payer  of  great  latten  staunderdes  at    . .  vis.    viiirf 

Item  a  payer  of  organes  at            . .                 . .  xxxiiis.     iiiirf 

Item  iiii.  tables  of  alabaster  praysed  at          . .  xs. 
Summa    .,     Uis.  iiiirf. 


INVENTORIES    OF    ESSEX    MONASTERIES. 


289 


Sold. 


Remanet. 


In  the  larder. 

,  Item  xvi.  cople  of  saltfysshes  at   . .  . .  vi5.    viiid. 

I  Item  viii.  cople  of  lyngis  praysed  at  . .  xs. 

I  Item  ii.  almeres  one  with  har  and  another  of 

plate  with  holies  at  . .  . .  . .  iiis. 

Summa     . .     xixs.  viiid. 

In  the  seller. 

Item  dy verse  parcells  of  lead  remaynynge  in 
the  seller  that  covered  the  stalls  that  the 
here  leyed  on  poz.     . .  . .  . .         dcvi  lb 


Summa 


xiii/i.  Mis.  xd. 


Hbnyngham 
AD  Castrum. 


Sold. 


Castle  Hedingham. 

An  inventory  indentyd  made  the  xiiith  day  of  June  anno 
xxviiivo  regis  Henrici  Octavi  betwene  Sir  John  Seynclere  knyght 
Humfrey  Browne  seriaunte  at  the  lawe  Frauncis  Jobson  and 
Thomas  Myldemay  comissioners  to  the  kynge  our  soverayne 
lorde  one  thone  parte  and  Mary  Banbroke  prioresse  ther  one 
the  other  partie  wytnessith  that  the  same  commissioners  have 
delyvered  the  daye  and  yere  above  said  to  the  said  prioresse 
theise  goodes  and  catalls  hereafter  folowynge  apperteynynge  to 
the  same  howsse  of  Henynghame  safely  to  be  kepte  and  savyd 
to  thuse  and  behovef  of  our  said  soverayne  lorde. 

Videlicet. 
In  the  parlor. 

Furste    the    same    parlor    hangid  with    redd 

praysed  at                 ...                 . .                . .  xvirf. 

Item  a  table  one  payer  of  trestylls  and  a  forme  at  xii^. 

Item  a  carpett  for  the  same  table  at                . .  xxd. 

Item  a  chayer  at                              . .                 . .  iiii<^. 

Summa     . .     iiiis.  iiiirf. 

In  the  buttery. 

Item  vi.  table  clothes  of  pleyne  lynen  cloth  at  vii. 

Item  ii.  corse  pleyne  table  clothes  praysed  at  iiii^. 

Item  v.  candelstyks  of  latten  praysed  at         . .  xiirf. 

Item  ii.  saltes  of  pewter                 . .                 . .  viiid. 

Item  ii.  basones  and  ii,  ewers  at    . .                 . .  xxd. 

Item  ii.  coberde  clothes  and  a  pleyne  towell  . .  viiirf. 
Summa     . .     xs.  iiii(^. 

In  the  kechyne. 

Item  a  garnysshe  of  pewter  vessell  at  . .  xiiis.    \iiid. 

Item  vii.  brasse  potts  great  and  smalle  at       . .  viis. 

Item   ii.  possenetts  and  a  broken   chafiyng- 
dysshe  of  brasse  at  .  ^  , .  , ,  xii<^. 


290  INVENTORIES    OF    ESSEX    MONASTERIES. 

Item  ii.  lytell  morters  of  stone 
Item  a  brasen  morter  at 


viii^. 

xiii. 


Item  a  fryinge  panne  and  ii.  dry  ping  pannes  at  \niii. 

Item  iiii.  spitts  at         ..                 ..                 ..  iis.     iiihi 

Item  one  payer  of  aundiernes  of  yorne  at  iis 

Item  a  gryderne  at        . .                 . .  iiVhi 

Item  iii.  ketelis  at         . .                                   . .  iiis. 

Item  a  ladell  and  a  skewer  iiii</. 

Item  a  tryvett  at           . .                 . .                 . .  \'iiiif. 

Item  iii.  pott  hangells  at                                   . .  i\J, 
Summa     . .     xxxiiiis.  id. 

In  the  bakhowsse  and 
brubhowsse. 

Item  iii.  knedynge  trohes  at  . .  \-i^ 

Item  ii.  tonnes  for  to  bult  in  . .  viiij/. 

Item  ii.   coverynge   mattes  for  to  cover   the 

fatts  at     . .                . .  v\d 

Item  ii.  yelynge  fatts  to  briie  in  at  viiui 

Item  ii.  kelers  and  a  boll  at  . .  vid. 

Item  a  lytell  leade  to  brue  in  at  . .  . .  iiis.     iiiii/ 

Item  one  other  lytell  leade  at  . .  . .  iis. 

Summa  . .  viiis.  iid. 

In  the  dayer  hows.se. 

Item  ii.  tables  at  ..  ..  ..  vid. 

Item  iii.  chese  motes  and  ii.  chese  bredes  at  . .  viJ 

Summa     . .     xiid. 

In  the  hall. 
Item  iiii.  tables  and  iiii.  formes  at  . .  iis.     iiiiJ 

Summa     . .     iis.  iiiirf. 

Napery. 

Item  vi.  payer  of  shetes  at             ..  ..              vis. 

Item  ii  towells  at          . .  riiJ 

Item  a  dyaper  table  cloth  . .               iis. 

Item  ii.  pleyne  table  clothes  at      . .  . .                        xvid. 

Item  one  dosen  of  pleyne  napkynnes  at  . .                iis. 

Item  ii.  towells  one  of  diaper  and  the  other 

pleyne  at                     . .  xiii 

Item  ii.  payer  of  course  shetes  at  . .  . .               iis. 

Summa     . .  xvs.  iiiirf. 

In  the  dortor. 

Item  a  cope  of  blewe  purple  velvett  at            . .  xiiis.  iiiii. 

Sold.                      Item  a  cope  of  whit  damaske  at  . .                  . .  vis.  viiid. 
Sold.                       Item  ii.  banners  for  a  crosse  one  of  steyned 

worke  and  thother  of  grene  sylk  at              . .  iiis.  iiiirf. 

Sold                       Item  ii.  vestments  of  blew  sylk  at                   .,  vis.  viiii 


INVENTORIES  OF  ESSEX  MONASTERIES.  29I 

Sold.  Item  a  vestment  of  whit  damaske  at  . .  xs. 

Item  a  vestment  of  whit  ffustian  with  floures 

of  gold  at  . .  . .  iis. 

Sold.  Item  a  vest  of  redd  damaske  at     . .  vs. 

Sold.  Item  a  vestment  of  old  crymsen  velvett  at     . .  vs. 

Item  an  old  vestment  of  bustian  withoute  an 

able  at     . .  . .  . .  . .  xvi^. 

Item  a  nether  hangyng  of  sylke  for  an  alter  at  xii^. 

Sold.  Item  another  hangynge  for  an  alter  grene  and 

redd  of  satten  of  bridges  at        . .  . .  xvirf. 

Item    a    cloth    for    the    sepulture    with    the 

ffrontlett  of  redd  sylk  at  . .  . .  virf. 

Item  iiii.  sepulcre  clothes  of    sylke  for  the 

sepulcre  at  xxrf. 

Item  ii.  alter  clothes  of  diaper       . .  xvi^. 

Item  vi.  pleyne  clothes  for  an  alter  iis. 

Item  a  payer  of  shetes  for  the  sepulcre  at  iis. 

Item  iii.  pleyne  hand  to  wells         . .  virf. 

Item  iiii.  wasshing  towells  of  course  dyaper  at  xvid. 

Item  iiii.  syrples  at       . .  viiirf. 

Item  iiii.  cororasse  cases  of  sylk  at  . .  v'nid. 

Item  iii.  ffronts  of  sylk  for  an  alter  at  . .  iiis.     iiiirf. 

Item  ii.  maundy  basones  of  latten  and  a  broken 

candelstyk  of  latten  at  . .  xxd. 

Summa     . .     Ixxis.  iiiir/. 

In  the  quyre. 

Sold.  Item  a  table  of  alabaster  . .  iiis.    iiii^. 

Sold.  Item  an  olde  vestment  of  yellowe  and  redd  at  iiis. 

Item  a  coope  of  grene  bawdekyne  at  . .  iis. 

Item  a  nether  hangynge  for  an  alter  at  . .  iuid. 

Item  a  lytell  standerd  of  latten  at . .  . .  xiid. 

Item  a  crosse  of  coper  with  the  banner  and 
staff  to  the  same       . .  . .  . .  xxd. 

One  sold.  I ten>  ii.  masse  books    ..  iis. 

Item  vi.  books  of  parchement  at   . .  iis. 

Summa     . .     xvs.  iiiii. 

At  our  Lady  aulter. 

II tern  a  table  of  alabaster  . .  . .  xxd. 

Item  a  nether  hangyng  for  an  aulter  of  steyned 
work  at    . .  . .  . .  . .  iiii</. 

Summa     . .     iis. 

At  seynt  Bbnetts  aulter. 

Sold.  Item  a  lytell  table  of  alabaster  at . .  . .  xiid. 

Item    an    nether    hangynge    for  an   alter  of 
steyned  work  praysed  at  . .  iid. 

Summa     . .     xiiiic/. 


2g2 


INVENTORIES    OF    ESSEX    MONASTERIES. 


Catalle. 

Item  vii.  kyne  at 

1XX5- 

Item  one  bull  at 

xs. 

Item  ix.  horsse  at 

. .  iiii/i.      xs. 

Item  vii.  shepe  at 

xiis. 

Item  xi.  hoggs  at 

xiiis. 

iind. 

Item  vii.  piggs  at 

xxii^ 

Summa     ..     ix/*.  xviis.  ud. 

Plate. 

Item  a  chalice  gilte  poz.   xxix.   oz.   at   iiiis. 

the  oz.     . . 

ex  vis 

Item  one  other  chalice  gilt 

poz.  xvii.  oz.  at 

iiiis.  the  oz. 

lxviii5. 

Remaynynge 
with  the 
commissioners. 


XX5. 

xxxviiis.  \'\d 

xiiis.  iiiid. 

xiiis.  iiiii 


I  Item  vi.  spones  of  sylver  poz.  vi.  oz.  at  iiis 

/      iiiirf.  the  oz. 

\  Item  ii.  paxes  of  sylver  parcell  poz.  x.  oz.  di 

at  iiis.  vi'nd.  the  oz. . . 
I  Item    ii.   cruetts    of   sylver    poz.   iiii.   oz.   at 
I      iiis.  iiii^.  .  . 
Item  a  boxe  of  sylver  for  the  sacrement  poz. 
iiii.  oz.  at  iiis.  uiid.   .. 

Summa     . .     xiii/f .  ixs.  ii^. 

Summa  Totalis    xxxi/t.  xis.  ix^. 
clare    xxi/t.  xiiiis.  viid. 

catalle    ix//.  xviis.  iid.    \ , 

J    ?    xxvii/i.  vins.  vid. 

come    xvii/«.  xis.  iiud.   » 

Detts  due  to  the  howsse.    Nil. 

Summa    xlix//.  iiis.  id. 

Memorandum  that  I  Sir  John  Seynteler  of  Seynt  Osyth  in  the  countie  of  Essex 
knyght  have  receyved  and  bought  of  Thomas  Mildemaye  and  Frauncis  Jobson 
the  kyngs  officers  of  his  courte  of  Augmentacion  the  parcells  of  goodes  and 
catalls  herebefore  in  this  present  inventory  conteyned  excepte  suche  parcells  of 
goodes  and  plate  marked  sold  as  in  the  same  inventory  they  ben  praysed  and 
valued  and  also  all  the  come  nowe  growyng  upon  the  grounde  perteynyng  to  the 
said  howsse  of  Henyngham  valued  att  xvii/;.  xis.  iuid.  and  also  the  grasse  growing 
opon  viii.  acres  di.  lying  bysides  the  said  howsse  valued  and  praysed  att  xviis 
alle  wiche  parcells  of  goodes  and  catalls  conteyned  in  the  said  inventory  except 
before  excepte  with  the  value  of  corne  and  grace  abovesaid  I  the  said  Sir  John 
bynde  me  myn  heyres  and  executors  by  thes  presents  to  paye  to  Frauncis  Jobson 
recey  vor  to  the  kyng  our  soverayne  lorde  within  the  countie  Essex  of  his  courte 
of  Augmentacion  or  to  any  other  the  kyngs  receyvor  ther  for  the  tyme  beyng 
before  the  Feast  of  the  Nateyvyte  of  our  Lorde  good  nexte  comyng  after  the  date 
hereof.  In  wytnes  whereof  I  the  said  Sir  John  Seyntler  have  sygned  this  bill 
with  my  hand  the  xiiith  daye  of  July  anno  xxviiivo  regis  Henrici  VIII. 

Item  I  the  same  Sir  John  Seyntler  have  receyved  of  the  said  officers  the  bells 
and  leade  within  the  said  pricrj-  to  be  savely  kept  to  the  use  of  our  said 
soveraine  lorde. 

S.  John  Seyncler, 

(To  If  continuid.) 


ARCH-«OLOGICAL    NOTES. 


Creasing  Temple. — The  manor  of  Cressing  is  usually  said  to 
have  been  given  to  the  Knights  Templars  by  king  Stephen  about 
1 1 50.  Stephen,  however,  merely  confirmed  an  earlier  grant  by  his 
queen  Maud,  whose  charter  is  given  in  the  Cartulary  of  the  Hospital 
of  St.»  John  of  Jerusalem  {Cotton  MS.j  Nero  E.  vi.  f.  289)  and  is 
dated  at  Evreux,  1136.  This  date  is  borne  out  by  the  witnesses, 
among  whom  are  John,  bishop  of  Lisieux  (i  107-41),  Ouen,  bishop 
of  Evreux  (11 13-39),  and  John,  bishop  of  Seez  (1124-44);  although  it 
may  be  an  error  for  1137,  which  is  historically  rather  more  likely. 

But  whichever  date  is  correct,  Cressing  would  seem  to  have  been 
the.  first  possession  of  the  Templars  in  England.  No  earlier  date  is 
at  present  known. 

We  may  notice  here  that  Mr.  J.  H.  Round  has  shown  that  the 
first  settlement  of  the  Knights  Hospitallers  in  England  can  hardly 
have  been  earlier  than  this. 

R.  F. 

Notes  on  Essex  Fines. — To  those  who  take  an  interest  in  the 
feudal  history  of  the  county  every  fresh  instalment  of  the  "  Feet  of 
Fines  '*  published  by  our  Society  brings  fresh  material  for  study. 
It  seems  desirable  that  those  who  possess  local  knowledge  should 
contribute  notes  from  time  to  time  on  those  which  invite  illustration 
or  criticism. 

In  Part  iv.>  on  p.  90,  the  curious  name  "  Guypesho,"  which  Mr. 
Kirk  has  queried,  appears  in  No.  86  (i  230-1231).  This  name  should 
be  read  "Gnypesho"  and  represents  Knipsho  in  Mayland,  which 
occurs  as  **  Knypesho  in  Maylond'*  in  1409;  probably  this  fine 
contains  its  earliest  occurrence.  The  other  lands  to  which  the  fine 
relates  were  in  Steeple  and  "  la  Walle,"  which,  as  I  have  shown, 
was  in  Bradwell-on-Sea. 

On  p.  loi.  Fine  385  relates,  not  to  Essex,  but  to  Kent,  **  Culing  " 
being  Cowling  in  that  county,  while  "  Kirtling"  is  in  Norfolk.  The 
next  fine  but  one  (No.  387)  relates,  not  to  Essex,  but  to  Herts,  in 
which  county  are  "  Apsedone "  (Aspenden)  and  **  Boklonde " 
(Buckland).     On  p.  105,  Fine  430  relates,  not   to  Essex,  but   to 


294  ARCHiEOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

Suffolk,  in  which  is  "  Hubestone''  (Ubbeston).  In  the  next  Fine 
(No.  431)  **  Churiton "  '^as  Mr.  Kirk  reads  it)  should  be  read 
"  Thuriton  *'  and  is  Thorrington ;  the  family  of  "  de  Esketot," 
which  occurs  in  it,  is  that  which  I  connected  with  the  manor  in  my 
paper  on  the  descent  of  Thorrington  in  these  Transactions.  On  p. 
no.  No.  483  relates,  not  to  Essex,  but  to  Suffolk,  in  which  is 
"  Ixninge"  (Exning).  The  name  of  William  Fitz  Eytrop  on  p.  114 
(No.  520)  is  of  special  interest  because  "  Roynges  Grimbaldi,"  the 
advowson  of  which  is  the  subject  of  the  fine,  must  be  Roothing 
Aythorp  and  have  derived  its  present  name  from  him.  In  two  British 
Museum  Charters  of  the  fourteenth  century,  it  occurs  as  Rothing 
■"  Aytrop."  On  the  same  page.  Fine  523  is  of  value  as  showing  how 
Tendring  passed  from  the  family  of  Curton  to  that  of  Blund  in  1236; 
Morant  appears  to  have  known  nothing  of  this. 

J.  H.  ROUND. 

Ashingdon  and  ToUeshunt  Tregory.— The  value  of  the 
calendars  now  being  issued  by  the  Public  Record  office  for  amplifying 
and  correcting  the  manorial  descents  given  by  Morant  is  shown,  by 
a  single  page,  in  the  latest  volume  of  the  calendar  of  Patent  Rolls. 

Morant  observed  that  the  **  manor  or  farm  of  Chamberlain's,'*  in 
Ashingdon,  derived  its  name  from  a  Richard  Chamberlain,  who  held 
half-a-fee  there  in  capite  in  1285.  On  the  preceding  page  he  mentions 
that  "  In  1340  Reginald  Garrey  (sic)  held  lands  and  tenements  in 
Assindon  of  the  Honor  of  Raley  by  the  service  of  half  a  knight's 
fee."  Now  an  entry  on  the  Patent  Rolls  of  i6th  Sept.,  1325,  shows 
us  Richard  le  Chaumberleyn,  of  Stoke  by  Nay  land,  and  his  wife 
granting  to  Reginald  Snarry  of  Ashingdon,  Alhreda  his  wife,  Robert 
their  son,  and  their  heirs,  land,  wood  and  marsh  (149  acres  in  all; 
in  Ashingdon,  Rayleigh  and  Fambridge,  held  of  the  Honour  of 
Rayleigh  as  half-a-knight's  fee. 

On  the  same  page  we  have  (22nd  Sept.,  1325)  the  licence  for 
William  Gernon  to  grant  to  John  *de  Bosco*  and  Parnelle  his  wife, 
164  acres  in  ToUeshunt  Tregoz,  held  of  the  Honour  of  Peverel, 
representing  what  became  the  manor  of  ToUeshunt  Boys  {de  Bosco). 
Morant  knew  nothing  of  the  origin  of  John's  title. 

J.  H.   ROUND. 


QUARTERLY    MEETING   &    EXCURSION, 
THURSDAY,  4th  AUGUST,    1904. 


LiNDSELL,   Great  Bardfield,   Little   and   Great   Saling, 

AND     RaYNE. 


The  route  of  this  excursion  was  a  semi-circular  one,  beginning  at 
Dunmow  and  ending  at  Braintree.  The  churches  visited  were 
described  by  Mr.  F.  Chancellor,  F.R.I. B.A.  At  Great  Saling  the 
members  were  enabled  to  inspect  Saling  Hall  by  the  kind  permission 
of  Mrs.  Fowke.  The  mansion  is  of  the  Elizabethan  period,  and 
contains  some  fine  oak  panelling,  imported  from  Leighs  Priory. 
Luncheon  was  partaken  of  at  Park  Gate,  Great  Bardfield,  by  the 
courtesy  of  Mr.  T.  Bradridge,  and  a  general  meeting  of  the  Society 
was  held,  at  which  the  following  were  elected  as  members : — 

ON  THE  NOMINATION  OF — 

Brunwin.  a.  \V..  South  LcjdRe.  Great  Bardfield,  Braintree.     Mr.  T.  Bradridge. 
Dewing,  The  Rev.  R.  S..  North  Weald  Vicarage,  Epping.     Rev   E.  H.  L.  Reeve. 

Gladstone.  Miss  Mary,  Knight's  Farm.  Colne  Engaine,  \  ,.^  f^^ ^^ .  ,  , , 

Earls  Colne  R.S.O.  \  Mr. George Courtauld. 

Minos,  The  Rev.  P  Oliver,  Romford.  The  Hon.  Sec. 

Orfeur,  Norman.  Braintree.  Miss  Ingold 

Fercival,  Dr.,  Colchester.  The  President. 

Sturt,  Neville.  Great  Horkesley,  Colchester.  Mr.  W.  Macandrew. 

Warner.  Stephen,  Linden  House,  Braintree.  The  Hon.  Sec. 

On  arrival  at  Rayne  rectory  the  party  was  hospitably  entertained 
at  tea  on  the  lawn  by  the  rector,  the  Rev.  C.  Hutchinson,  to  whom 
the  president,  in  a  few  appropriate  words,  extended  a  hearty  vote 
of  thanks.  After  tea,  visits  were  paid  to  Rayne  church  and  Hall, 
under  the  guidance  of  Mr.  W.  Minet,  F.S.A.,  and  in  one  of  the 
rooms  in  the  Hall  Mr.  Minet  gave,  in  a  most  interesting  way,  the 
substance  of  the  paper  on  the  Capells  at  Rayne  i486- 1622,  which 
appears  at  length  in  the  present  part  of  the  Transactions. 


QUARTERLY    MEETING    &    EXCURSION, 
SATURDAY,  24th  SEPTEMBER,   1904. 


RocHFORD,    Great   Stambridge,    Canewdon,   Ashingdon    axd 

Hawkwell. 


This  excursion  held  in  the  Rochford  Hundred  was  fairly  well 
attended  by  members  and  their  friends.  A  start  was  made  from 
Rochford  station  at  9.45  a.m.,  the  party  proceeding  to  the  church 
and  Hall,  where  papers  were  read  by  Mr.  F.  Chancellor,  F.R.I.B.A., 
the  substance  of  which  was  as  follows  : — 

Rochford  Church. 

The  church  consists  of  nave,  north  and  south  aisles,  chancel,  organ 
chamber,  vestry,  south  porch  and  tower.  An  arcade,  consisting  of 
two  octagonal  columns  of  Early  Perpendicular  or  Late  Decorated 
character,  and  three  arches  on  either  side  separate  the  nave  from  the 
aisles.  The  walls  of  the  arcades  are  carried  up,  and  there  are  three 
circular  clerestory  windows  on  either  side,  but  as  the  stone  work  is 
new  we  are  not  able  to  say  whether  they  represent  the  original.  The 
roof  of  the  nave  is  modern. 

In  the  north  aisle  are  two  two-light  Decorated  windows  which  are 
modern,  and  there  is  no  indication  whereby  we  can  be  satisfied  that 
they  are  faithful  restorations  of  the  original.  At  the  east  end  of 
the  north  aisle  is  a  very  beautiful  decorated  two-light  window  ;  the 
modern  organ  chamber  has  been  built  against  this  end  and  the  glazing 
has,  therefore,  been  removed.  The  north  doorway  in  this  aisle  is 
Late  Decorated,  but  now  blocked  up;  at  the  west  end  is  a  simple 
two-light  window. 

In  the  south  aisle  are  two  two-light  modern  windows,  but  they  may 
be  restorations  of  the  old ;  at  the  east  end  is  an  original  Perpendicular 
window,  and  at  the  west  end,  a  single-light  Decorated  old  window ; 
the  doorway  in  this  aisle  is  Late  Decorated.  At  the  east  end  of  this 
aisle  is  a  piscina  of  late  character,  there  are  also  two  openings  in  the 
arcade  wall,  one  of  them,  now  blocked  up,  was  probably  the  doorway 
leading  to  the  steps  to  the  rood  loft,  and  the  other  opens  into  the 


QUARTERLY    MEETING    AT   GREAT    STAMBRIDGE.  297 

chancel  with  a  lofty  arch  forming  a  sort  of  hagioscope,  but  whether 
the  whole  is  original  is  doubtful. 

The  roof  of  the  south  aisle  is  partly  modern,  but  the  brackets 
appear  original  resting  on  the  original  carved  corbels;  the  corbel  at 
the  easternmost  arch  springs  from  the  arch,  but  whether  this  position 
is  original  is  somewhat  doubtful,  as  it  has  the  appearance  of  having 
been  let  in.  The  roof  of  the  north  aisle  is  the  original  oak  roof  with 
moulded  wall  plate,  and  main  beams  into  which  purlins  are  framed 
and  receive  the  rafters. 

The.  chancel  is  separated  from  the  nave  by  a  modern  stone  arch  ; 
another  modern  stone  arch  also  connects  the  new  organ  chamber 
with  the  chancel.  The  chancel  is  lighted  by  two  two-light  windows, 
which  are  new,  but  in  the  old  site ;  the  east  window  is  an  original 
five- light  Perpendicular  window.  The  door  from  the  chancel  on 
the  north  side  into  the  vestry  is  of  very  late  Decorated  or  early 
Perpendicular  character  and  original,  and  would  seem  originally  to 
have  been  an  external  door,  and  no  doubt  was  so.  There  is  on  the 
south  side  a  late  Decorated  piscina.     The  roof  is  modern. 

A  noble  brick  arch  with  stone  caps  and  moulded  brick  bases  to 
the  shafts  connects  the  nave  at  west  end  with  the  tower.  The  floor 
over  is  constructed  with  moulded  beams  and  timbers ;  the  staircase 
in  the  turret  to  the  top  of  tower  is  approached  from  the  south  aisle 
through  a  plain  stone  arch,  but  the  original  door  still  remains. 

The  south  porch  is  lighted  by  a  two- light  Perpendicular  window 
on  either  side.  It  would  seem  originally  to  have  had,  or  to  have 
been  intended  to  have  had,  a  groined  ceiling,  as  the  corbel  in  each 
angle  was  evidently  prepared  and  fixed  for  this  purpose.  There  is 
a  good  Late  Decorated  door  to  the  outside  of  the  porch. 

The  outside  north  walls  are  faced  with  Kentish  rag ;  the  outside 
east  wall  is  faced  with  rubble  work  and  flint;  the  outside  south 
walls  are  faced  with  squared  Kentish  rag  blocks. 

The  south  aisle  has  also  an  embattled  parapet  which  is  continued 
round  the  porch,  and  gives  to  this  part  of  the  building  a  more 
dignified  appearance. 

Taking  into  consideration  all  the  peculiarities  of  the  various  parts 
of  the  building  before  described  we  must  come  to  the  conclusion  that 
this  building  was  erected  late  in  the  fourteenth  or  possibly  early  in 
the  fifteenth  century.  The  south  aisle  was  evidently  built  by 
someone  who  had  more  ambitious  views  than  the  man  who  built  the 
nave  and  the  north  aisle,  which  were  prol>ably  erected  first ;  as  the 
distinctly  Decorated  window  at  the  east  end  of  the  aisle  belongs 
to  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century.  The  organ  chamber,  is  of 
course,  quite  modern. 


2g8  QUARTERLY    MEETING    AT   GREAT    STAMBRIDGE. 

The  vestry  is  an  interesting  building  as  it  was  probably  built  by 
the  same  man  who  built  the  tower.  It  is  erected  in  brick  with  stone 
windows  and  buttress  slopes ;  it  is  lighted  by  two  two-light  north 
windows  and  one  three-light  east  window;  the  roof  has  two  over- 
hanging gables  to  the  north.  There  is  a  four-centred  chimney  opening 
inside,  and  on  the  side  by  the  chancel  door  is  a  cupboard,  which 
originally,  however,  seems  to  have  been  used  for  some  other  purpose, 
possibly  a  hagioscope  was  cut  through  when  the  vestry  or  sacristy 
was  built. 

The  tower,  a  distinct  building,  is  a  noble  pile  and  well  designed. 
It  is  substantially  built  in  brick  with  Kentish  rag  stone  dressings  to 
windows  and  plinth ;  the  brickwork  is  interlaced  with  diaper  work  in 
black  headers ;  the  staircase  turret  is  carried  up  to  the  top  of  the 
tower.  On  the  ground  floor  on  west  side  is  a  four-centred  doorway, 
over  this  is  a  three-light  window  and  two-light  windows  to  the  belfry. 
Over  the  west  door  is  a  shield  with  the  arms  of  Thomas  Boteler, 
the  seventh  earl  of  Ormond  (a  fess  indented),  and  as  the  time  w^hen 
he  held  the  hall  and  estate  corresponds  with  the  architecture  of  the 
tower,  there  can  be  little  doubt  but  that  he  built  this  tower  and  the 
vestry  at  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

In  attempting  to  fix  the  dates  of  the  various  parts  of  this  church  I 
am  not  unmindful  of  the  fact  that  there  must  have  been  a  church 
here  probably  from  very  early  times.  There  is,  indeed,  one  small 
fragment  of  evidence  still  in  the  churchyard  which  emphasizes  this 
statement — I  allude  to  the  coped  stone  with  floriated  cross  which 
now  lies  on  the  north  side  near  the  vestry  door. 

There  is  a  small  brass  with  a  female  figure  and  a  Latin  inscription 
to  the  effect  that — Here  lies  Maria  Dilcock  who  died  13  Dec.  1514. 

Salmon  gives  us  two  others.  One  to  Anne  Snokeshull,  the 
daughter  of  John  Filol  de  Landemere,  who  died  on  St.  Valentine's 
day,  1386.  The  other  had  this  inscription — Of  your  Cherite  prey  for 
the  Sowl  of  Rose  Crymvill,  wyf  of  Richard  Crymvill  which  Rose 
desesed  8  Apr.  1424. 

He  also  says,  in  the  east  window  are  the  Arms  of  Bohun.  The 
last  Bohun  (Humphrey)  died  in  1372  ;  his  widow,  who  long  survived 
him,  married,  for  her  third  husband,  James  Boteler,  fourth  earl 
of  Ormond. 


RocHFORD   Hall. 

Until  a  correct  plan  is  made  of  what  remains  and  what  has  been 
pulled  down,  it  will  be  impossible  to  give  an  accurate  account  of 
what,  in  my  opinion,  was  one  of  the  largest,  although  not  the  most 


Tr(^>  Essfx  4rch<foL  Soc„  Vol.  ix.,  to  face  p.  298. 


QUARTERLY    MEETING   AT    GREAT    STAMBRIDGE.  299 

architectural,  of  our  ancient  mediaeval  mansions.  It  certainly  ex- 
tended on  the  north  front  to  about  200  feet,  and  on  the  east  front  to 
upwards  of  120  feet;  in  addition,  there  was  a  west  front  extending 
probably  to  the  same  length  as  the  east  front,  and  the  local  tradition 
is  that  the  south  front,  which  would  have  extended  to  the  same 
length  as  the  north  front,  was  never  completed.  Thus  there  would 
have  been  a  huge  building  measuring  200  feet  by  120  feet,  enclosing 
a  quadrangle,  which  had  other  buildings  across  it  projecting  from 
the  main  buildings. 

The  general  design  of  each  front  appears  to  have  been  a  series  of 
gables  of  about  20  feet  in  width,  terminated  at  each  angle  by  an 
octagonal  tower,  which  in  some  cases  contained  staircases  and  in 
others  apartments  attached  to  larger  rooms.  These  turrets  measure 
about  10  feet  internal  diameter. 

But  the  present  habitable  part  of  the  building  has  been  so  gutted 
and  altered  and  subdivided  and  modernized,  that  it  is  impossible 
without  a  very  careful  study  to  give  any  idea  as  to  its  original  plan. 
For  instance,  there  are  indications  of  floors  at  the  first  floor  level 
throughout,  so  that  we  cannot  locate  or  identify  the  banquetting  hall, 
which  was  a  great  feature  of  the  residences  of  the  nobility  of  the 
period  when  this  was  built,  as,  so  far  as  we  have  been  able  to 
investigate  it,  we  cannot  find  any  portion  of  the  building  which  was 
two  stories  in  height :  whereas  the  hall  usually  had  an  open  timbered 
roof,  and  was  the  whole  height  of  the  building. 

The  question  of  who  built  Rochford  Hall  has  often  been  discussed. 
We  know  that  this  estate  belonged  to  Thomas  Boteler,  earl  of 
Ormond,  who  was  attainted,  and  forfeited  this  estate,  but  whose 
attainder  was  reversed  on  the  accession  of  Henry  VH.  in  1485 ;  and 
he  is  said  to  have  continued  to  live  here  until  15 15.  It  has  been 
stated  that  the  mansion  was  erected  by  Lord  Rich ;  and  he  is  said 
to  have  died  here  in  1566.  When  he  became  possessed  of  this  estate 
does  not  appear.  Lord  Rich,  however,  was  a  man  of  magnificent 
ideas,  especially  as  regards  buildings  and  their  surroundings,  as 
witness  his  buildings  at  Leez  Priory  ;  moreover,  he  seems  always  to 
have  branded  his  buildings  with  his  coat  of  arms — Gules,  a  chevron 
between  three  crosses  bottony,  or;  motto  ** Garde  ta  foy."  As  we 
have  seen,  Thomas  Boteler,  seventh  earl  of  Ormond,  was  the  builder 
of  the  church  tower,  and  the  presumption  is  that  he  built  the  Hall. 

I  hesitate  to  give  any  positive  opinion  as  to  the  arrangement  of  the 
plan  of  the  mansion,  this  can  only  be  determined  by  a  very  careful 
examination  of  the  building,  and  by  preparing  a  plan  of  it ;  but  it 
would  seem,  from  what  remains,  that  the  north  front  had  a  central 
building,  which  may  or  may  not  have  formed  the  main  entrance, 


300  QUARTERLY   MEETING   AT   GREAT    STAMBRIDGB. 

this  building  being  flanked  on  the  east  side  by  fcAir  gables  and  on 
the  west  by  three  gables,  and  terminated  on  the  extreme  flank  on 
each  side  by  an  octagonal  turret.  On  the  north  side  there  are  still 
four  gables  left,  but  the  present  owner's  grandfather  pulled  down 
the  southern  turret  and  one  gable  in  consequence  of  their  ruinous 
condition. 

At  Great  Stambridge  church,  which  w^as  the  next  point   of  the 
excursion,  Mr.  F.  Chancellor  contributed  the  following  paper  : — 

Great  Stambridge  Church. 

The  church  consists  of  nave,  south  aisle,  chancel,  tower  and 
north  porch. 

The  nave  is  separated  from  the  aisle  by  an  arcade  of  two  octagonal 
columns  with  two  responds  and  three  arches  of  Late  Decorated  work 
of  the  latter  part  of  the  fourteenth  century.  It  is  lighted  by  two 
two-light  and  one  single-light  windows  in  the  north  side,  all  of  Late 
Decorated  character.  The  single-light  window  at  the  east  of  the  nave 
is  curious  as  it  has  a  square  head.     The  nave  has  a  modern  roof. 

The  south  aisle  is  lighted  by  one  three-light  and  one  two-light 
windows  on  the  south  side,  and  one  single- light  window  at  the  west 
end.     The  roof  is  plastered. 

At  the  east  end  of  the  arcade  is  an  arched  opening.  It  is  difficult 
to  say  for  what  purpose  it  was  constructed,  as  no  view  of  the  high 
altar  could  be  obtained  through  it.  There  is  no  chancel  arch,  but 
there  are  two  stone  piers  with  carved  capitals,  from  which  springs  a 
modem  roof  principal. 

The  chancel  has  a  modern  roof,  and  is  lighted  by  a  two-light 
Decorated  window  at  the  east  end,  a  single-light  window  on  the 
north,  and  a  two-light  window  on  the  south  side.  A  modern  arch- 
way on  the  south  side  gives  access  to  the  organ  chamber,  which  is  a 
contmuation  of  the  south  aisle,  and  has  been  erected  in  modern  times. 
The  priest's  door  on  the  north  side  is  Late  Decorated,  and  forms  the 
approach  to  the  modern  vestry. 

There  is  a  Decorated  piscina  on  the  south  side  of  the  chancel,  the 
arch  of  which  is  original  but  the  basin  modern.  The  sedilia  were 
formed  by  lowering  the  inner  cill  of  the  two-light  window.  The 
walls  of  the  chancel  are  nearly  three  feet  thick,  which  indicates 
early  work. 

The  tower  opens  into  the  nave  by  a  lofty  arch  of  Late  Decorated 
character.     The  walls  are  three  feet  six  inches  thick. 

The  font  in  the  tower  is  an  interesting  one,  and  I  had  hoped  by 
its  assistance  to  have  obtained  a  clue  to  the  builder  of  the  church. 


QUARTERLY  MEETING  AT  GREAT  STAMBRIDGE.        3OI 

It  is  octagonal,  and  on  the  bowl  is  a  quatrefoil  on  each  face,  with  a 
device  in  the  centre ;  starting  from  the  north  face  as  one,  and  pro- 
ceeding by  the  east,  the  devices  are  as  follows : 

1.  Blank. 

2.  A  four-leaved  rose,  presumably  a  Lancastrian  one. 

3.  A  fleur-de-lis. 

4.  A  four-leaved  rose,  but  in  a  different  position  to  No.  2. 

5.  The  letter  M  crowned ;  the  emblem  of  the  Virgin  Mary.     The 

church  is  dedicated  to  the  Virgin  Mary. 

6.  An  eight-leaved  rose  or  flower. 

7.  Barry  of  ten.     The  Montchesnis  bore  barryly  arg.  and  az.,  but 

although  they  had  property  in  different  parts  of  the  county — 
at  West  Horndon,  Stanford  le  Hope,  Bradwell  juxta  mare, 
Layer  de  la  Haye,  Abberton,  Thorrington,  Hanningfield, 
Witham,  Braxted,  Colne  Engaine,  Halstead,  Foxearth,  Walter 
Belchamp,  Ridgwell,  Willingale  Spain,  Saffron  Walden  and 
Elmdon,  I  cannot  find  that  they  had  any  property  in  Rochford 
Hundred.  I  have  some  recollection  of  coming  across  this 
shield  on  another  font  in  this  county,  I  rather  think  it  was  at 
North  Fambridge. 

The  family  of  Tany  bore — az.,  three  bars  argent,  which 
might  be  blazoned  barry  of  seven. 

Margery,  the  daughter  of  Richard  Fitz  William,  married 
Richard  de  Tany,  and  the  De  Tanys  held  this  manor  for  four 
generations,  the  last,  Lawrence  de  Thany,  dying  in  13 17. 
The  De  Thanys  were  large  landowners  in  the  county  during 
the  thirteenth  century,  and  the  above  Richard  was  governor 
of  Hadleigh  castle  in  1268,  and  sheriff*  of  the  county  in  1260. 

Mr.  Elliot  thinks  this  shield  can  hardly  be  intended  for  the 
De  Tany  coat.  It  must,  however,  be  remembered  that  the 
font  was  probably  executed  by  a  country  mason,  whose 
knowledge  of  the  details  of  heraldry  would  perhaps  not  be 
very  accurate. 

8.  On  an  inescutcheon,  three  (?)  mullets  pierced.     Mr.  Elliot  tells 

me  these  charges  are  peculiar,  and  he  does  not  think  they  can 
be  blazoned  as  mullets  of  four  points  pierced.  They  may  be 
intended  for  spur  rowels,  but  I  have  never  seen  the  charge 
elsewhere ;  neither  do  I  know  the  family  to  whom  the  coat 
belongs. 

It  would  be  very  interesting  if  we  could  find  out  to  what 
family  the  coat  belongs,  as  it  might  assist  us  in  determining 
the  date  of  the  church. 


302  QUARTERLY    MEETING   AT   GREAT    STAMBRIDGE. 

The  walls  of  the  church  outside  on  the  north  are  fciced  wth 
Kentish  rag — random  courses,  with  some  conglomerate  and  also  some 
septaria.  The  angles  or  quoins  originally  appear  to  have  been 
square,  which  is  another  early  feature. 

The  porch  on  this  side  was  originally  one  of  the  old  Essex  wooden 
porches,  and  although  some  of  the  old  timbers  to  the  entrance  and 
to  the  roof  remain,  yet  its  character  has  been  quite  destroyed  by 
being  plastered  all  over. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  chancel  the  walls  are  faced  with  Kentish 
rag  in  random  courses.  Over  the  single- light  window  are  the  remains 
of  what  would  seem  to  be  the  arch  of  an  Early  Norman  window. 
At  the  east  end  there  are  two  angle  buttresses,  but  they  are  evidently 
no  part  of  the  original  construction  ;  and  there  is  strong  evidence,  as 
I  said  before,  that  the  quoins  were  square.  The  external  walls 
of  the  chancel  are  also  faced  with  rubble  work  in  Kentish  ra^  and 
pebbles. 

The  south  side  of  the  aisle  is  constructed  of  rubble  work  and 
generally  plastered  over ;  the  west  end  of  the  aisle  is  also  of  rubble, 
but  the  west  end  of  the  nave  is  of  conglomerate :  and  it  is  clear  that 
the  aisle  is  no  part  of  the  original  construction. 

Taking  into  consideration  all  the  features  of  the  building,  I  am 
disposed  to  think  that  the  original  church  in  the  Norman  period 
consisted  of  nave  and  chancel,  but  that  in  the  Decorated  period, 
probably  about  the  beorinning  of  the-  fourteenth  century,  the  church 
was  remodelled,  an  aisle  being  added,  and  the  old  Norman  doors 
and  windows  were  replaced  by  those  of  Decorated  character. 

The  tower,  I  am  disposed  to  think,  was  also  built  about  this 
period.  It  is  a  fine  composition,  with  two  noble  angle  buttresses  at 
the  west  side.  The  west  door  is  apparently  modern,  and  there  is  a 
small  arched  opening  on  the  south  side  of  the  door ;  the  three-light 
window  over  is  Perpendicular,  and  may  have  been  altered  after  the 
tower  was  built  as  it  is  of  later  date.  On  the  belfry  floor  is  a  string 
which  forms  the  cill  to  the  windows  on  the  sides.  The  upper  p)art 
of  the  tower  is  of  brick.  The  plinth  is  formed  of  cut  flints  in  squares. 
A  small  spire  surmounts  the  tower. 

There  are  now  no  memorials  in  the  church.  Salmon  alludes  to 
an  epitaph  to  Mr.  John  Gleam,  the  owner  of  Barton  Hall,  but,  he 
adds,  the  other  stones  are  defaced. 

From  Great  Stambridge  church  the  members  and  their  friends 
moved  on  to  the  Rectory,  where  the  house  and  grounds  were  thrown 
open  to  them  by  the  kindness  of  the  Rev.  F.  R,  Bumside,  and  they 
partook  of  the  refreshments  which  they  had  brought  with  them. 


QrARTERLY    MEETING    AT    GREAT    STAMBRIDGE.  3O3 

At  this  juncture  a  meeting  of  the  Society  was  held,  at  which  the 
following  were  elected  as  members  of  the  Society : — 

ON   THE    NOMINATION   OF — 

Archer,  Miss  J.  M.,  Witham.  Mr.  Hastings  Worrin. 

RoLLESTON,  Miss.  Little  Laver  Hall,  Ongar.  Mr.  Challis. 

At  Canewdon  church,  whither  the  party  proceeded  from  Great 
Stambridge,  another  paper  was  contributed  by  Mr.  F.  Chancellor, 
to  whom  the  Society  is  much  indebted  for  the  readiness  with  which 
he  places  his  great  archaeological  and  architectural  knowledge  at  its 
disposal,  adding  very  greatly  thereby  to  the  interest  of  its  excursions. 
The  paper  was  as  follows  :  — 

Canewdon  Church. 

The  church  consists  of  nave,  north  aisle,  chancel,  tower,  and 
south  porch. 

The  nave  is  separated  from  the  aisle  by  an  arcade,  consisting 
of  three  octagon  columns  and  two  responds,  the  mouldings  of  the 
capitals  of  which  vary,  and  four  arches.  A  peculiarity  of  this  arcade 
is  that  the  openings  are  all  of  different  dimensions,  commencing 
from  the  east  they  are  respectively:  lo  feet  6  inches,  12  feet,  9  feet 
6  inches,  and  9  feet.  The  nave  is  lighted  by  three  three-light 
Perpendicular  windows,  without  any  cusping  in  the  tracery.  You 
will  observe  there  is  a  fragment  of  old  glass  in  one  of  the  windows 
which  shows  that  no  alteration  has  been  made  in  the  tracery.  It  is 
entered  by  a  south  porch  through  a  bold  Perpendicular  doorway  with 
pointed  arch  under  a  square  head,  and  the  original  oak  door  still 
remains.  At  the  west  end  the  nave  is  connected  with  the  tower  by 
a  noble  archway,  the  wall  being  five  feet  thick.  The  roof  of  the  nave 
consists  of  tye- beams  framed  into  wall  plates,  on  each  tye-beam  is  a 
king-post  with  a  curved  bracket  on  four  sides,  the  longitudinal  ones 
supporting  a  pole  plate.  The  rest  of  the  roof  is  plastered  over,  but 
if  stripped  would  no  doubt  disclose  the  usual  arrangements  of  roofs 
of  this  character,  with  puncheons,  collars,  braces  and  rafters.  The 
letters  R.H.T.D.  and  date  1698  are  cut  on  the  second  beam  from 
the  west,  but  this  merely  denotes  a  repair  and  not  the  construction 
of  the  original  roof.  The  mouldings  of  two  of  the  arcade  arches  are 
stopped  above  the  capitals,  in  one  case  by  a  grotesque  head,  in  the 
other  by  the  remains  of  what  was  originally  an  angel  and  a  falcon 
supporting  two  shields. 

Between  nave  and  chancel  a  modern  arch  has  been  constructed 
nearly  the  full  width  of  the  chancel.  I  understand  the  original  arch 
was  narrower  :  it  se^ms  a  pity  to  destroy  an  old  feature, 


304         QUARTERLY  MEETING  AT  GREAT  STAMBRIDGE. 

The  chancel  is  lighted  on  the  north  side  by  a  two-light  Decorated 
window  apparently  modern,  on  the  south  side  by  one  two-light  Late 
Decorated  window  and  one  two-light  window  with  a  transom,  the 
cill  of  the  lower  part  being  within  three  feet  of  the  floor,  also  by  a 
three-light  east  window,  this  window  has  been  repaired  and  altered, 
the  lights  being  shortened  and  formed  into  panels.  There  is  a 
priest's  door  now  blocked  up  on  the  north  side. 

There  is  a  Perpendicular  piscina  with  a  coat  of  arms  over,  similar 
to  the  coat  over  one  of  the  nave  columns  before  mentioned.  By  the 
side  of  the  piscina  is  possibly  an  old  sedilia,  but  with  a  modem 
canopy.  There  was  originally  a  south  door  to  the  chancel  but  this 
has  been  blocked  up. 

The  north  aisle  is  lighted  by  one  three-light  Decorated  window 
and  two  three-light  Perpendicular  windows,  and  one  toward  the 
west  appears  to  be  modern. 

A  bad  piece  of  barbarism  has  been  perpetrated  by  cutting  away 
one  of  the  Hghts  of  one  of  the  windows  and  introducing  a  door.  The 
inside  of  the  north  door  is  visible,  but  it  has  been  walled  up.  The 
inner  jambs  of  the  door  are  built  with  Roman  bricks. 

The  east  end  of  the  aisle  is  interesting :  there  is  a  good  Decorated 
piscina  at  the  east  end  with  a  niche  over,  and  a  larger  niche  on  the 
north  of  the  east  wall.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  this  was  a  private 
chapel  of  one  of  the  former  lords.  The  roof  of  the  aisle  consists  of 
wall  plate,  principal  rafters  and  purlins,  but  the  common  rafters  are 
plastered  over  to  form  the  ceiling. 

The  porch  is  lighted  by  a  two-light  window  on  either  side,  and 
is  entered  by  a  doorway  with  a  pointed  arch.  Under  a  square 
head  in  the  spandrels  are  two  shields,  but  if  ever  they  bore 
arms  they  are  worn  away  and  undecipherable.  The  porch  is  em- 
battled, but  not  the  nave.  The  outside  walls  of  nave  and  porch 
and  chancel  are  faced  with  Kentish  rag,  and  all  the  windows  in 
this  south  side  are  original,  although  they  have  been  in  places 
repaired. 

One  of  the  south  two- light  windows  in  the  chancel  is  all  new  stone, 
and,  of  course,  there  is  nothing  to  indicate  whether  it  is  a  correct 
restoration  of  the  original.  There  are  angle  buttresses  to  the  chancel. 
The  east  window  has  also  been  altered  as  before  described.  On 
the  north  side  of  the  chancel  the  old  doorway  has  been  built  up  and 
the  two-light  window  is  all  new  stone. 

The  north  aisle  is  faced  with  rag  rubble  and  the  windows  are 
original  except  the  square  one,  which  appears  to  be  modern.  The 
arch  of  north  door  is  visible;  the  buttress  on  this  side  has  been 
re-built  in  brick. 


QUARTERLY    MEETING    AT    GREAT.  STAMBRIDGE.  305 

But  the  glory  of  Canewdon  church  is  its  noble  tower,  which  forms, 
not  only  a  land,  but  a  s^a  mark  for  many  miles  round.  It  is  a  noble 
specimen  of  Perpendicular  work.  It  is  built  with  Kentish  rag  stone, 
with  huge  buttresses ;  in  the  face  of  the  lower  part  of  the  two  west 
buttresses  are  two  niches.  The  west  door  has  a  pointed  arch  under 
a  square  head,  with  a  shield  in  each  spandril,  but  no  armorials.  The 
original  oak  door  still  exists.  Over  the  door  are  three  shields,  of 
which  more  presently  ;  and  on  either  side  of  the  shields  a  niche. 
On  the  next  story  is  the  three-light  window  which  lights  the  nave. 
On  the  next  story  is  a  two-light  window  to  ringing  chamber,  and  on 
the  north,  south,  and  east  sides  a  one-light  window. 

On  the  belfry  floor  there  is  a  two-light  window  on  each  side,  and 
the  tower  is  terminated  by  a  bold  battlemented  parapet.  It  is  built 
with  large  square  blocks  of  ragstone.  The  parapets  of  both  tower 
and  porch  are  built  in  squares,  alternately  stone  and  cut  flints. 

The  pulpit,  or  rather  what  remains  of  it,  is  an  interesting  example, 
elaborately  carved  of  the  period  of  Grinling  Gibbons,  similar  to  what 
one  sees  in  some  of  the  city  churches. 

There  has  been  a  good  deal  of  discussion  as  to  the  age  of  this 
church.  Like  most  of  our  old  parish  churches  many  alterations 
have  been  made  from  time  to  time.  When  the  first  church  was  built 
there  is  no  record  ;  we  cannot,  however,  doubt  but  that  there  was  a 
church  here  in  Saxon  times ;  whether  at  the  time  of  the  Norman 
Conquest  this  church  was  re- built,  as  were  so  many  of  our  old 
churches,  there  is  no  evidence.  The  oldest  fragment  that  I  have 
been  able  to  find  is  the  internal  jamb  of  the  north  doorway,  in  th^ 
north  aisle,  and  there  are  also  many  remains  of  the  Decorated  period 
as  before  noted.  The  capitals  of  the  columns  of  the  arcade  are  of 
Late  Decorated  character,  but  all  the  rest  of  the  features  of  the 
church  are  of  the  Perpendicular  period. 

Heraldry  has  in  many  instances  enabled  us  to  fix  a  date,  and  here 
at  Canewdon,  I  think  we  shall  find  that  we  are  assisted  in  our 
investigation  by  the  shields  in  different  parts  of  the  church. 

First  of  all,  I  will  direct  your  attention  to  the  two  shields  over  one 
of  the  columns  of  the  arcade.  The  first,  or  westernmost,  consists 
of  a  corbel  in  the  form,  apparently,  of  an  angel,  much  defaced, 
bearing  the  shield  of  Chanceaux  or  De  Cancelles.  Arg.  a  chevron 
between  three  annulets,  guUs. 

The  next  is  a  falcon,  also  defaced,  from  whose  neck  is  suspended 
a  shield  with  seven  lozenges,  conjoined  3,  3,  and  i.  This  shield 
appears  to  be  that  of  Totham. 

Mr.  Elliott  informs  me  that  Wm.  S.  Flower,  norroy  king  of  arms, 
in  the  time  of  Elizabeth  states  that  the  crest  of  Totham  was  9, 


30^  ')UARTERLV    MEETING    AT    GREAT    STAMBRIDGE. 

falcon,  and  King  also  quotes  him  as  having  copied  from  a  tomb 
then  existing  to  **  Lambourne  Totham  and  his  wyffe,  a  falcon  volant 
for  his  crest.  Seaven  masules  3,  3,  i."  The  difference  between  his 
description  of  the  armorials,  on  the  tomb,  is  that  he  describes  them 
as  mascles — a  mascle,  in  heraldry,  being  a  lozenge  perforated  or 
avoided. 

The  Lambourns  and  Tothams  were  ancient  owners  in  Canewdon. 
In  the  reign  of  Richard  IL,  Thomasine,  an  heiress  of  the  Lambourne 
family,  carried  all  by  marriage  to  Totham.  Is  it  not  reasonable, 
therefore,  to  suggest  that  these  arms  were  thus  placed  to  perpetuate 
the  building  of  the  nave  ?  The  transition  from  Decorated  to  Per- 
pendicular prevailed  1377  to  1399.  1  think,  therefore,  that  we  shall 
not  be  far  wrong  in  attributing  the  church  generally,  except  the 
tower  and  some  details  in  the  north  aisle  before  mentioned,  to  the 
end  of  the  fourteenth  or  beginning  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

As  regards  the  tower,  we  have  there  somewhat  more  conclusive 
evidence.  When  describing  the  tower  I  alluded  to  three  shields 
over  the  west  door.     Mr.  Elliot  gives  me  the  following  information  : 

The  north  one  is  illegible. 

The  centre  one  is  France  modern  and  England  Quarterly. 
The   southern   one   is  De  Bohun   impaling  Quarterly,   i  and    4 
Fitzalan,  2  and  3  Warren. 

The  change  from  France  ancient  (».^.,  semee  of  fleurs-de-lis)  to 
France  modern  (1.^.,  fleur-de-lis)  was  made  about  1405,  so  that  the 
shield  in  centre,  and  presumably  the  tower,  was  of  later  date  than 
1405. 

The  shield  on  south  side  represents  the  armorials  of  Humphrey 
de  Bohun,  the  last  earl  of  Hereford  and  Essex,  who  married  Joan, 
daughter  of  his  late  guardian  Richard  Fitzalan,  earl  of  Arundel,  by 
whom  he  had  Alianore  (married  Thomas  of  Woodstock,  duke  of 
Gloucester)  and  Mary  (married  Henry,  earl  of  Derby,  afterwards 
Henry  IV.) 

Mr.  Elliot  points  out  that  the  extreme  narrowness  of  the  bend 
in  the  coat  of  De  Bohun  is  worthy  of  notice. 

There  are  no  old  monuments  in  the  church,  but  Salmon  says  that 
near  the  entrance  into  the  chancel  was  a  stone  with  this  inscription  : 
^  Hie  jacet  Dominus  Johannes  Chanceux  Miles  qui  ob.  5  Feb. 
And  on  another  at  the  upper  end  of  the  north  aisle  :  Icy  gist  Thomas 
Chanceaux  Esquier  qui  morust  le jour  moye  D'Octobr. 

In  the  south  window  is  an  Escutcheon  he  says.  Argent,  a  chevron 
between  three  annulets  gules  (Chanceaux).  The  same  shield  is 
parved  over  the  piscina  in  chancel, 


QUARTERLY    MEETING    AT   GREAT    STAMBRIDGE.  307 

I  am  always  unwilling  to  interfere  with  old  traditions,  hut  to 
assign  this  church  to  the  time  of  Canute,  which  has  been  gravely 
stated  and  I  understand  is  believed  in  the  neighbourhood,  is  really  a 
pious  fraud.  I  cannot  find  even  a  fragment  of  any  work  older  than 
the  Decorated  period,  although  hidden  up  in  the  walls  themselves 
may  be  some  fragments  of  older  work. 

After  leaving  the  church,  the  members  walked  eastwards  under 
the  guidance  of  the  president,  to  view  what  is  believed  to  be  the  site 
of  an  ancient  Danish  camp. 

Rain  somewhat  spoiled  the  journey  between  Canewdon  and 
Ashingdon,  but  it  was  fine  before  the  little  church  was  reached ; 
and  here  again  a  description  of  the  building  was  given  by  Mr. 
Chancellor,  as  follows : — 


Ashingdon  Church. 

The  church  consists  of  nave,  chancel,  tower  and  south  porch. 

The  nave  is  lighted  by  one  two-light  Early  English  window  on 
the  north  side,  and  a  square  modern  window  on  the  south  side. 
The  south  door  is  also  Early  English ;  the  north  is  exactly  opposite, 
and  of  the  same  period.  There  is  an  Early  English  piscina  on  the 
north  side — a  somewhat  unusual  position.  The  nave  roof  is  con- 
'  structed  with  wall-plates  framed  into  tye-beams,  with  king- posts  and 
braces  all  four  ways,  two  of  them  supporting  pole-plates.  At  the 
west  end  is  a  single-light  Early  English  window,  and  an  Early 
English  door  leading  to  tower.  Originally  the  nave  would  seem  to 
have  been  separated  from  the  chancel  by  an  arch,  supported  by  two 
Early  English  piers :  one  pier,  with  capital  and  base,  is  still  in  situ, 
but  considerably  out  of  the  perpendicular ;  the  other  has  disappeared, 
but  the  capital  is  now  in  the  parsonage  garden. 

The  chancel  is  lighted  on  north  side  by  a  two-light  Tudor  window, 
and  on  the  south  by  a  two-light  Decorated  window  and  a  single- 
light  Early  English  window.  There  is  an  aumbrey  in  north  wall, 
and  an  Early  English  piscina  in  south  wall.  The  east  window  is  a 
three-light,  originally  Early  English,  but  now  filled  in  with  wood 
tracery.  The  roof  has  three  principals,  with  curved  braces,  collars 
and  wall  plates  moulded ;  the  rafters  are  concealed  by  a  plastered 
ceiling.     The  font  is  octagonal,  of  the  Decorated  period. 

The  south  walls  of  nave  and  chancel  are  faced  with  rubble,  tiles, 

and  a  good  many  septaria,  and  blocks  of  Kentish  rag,  with  brickwork 

round  square  window.     At  the  east  end  the  external  jambs,  arch, 

and  label  of  the  window  are  the  original  stonework  of  a  late  period, 

W 


3o8  gUARTEKI.Y    MHETING    AT    GREAT    STAMBRIDGE. 

but  the  interior  is  filled  with  woodwork  ;  the  east  wall  and  buttresses 
being  built  of  brickwork  with  a  diaper  pattern  in  dark  bricks  of  the 
late  fifteenth  century. 

The  north  wall  of  the  chancel  is  built  of  the  same  materials  as  the 
south,  but  the  two-light  window  is  of  the  Tudor  period.  The  north 
wall  of  the  nave  is  built  of  Kentish  rag,  with  some  Roman  bricks 
and  septaria ;  the  window  is  Early  English,  and  so  is  the  door«  but 
it  has  a  semi-circular  arch. 

In  the  west  wall  is  a  good  deal  of  septaria  mixed  with  the  rul>ble, 
and  the  window  is  Early  English  with  a  trefoil  head. 

1  believe,  if  ever  there  was  an  earlier  church  in  Saxon  or 
Danish  times,  it  was  swept  away,  and  the  present  nave  and  chancel 
erected  late  in  the  twelfth  or  early  in  the  thirteenth  century.  The 
east  end  of  the  chancel  was,  however,  rebuilt  late  in  the  fifteenth 
century,  and  alterations  made  in  some  of  the  windows  at  the  same 
period. 

The  tower  is  probably  of  the  fourteenth  century,  for  the  three 
two-light  and  the  one  single-light  belfry  windows  are  Late  Decorated  : 
there  are  angle  buttresses,  and  the  whole  is  built  in  Kentish  rag. 

The  porch  was  originally  a  timber  .porch  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
and  the  original  posts  and  roof  still  remain,  but  the  sides  have  l)een 
filled  in  with  wood  quartering  plastered  over. 

After  Mr.  Chancellor  had  lead  his  paper,  Mr.  I.  Chalkley  Gould 
gave  a  brief  summary  of  the  events  which  led  to  the  great  battle 
between  Edmund  Ironside  and  Canute  in  a.d.  ioi6  at  **  the  hill 
which  is  called  Assandun,"  and  indicated  the  probable  position  of 
the  contending  forces.  Canute  and  his  army  appear  to  have  been 
retreating  from  Mercia  through  East  Anglia  and  Essex  to  regain 
their  ships  in  the  Thames  when  engaged  by  Edmund  Ironside,  in 
whose  hands  victory  was  imminent  till  the  treachery  of  Edric  Streon 
turned  the  tide  of  battle  and  led  to  the  slaughter  of  the  English  and 
eventually  to  the  establishing  of  a  line  of  Danish  kings  on  the 
throne  of  England. 

Mr.  Gould  gave  various  arguments  in  support  of  the  claim  of 
Ashingdon  to  represent  the  hill  of  Assandun,  and  concluded  by 
referring  to  the  happier  state  of  things  presented  in  the  year  1020, 
when  Kmg  Canute,  accompanied  by  Earl  Thurkill,  the  bishops  and 
many  nobles,  attended  the  consecration,  by  Wulfstan,  archbishop  of 
York,  of  a  fair  minster  of  stone  erected  at  Assandun  for  the  good 
of  the  souls  of  those  slain  in  the  battle  four  years  before. 

Hawk  well  church  was  the  last  point  of  the  excursion.  Here  the 
following  paper  was  contributed  by  Mr.  Chancellor : — 


quarterly  meeting  at  great  stambridge.  309 

Hawkwell  Church. 

The  church  consists  of  nave,  chancel  and  tower  and  porch. 

The  nave  is  lighted  on  the  north  side  by  a  two-light  window  and 
a  similar  one  on  the  south  side ;  they  are  of  Decorated  character, 
and  are  new,  but  whether  they  are  faithful  restorations  of  the 
original  windows  cannot  be  determined.  There  is  also  a  new  three- 
light  Perpendicular  window  at  the  west  end. 

The  south  door  is  of  Early  Decorated  character,  and  the  original 
oak  door  still  remains  with  its  two  long  iron  hinges.  The  north 
doorway  is  similar,  but  the  door  is  quite  modern  and  of  deal.  The 
roof  has  one  tye-beam  with  king  post  and  four  brackets  and  moulded 
wall  plates;  the  old  construction  is  evidently  with  puncheons, 
rafters,  collars  and  braces,  but  all  are  plastered  over. 

The  chancel  piers  and  arch  are  of  the  Decorated  period.  The 
chancel  is  lighted  by  a  two-light  new  window,  and  a  single-light  low 
window  on  south  side  ;  also  by  a  three-light  east  window  of  Per- 
pendicular character,  but  quite  new.  There  is  a  square  piscina  with 
basin  perfect  on  south  side. 

At  the  west  end  of  the  church  is  a  timber  tower  and  spire..  The 
original  oak  framing  consists  of  chamfered  posts  and  beams, 
strengthened  by  braces.  The  construction  has  since,  in  modern 
times,  been  strengthened  by  two  additional  fir  posts ;  but  they 
interfere  with  the  original  construction,  this,  probably,  was  con- 
sidered necessary  when  the  beam  against  the  west  wall  was  ruthlessly 
cut  in  two  for  the  purpose  of  introducing  the  new  west  window.  In 
order,  still  further,  to  strengthen  the  construction  the  new  posts 
were  connected  at  the  sides  with  beams  and  braces,  which  give  a 
confused  look  to  the  construction.  The  upper  part  of  old  framing 
was  made  rigid  by  cross  braces,  the  outside  is  covered  with  boarding. 
The  spire  is  formed  into  an  octagon,  and  is  also  weather  boarded 
outside.  The  south  wall  is  built  of  rubble,  roughly  plastered  over  in 
part.     A  modern  porch  has  been  constructed  over  the  south  door. 

The  south  wall  of  the  chancel  is  all  plastered  over ;  the  stonework 
of  the  low  side  window  is  original.  The  angle  buttresses  at  the  east 
end  are  built  of  rubble  and  not  plastered  over,  but  the  east  wall  is 
plastered  over,  as  is  also  the  north  wall.  The  north  wall  of  the  nave 
is  similar  in  character  to  the  south  wall,  and  is  also  roughly  plastered 
over  in  places:  there  is  on  this  side  a  modern  vestry.  The  west 
wall  of  the  nave  is  also  similar  to  the  north  and  south  walls,  but 
the  gable  has  been  rebuilt,  probably  when  the  modern  west  window 
was  inserted. 

Both  font  and  pulpit  are  modern. 


3IO  QUARTERLY    MEETING    AT   GREAT    STAMBRIDGE. 

Salmon  says:  **  Here  are  no  epitaphs,  nor  sign  of  any,"  and  we       | 
repeat  his  words  to-day. 

It  would  seem,  although  it  is  difficult  to  determine,  that  this 
church  was  erected  in  the  Decorated  period,  about  the  midde  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  probably  about  the  time  the  De  Coggeshalls 
came  into  possession ;  but,  like  most  of  our  old  parish  churches., 
many  old  features  have  been  replaced  entirely  by  new,  and  there  is 
nothing  left  by  which  we  can  judge  whether  the  restorations  are 
actual  restorations  of  the  old.  Of  course  we  all  know  that  in  course 
of  time  the  more  vulnerable  parts  of  the  walls,  viz,,  the  windows, 
doors  and  buttresses,  will  succumb  to  the  ravages  of  time,  but  it 
would  be  very  desirable,  where  it  can  possibly  be  done,  to  retain  one 
or  two  of  the  old  stones  as  evidence  of  faithful  restoration. 

In  completing  our  visitation  of  churches  to-day,  I  am  afraid  the 
dry  recital  of  the  history  of  the  various  parishes,  and  the,  I  am  afraid, 
too  technical  description  of  the  architecture  of  the  churches,  will 
have  wearied  you.  Of  course,  if  I  had  allowed  myself  to  travel  into 
the  realms  of  romance,  I  daresay  I  could  have  woven  a  more 
interesting  tale,  for  every  acre  of  land  we  have  passed  through,  and 
every  building  we  have  inspected,  is  full  of  romantic  interest  in 
connection  with  celebrated  men  and  women  who  have  long  since 
passed  away ;  but  then  I  should  not  have  complied  with  one  of  the 
terms  of  our  Society,  which  was  established  for  the  purpose  of  in- 
vestigating our  old  buildings  and  chronicling  the  dry  facts  connected 
with  them. 

At  Rochford,  tea  was  served  at  the  King's  Head  Hotel,  and  this 
brought  the  day's  outing  to  a  close. 


ESSEX  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 


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ESSEX  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 


MUSEUM:    COLCHESTER   CASTLE. 


OFFICERS    AND    COUNCIL    FOR     1904-5. 


^rtsibrni: 
HENRY   LAYER.    Esq  .   F  S.A..   F.L.S 

©ice-|Jrtsxbents: 


The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Eustace  Cecil 
The  Right  Rev.  the  Lord  Bishop  of  St 
Al.BANS,  D.D. 

The  Right  Hon   Lord  Ravleigh.  MA., 

I  .R  S. 
The  Right  Hon  Lord  Ha\vkesuurv,F.S.A. 
The  Right  Hon  Lord  Claud  Hamilton. 
The  Right  Rev  the  Bishop  ok  Colchester, 

D  I). 


The  Right  Rev.  the  Bishop  of  ]>aru.ng. 

DD..  FS.A 
The  Right  Hon  Sir  M  E  Grant-T»uff. 

P.C.GCS.I  .  CLE  .  FR  S 
The  Right  Hon. James  Round, IVt*    MP 
Sir  H.  Seymour  Kinu,  K.C.I  E  .  MP 
Colonel  A    R   M.  Lockwood,  M.F 
Major  Sir  F  C.  Rasch.  Hart  .  MP 
Ckoruk  Courtauld,  Esq 


Council : 


The  President  (e.\-ufficio). 

G.  F.  Beaumont.  Esq.,  l".S  A 

Frederic  Chancellor,  Es(j  .  F  R.LB  A. 

Miller  Christy.  Esq  .  F  L  S. 

The  Rev   A.  F.  Curtis.  MA 

The  Rev.  H.  L.  Elliot.  MA. 

E.  A.  Fitch.  Esq..  F  L  S. 

The  Rev.  F.  W.  Galpin.  M.A..  F  L  S. 

The  Rev.  T.  G.  Gibbons.  MA. 

A.  R.  Goddard.  Esq.,  B  A. 

I   Chalkley  Gould,  Esq. 

The  Rev.  J.  W.  Kenworthy. 


Henry  Laver,  Esq  .  F  S  A  .  F  L  S. 

William  Macandrew.  Esq 

Francis  M.  Nichols.  Es<j  .  F  S  A 

VV.  J.  Nichols,  Esq. 

The  Rev.  Canon  Norman.  M   \ 

The  Rev.  L.  N.  Prance.  M  A  .ISA 

G    E.  pRiTCHETT.  Esq  .  F  S  A 

The  Rev.  E.  H.  L.  Reeve.  M  A 

Douglass  Round,  Esiq    MA 

J  Horace  Round,  Esq  .  M  A 

C.  V.  D.  Sperling,  Esq  ,  MA 

\V  C  Waller.  Esq  .  MA  ,  F  S  A 


f  rrasurrr : 
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The  Rev.  T    H.  Curlinc..  HA. 
Brad  well  Rector>',  ]'>r:iintree 

|ioiT.  licceiber  of  ^Substnjjtions : 
W    C  Waller,  Esq..  M.A..  FS  A. 
I>oiightr»n. 


Ijonoiarg  CnrHlor: 

Hknry  Layer,  Esq..  F  S  A  ,  F.L  S  . 

Colchester. 

Cnrator : 

Mr.  A.  G.  Wright. 

The  Museum,  Colchester 


JTocal  Sccrttarics : 


l^raintree— The  Rev.  J.  W.  Kenworthy. 
1  Brentwood- Col.  F.  Landon. 
Hillericay — 
liishopsStortford-  G  E  Pkitchett,  Esq., 

FS  A. 
Chelmsford     F.  Chancellor,  Esq., 

FR  IB  A. 


Coggeshall— G.  F  1  '.kaumoni 
Colchester  — H.  Layer,  Esq  .F  i^ 

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i=r^=*»^ 


Free  to  Members:  Price  to  /\/ on -Members, 


^      OF    Tl^E       ^  JlL) 

Clssex  Archaeological  Society* 


k 


VOL.    IX.,    PART   V. 

NEW    SKRIES. 


COLCHESTER : 

PUBLISHED    BY   THE    SOCIETV    AT    THE    MUSEUM    IN    THK    CASTLE. 
1905 


I^^^Ofc^ 


CONTENTS    OF    PART    V.,   VOL.    IX. 

I.  Paycockc's  Ilouse^  CoggesJuill,  with  some  Notes  on  the  Families 

of  Paycoche  atid  Buxton.     By  Geo.  Fred.  Beaumont, 
F.S.A 

II.  A  Field-name  in  Siondon  Massey,     Hy  William  Chapman 

Waller,  P\S.A.  

III.  The  Rdniparty  Bcrechurch  Park.     By  Henry  Layer,  F.S.A. 

IV.  Inventovies    of  Essex    Monasteries    in    1536.      By    R.    C. 

Fowler  ... 

V.  Find  of  Late-Celtic  Pottery  at  Little  Ilallitigbury,  Essex. 

By  Henry  Layer,  F.S.A.     ... 

Archaological  Notes... 

General  Meeting  of  the  Essex  A  rchtvological  Society  held  at  Colchester 
Castle  on  Thursday,  the  27th  April,  1905      

Quarterly  Meeting  and  Excursion,  Thursday ,  25th  May^  1905 

Report  

Donations  to  the  Socitty 

Balance  Sheet 


P.\GE 

3" 

325 

327 

33^ 

34S 
351 

355 
357 
37^ 
373 
376 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PAGE 


^^  Brasses  to  John  Paycocke,  1533,  and  Thomas  Paycocke,  1580       313 
»' Carved  beams  and  raflers  in  Paycocke's  house,  Coggeshall ...        313 

V  Ceiling  in  Paycocke's  house,  Coggeshall  

Gateway  of  Paycocke's  house,  Coggeshall       

*^  Frieze  on  Paycocke's  house,  r.  1500 

"^  Map  of  supposed  Roman  \vay  from  Colchester  to  Mersea 

V  Late-Celtic  pottery  found  at  Little  Hallinghury,  Essex 
v^ Carved  woodwork  in  Inwortii  church    ... 
^  North  wall  of  Saxon  nave  of  Tolleshury  church 


31S 

319 
321 
327 

34^-^ 
359 
3^7 


PAYCOCKE'S   rtOUSE,  COGGESHALL, 


Some  Notes  on  the  Families  of  Paycocke  and 

Buxton. 

BY    GEO.    FRED.    BEAUMONT,    F.S.A. 

There  are,  perhaps,  in  the  county  of  Essex  few,  if  any,  better  or 
more  interesting  examples  of  the  home  of  a  successful  mediaeval 
trader  than  that  which  is  to  be  found  in  West  Street,  Coggeshall, 
immediately  opposite  the  vicarage. 

Fifteen  years  ago  the  writer  expressed  regret  that  this  house  had 
ever  left  the  Buxton  family,  as  he  felt  that  in  their  possession  it 
would  have  been  preserved  from  decay.  *  A  year  later  he  learned  to 
his  dismay  that  a  proposal  was  on  foot  to  demolish  this  ancient 
building  and  remove  its  carved  oakwork  to  adorn  a  mansion  in  an 
adjoining  county.  Fortunately,  however,  the  urgent  appeal  which 
was  made  to  the  gentleman  for  whom  the  oak  was  purchased,  resulted 
in  the  abandonment  of  his  intention,  and  the  property  was  sold  to 
Mr.  Charles  Pudney,  who  re-roofed  and  otherwise  repaired  it. 
To-day  the  writer  has  the  gratification  of  recording  that  it  is  again 
possessed  by  a  member  of  the  Buxton  family,  in  the  person  of 
Mr.  Noel  Edward  Buxton,  M.P.,  a  direct  lineal  descendant  of  Charles 
Buxton,  who  sold  the  property  in  1746.  The  association  of  the 
Buxton  family  with  the  Paycockesi,  and  with  the  house,  will  be 
subsequently  shown. 

When  the  Paycocke  family  first  settled  in  Coggeshall  has  not  yet 
been  ascertained.  The  name  was  not  unfamiliar  in  these  parts  as 
early  as  the  fourteenth  century ;  for  one  Thomas  Peacock  was  king*s 
bailiff  of  the  Witham  Hundred  in  1371,  and  in  that  capacity  notified 
one  of  the  coroners  of  the  county  of  the  finding  of  the  dead  body  of 
Agnes  Driver,  who  had  been  drowned,  in  gruesome  circumstances, 
by  her  husband  in  a  well  in  Westfield,  Coggeshall.* 


^  Hist.  ofCoggMshall,  p.  241. 

*  Corontr's  Rolbt  1365-1413,  Selden  Soc.,  vol.  ix. 

[vol.  ix.     new  series.] 
X 


312  PAYCOCKE  S    HOUSE,    COGGESHALL. 

The  name  is  variously  spelt  Pecok,  Peacock,  Paycock,  Peaycocke, 
and  in  many  other  ways;  but  the  strangest  of  all  the  variants  is 
Pighog. '  Throughout  this  paper  the  form  Paycocke  will  be  generally 
adopted  except  where  the  name  occurs  in  quotation. 

The  earliest  Coggeshall  Paycocke  of  whom  we  have  any  definite 
knowledge  was  Thomas,  the  legend  upon  whose  gravestone  in  the 
north  chancel  aisle  of  the  parish  church  was  visible  when  John 
Weever,  sometime  prior  to  163 1,  noted  the  inscriptions.  This 
Thomas  was  of  Coggeshall,  and  died  on  the  21st  of  May,  1461. 

There  seems  reason  to  suppose  that  the  family  sprang  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  Clare  in  Suffolk,  where  the  Paycockes  were  settled 
as  early  as  1296 ;  for  it  appears  that  in  that  year  John,  son  of  John 
de  Asse,  quit-claimed  to  Walter,  son  of  John  Paycok  of  Clare,  his 
right  to  a  certain  rent  arising  from  land  in  Ashen.'  The  Suffolk 
Fines  between  1307  and  1361  show  that  the  Paycockes  possessed 
properties  in  Clare,  Groton,  Cockfield,  Alfreton,  Stanfield,  Comard, 
Assington,  Newton,  Bures,  Polsted,  and  Boxsted,  all  places  just 
beyond  the  border  of  our  own  county.'  The  association  of  the 
Coggeshall  Paycockes  with  the  district  in  which  these  parishes  are 
situate,  is  established  by  their  wills:  thus  John  Paycocke,  of 
Coggeshall,  who  made  his  will  on  the  20th  January,  1505,  gave  los, 
to  each  of  the  religious  houses  of  friars  in  Clare,  Sudbury,  and 
Colchester ;  Thomas  Paycocke  of  Coggeshall,  whose  v.ill  is  dated 
4th  Sept.,  1 518,  made  various  gifts  to  the  friars  of  Clare,  Sudbury, 
and  Colchester,  and  to  the  churches  of  Stoke  Nay  land,  Clare, 
Poslingford,  Overton,  and  Belchamp  St.  Pauls,  and  for  the  repair  of 
the  roads  between  Clare  and  Ovington,  and  between  Ovington  and 
Belchamp  St.  Pauls ;  and  Thomas  Paycocke,  of  Coggeshall,  whose 
will  is  dated  21st  December,  1580,  among  his  numerous  charitable 
bequests,  remembered  the  poor  of  Clare  and  bequeathed  to  the 
church  of  that  place  six  kine,  or  3/.  in  money,  to  keep  and  maintain 
the  obit  of  his  father-in-law,  Thomas  Horrold. 

The  existing  church  of  Coggeshall  doubtless  owes  its  magnificence 
in  a  great  degree  to  the  wealthy  clothiers  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
and  it  seems  probable  that  the  north  chancel  aisle  was  built  by  the 
Paycockes;   for  although   there   is  no   evidence  that   the  Thomas 


^  William  Pighog  appears  in  the  Taxation  of  Coggeshall  with  Marks  Hall  x  Ed.  HI.  io7'i3,an(i 
in  13  Eliz.,  John  Jegon  held  a  property  in  Church  Street  called  "  Pyghogges."— DwrAj  of  Ltu^. 
Rtntah  and  Surveys,  2/1 1. 

•  Ashen  Charters,  East  Anglian  N.  &  Q.  (n.s.),  vol.  iii.  68,  29a,  387,  iv.  291,  v.  83. 

'  A  branch  of  this  family  was  settled  in  Redboume  in  Herts,  temp.  Ed.  II.  See  Suffolk  Fina 
14  Ed*  II. ;  Patent  Rolls,  6th  Jan.  1322 ;  and  in  the  church  of  that  place  there  is,  or  was,  a  brass 
inscription  to  Richard  Pecock  and  his  family  1512.— Brit.  Arch.  Assoc,  xxvi.  174. 


PAYCOCKE  S    HOUSE,    COGGESHALL.  313 

r  Paycocke  who  died  in  1461,  and  Christian  his  wife,  were  buried  in 

:  that  aisle,  yet  it  seems  probable  that  such  was  the  case,  as  John 

i  Paycocke  of  1505,  and  Thomas  Paycocke  of  1518,  provided  that  their 

bodies  should  be  buried  in  the  north  aisle  of  Coggeshall  church, 

\  before  the  image  of  St.  Katherine;  the  former  directing  that  his 

executors  should  **  purvey  a  marble  stone  with  myne  image  there 

and  both  my  wives,  and  bestow  thereon  3/.*' ;  and  the  executors  of 

the  latter  were  to  •*  buy  the  like  stone  that  lies  on  my  father's  grave 

or  my  uncle  Thomas  Paycocke  by  it,  and  to  lay  it  on  my  grave 

which  is  to  be  made  near  one  of  my  uncle's  graves  but  not  to  meddle 

with  them."    Thomas  Paycocke  of  1580,  also  provided  for  his  burial 

in  St.  Katherine's  aisle. 

From  the  Monununta  Anglicana  of  A.  J.  Dunkin,  published  in  1851, 
it  appears  what  Paycocke  gravestones  then  existed  in  Coggeshall 
church,  and,  as  only  twenty-five  copies  of  that  work  were  published, 
it  may  be  well  to  quote  fully  here  what  he  had  to  say  with  reference 
to  these  memorials : — 

In  the  nortli  chancel  aisle  (or  St.  Catherine's  aisle),  in  which  Thomas  Peacock 
founded  his  chantry,  lie  the  Peacock  monuments.  The  easternmost  is  that  of 
Thomas  Peacock,  1518 ;  a  great  slab  which  had  a  large  square  brass  upon  it,  now 
lost ;  a  shield,  bearing  the  Peacock's  merchant's  mark  and  initials,  is  cut  upon 
the  stone  above  and  below  the  indent  of  the  brass.  Near  this  is  a  similar  slab  of 
Robert  Peacock.  1520;  with  shield  thus: — [The  shields  given  by  Dunkin  bear  the 
trefoil,  as  on  the  frieze  of  the  house,  between  the  initials  T.P.,  and  R.P.]  Still  more 
to  the  west,  is  the  slab  which  we  conjecture  to  be  that  of  John  Peacock,  who  died 
1533  :  it  still  retains  the  principal  figures,  and  although  the  drawing  of  them  is 
of  that  inelegant  character  usual  at  the  period,  yet  the  accessories  and  their 
arrangement  upon  the  slab,  must  have  made  this  upon  the  whole  a  very  effective 
design.  The  principal  figures  occupied  the  centre ;  beneath  were  the  children 
according  to  the  usual  fashion,  the  boys  placed  beneath  the  father,  the  girls 
beneath  the  mother ;  scrolls  proceeded  from  the  mouths  of  the  man  and  wife,  and 
from  each  group  of  children,  doubtless  bearing  invocations  to  the  saints;  at  the 
top  of  the  design  was  a  virgin  standing  and  crowned  and  bearing  the  holy  child, 
the  outline  which  the  indent  of  the  slab  gives  us  of  this  figure  is  very  pleasing : 
four  shields  occupied  the  angles  of  the  design,  probably  they  bore  the  Peacock's 
merchant's  mark,  and  the  initials  J. P.;  the  inscription  which  ran  round  the 
margin,  formed  an  ornamental  border  to  the  whole  design ;  a  lithograph  of  this 
slab  is  given  on  the  opposite  plate.  ^  For  the  inscription  which  it  once  bore,  see 
extract  from  Weever,  p.  618,  and  also  Mon.  Ang.  p.  13,  art.  Coggeshall.  Still 
more  to  the  west  is  the  slab  of  Thomas  I'eacock,  the  son  of  Robert  Peacock, 
whose  effigy  and  part  of  the  inscription  still  remain.  He  has  his  hair  cut  close, 
is  habited  in  a  long  civil  gown  with  sleeves  like  those  of  an  M.A.  gown,  over  a 
tunic  girded  at  the  waist,  with  ruffs  at  the  neck  and  wrists ;  a  scroll  proceeds  from 
his  mouth,  immediately  over  was  a  lozenge-shaped  plate  bearing  probably  a 
monogram ;  four  large  square  plates  were  in  the  corners,  probably  engraved  with 
a  shield  or  merchant's  mark ;  and  a  marginal  inscription  encloses  the  design. 


^   No  plate  appears  Id  the  three  or  four  copies  of  the  work  which  the  writer  has  seen. 


314  paycocke's  house,  coggeshall. 

The  inscriptions  recorded  by  Weever^  are: — 

Hie  jacet  Thomas  Paycocke  quondam  carnifex  de  Coggeshal  qui  obiit  21  Maii 
1461,  et  Christiana  uxor  ejus  quorum  animabus. 

Here  lyeth  Thomas  Paycock  clothworker,  Margaret  and  Ann  his  wy£s  :  which 
Tho.  died  the  4  of  September  15 18. 

Prey  for  the  sow]  of  Robert  Paycock  of  Coggeshale  clothmaker,  for  Elizabeth 
and  Joan  his  wyfs,  who  died  aist  Octob.  1520,  on  whose  soul. 

Orate  pro  anima  Johannis  Paycock  et  Johanne  uxoris  ejus,  qui  quidem  Johannes 
obiit  2  Aprilis  1533. 

And  Weever  remarks:  "The  creede  in  Latine  is  all  curiously 
inlaid  with  brasse  round  about  the  tombestone,— *  Credo  in  Deum 
patrem  &c.* " 

In  addition  to  the  inscriptions  recorded  by  Weever,  Holman,  who 
died  in  1730,  mentions  the  following,  on  a  fillet  of  brass  on  a  ledge 
round  a  gray  marble  gravestone : — 

Here  lyeth  buried  Thomas  Peaycocke  the  sunne  of  Robert  Peaycocke  who 
departed  this  lyfe  the  23rd  day  of  December  1580  and  left  behind  hym  two 
daughters  Johan  and  Anne  which  Thomas  Peaycocke  dydd  gyve  cc.  p>ounds  to 
buy  land  for  the  continuall  relief  of  the  poore  of  Coxall  for  ever.  At  each  comer 
of  this  stone  was  an  escocheon  but  torne  off.  In  the  midst  of  it  the  effigies  of  a 
man  in  brasse.  his  hands  folded  in  posture  of  devotion,  over  his  head  this  mark 
[the  same,  between  the  letters  T.  P.  as  that  which  appears  in  the  carved  work  of 
the  house]  which  shows  him  to  be  a  clothier ;  out  of  his  mouth  this  label! — 'Only 
Fayth  justifyeth' ;  at  his  feet  these  verses  inscribed  on  a  plate  of  brasse — 

Thou  mortall  man  yt  wouldest  attayne 

The  happie  haven  of  heavenly  rest,  * 
Praepare  thyself  of  graces  all, 

Fayth  and  repentance  are  the  best. 

An  excellent  account  of  the  Coggeshall  brasses  by  Mr.  Miller 
Christy  and  Mr.  W.  W.  Porteous  will  be  found  in  the  Transactions 
of  the  Essex  Archaeological  Society,  vol.  viii.  p.  258-263,  but  as 
those  writers  were  apparently  unacquainted  with  Dunkin's  publi- 
cation, it  may  be  well  to  say  a  few  words  upon  two  of  the 
compositions  which  they  suggested  might  belong  to  members  of 
the  Paycocke  family  but  which,  it  would  seem,  did  not,  in  fact, 
belong  to  them.    One  of  these  is  described  as  "  Effigies  of  two  wives 

of  (perhaps  Paycock) :   date  about  1490."     With  regard 

to  these  figures,  we  learn  from  Dunkin*  that  they  were,  in  1 851,  on 
a  slab  on  the  south  side  of  the  chancel.  The  other  conjectural 
assignment  is  of  the  "  Effigies  of  a  civilian  (probably  a  member  of 
the  Paycock  family)  and  his  second  wife  :  date  about  1520."     These 


Fun.  Man.  617. 
Mon.  Ang.  p.  33. 


4  r(\ns.  r.sSf.T  ^  rtmruj.  o«'i 


[John]  Paycocke  [1533]- 


Thomas  Paycocke.  15^0. 


4 


PAYCOCKE*S    HOUSE,   COGGESHALL.  315 

figures  were,  in  1 851,  on  a  slab,  and  although  it  is  not  quite  clear 
from  the  Monumenta  Anglicana,  what  was  the  position  of  the  stone, ^ 
yet  we  learn  from  Dale*  that  it  was  in  the  chancel.'  As  therefore 
neither  of  the  two  compositions  alluded  to  was  in  the  north  chancel 
aisle,  it  is  most  probable  that  they  do  not  represent  persons  bearing 
the  name  of  Paycocke.  Both  Dale  and  Dunkin  assign  the  second 
composition  to  William  Goldwyre,  who  died  in  151 4,  and  his  two 
wives,  Isabel  and  Christian,*  and  it  may  be  added  that  William 
Goldwyre,  by  his  will,  directed  that  his  body  should  be  buried  in  the 
"quere  of  St.  Peter-ad-Vincula  there  as  the  legende  is  redde  by 
the  sepulture  of  my  wif.*'  One  of  the  wives  of  William  Goldwyre, 
namely  Christian,  was  not  improbably  a  daughter  of  the  Thomas 
Paycocke,  who  died  in  1461,  and  Christian  his  wife;  at  any  rate  a 
relationship  seemingly  existed  between  the  two  families,  as  William 
Goldwyre  provided  by  his  will  that  an  obit  should  be  kept  in 
Coggeshall  church,  at  St.  Martin's  time,  for  the  souls  of  Thomas 
Paycocke  and  Christian  his  wife,  and  John  Paycocke  and  Anne  his 
wife  with  all  their  children,  and  we  find  that  several  of  the  properties 
mentioned  in  Goldwyre's  will  were  afterwards  possessed  by  the 
Paycockes. 

Although  the  Paycocke  brasses  have  already  appeared  in  the 
Transactions,  *  those  which  without  doubt  belong  to  that  family  are, 
for  convenience  of  reference,  here  reproduced. 

That  the  house — the  subject  of  this  paper — belonged  to  the 
Paycockes  is  unquestionable ;  for  the  John  Paycocke  who  made  his  will 
in  1505,  in  devising  it  to  his  son  Thomas,  refers  to  it  as  "  my  house 
lying  and  bielded  in  the  West  Street  of  Coggeshall  afore  the  Vicarage 
ther " ;  and  on  the  beautifully  carved  oak  rafters  of  the  ceiling  of 
the  ball  are  the  initials  T.  P.  and  M.P.,  with  the  same  merchant's 
mark  as  appeared  on  the  gravestone  of  Robert  Paycocke  of  1520.* 
The  initials  T.  P. '  and  the  merchant's  mark  appear  on  the  animated 
carved  oak  frieze  running  along  the  projected  base  of  the  upper  floor 
of  the  house ;  but  there  are  no  other  initials  than  those  of  Thomas. 
The  initials  M.P.  on  the  ceiling  leave  little  room  for  doubt  that 
they  are  those  of  Margaret,  one  of  the  wives  of  the  Thomas  Paycocke 


*  Compare  pp.  13  and  33  of  the  Mon.  Ang. 
'   Annals  of  Coggeshall,  p.  102. 

"  A  plan  of  part  of  (he  church,  made  in  1865,  shows  two  large  slabs,  with  the  matrices  of  three 
figures  on  each,  on  the  south  side  of  the  chancel,  near  the  entrance  to  the  vestry. 
^  The  inscription  is  given  in  Weever. 

*  Vol.  viii.  pp.  261-2. 
"  Ante,  p.  313. 

'  The  initials  M.  P.,  unless  in  cryptic  form,  do  not  appear  upon  the  fneze. 


3l6  PAYCOCKE*S    HOUSE,    COOGESHALL. 

who,  as  the  memorial  inscription  recorded  by  Weever  tells  us,  died 
on  the  4th  September  1518 :  as  she  is  named  before  Thomas's  other 
wife,  Anne,  we  may  perhaps  assume  that  she  was  the  first  wife,  and 
we  venture  to  conjecture  that  the  house  was  built  by  the  John 
Paycocke  who  died  in  1505,  as  a  residence  for  his  son  and  daughter- 
in-law.  ' 

Though  this  house  belonged,  as  we  have  seen,  to  John  at  the  time 
when  he  made  his  will,  it  was  apparently  not  his  principal  house, 
for  he  had  a  house  in  Church  Street,  which  he  gave  his  wife  Emme 
for  life,  with  remainder  to  his  eldest  son  John ;  and  a  house  in  which 
he  dwelt,  with  lands  belonging  to  it  called  Brasiers,  a  property  on 
the  road  leading  to  Colchester,  which  for  upwards  of  two  hundred 
years  has  been  known  as  the  Mount :  this,  with  cottages  between  the 
bridges  in  Little  Coggeshall,  he  devised  to  his  second  son  Robert ; 
all  his  other  houses  and  lands  at  Coggeshall  Jbe  gave  equally  between 
his  three  sons,  John,  Robert,  and  Thomas;  he  gave  his  daughter 
Alice  "to  hir  mariage  ten  marcs,"  and  most  of  his  remaining  personal 
property  to  his  three  sons. 

Thomas  Paycocke,  to  whom,  as  we  have  seen,  the  property 
opposite  the  vicarage  was  given  by  his  father,  made  his  will  on  the 
4th  September,  I5i8,«  and  gave  the  house  in  which  he  dwelt  and  all 
his  houses  and  lands  to  his  child  if  a  son — it  being  then  en  ventre  sa 
mtre — when  it  attained  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  but  if  such  child 
should  die  without  heirs  male,  then  the  houses  and  lands  were  to  go 
to  John,  the  son  of  his  (the  testator's)  brother  John,  and  his  heirs 
male,  with  remainder  to  Thomas,  the  son  of  the  testator's  brother 
Robert,  and  his  heirs  male,  with  remainder  to  Robert,  the  son  of 
the  testator's  brother  Robert. 

We  have  nothing  to  show  whether  the  child  of  Thomas,  the 
testator,  was  a  son  or  daughter ;  but  we  do  know  that  in  1575*  the 
house  belonged  to  John  Paycocke,  a  fact  which  appears  from  the 
description  of  the  adjoining  property  towards  the  west,  then  called 
Drapers,  now  the  Fleece  Inn,  which  belonged  to  Thomas  Paycocke, 
and  is  said  to  abut  towards  the  east  on  a  tenement  of  John  Paycocke. 
This  John  Paycocke  was  buried  on  the  14th  February,  1584,  and 
was,  as  the  parish  register  tell  us,  "  the  last  of  his  name  in  Coxall." 

We  have  thus  traced  the  possession  of  the  house  from  John 
Paycocke,  who  died  in  1505,  through  Thomas  Paycocke,  who  died 
in  1518,  to  John  Paycocke,  who  died  in  1584. 


^  The  wife  of  the  Thomas  Paycocke  who  died  in  1461,  was  named  Christian. 

■   See  Appendix. 

'   Duchy  of  Lane.  Rentals  and  Surveys,  2x1. 


PAYCOCKE*S    HOUSE,    COGGESHALL.  3I7 

Unfortunately  the  title  deeds,  prior  to  1746,  are  either  held  by  an 
owner  of  some  near  or  adjoining  property  as  relating  to  both  properties 
or  have  been  lost  or  destroyed.  Whether  the  house  was  sold  by  John 
Paycocke's  representatives  or  some  later  owner  to  Thomas  Buxton 
or  to  his  father  William  Buxton,  or  by  what  other  means  it  came 
into  that  family,  we  do  not  know.  That  Thomas  Buxton  was 
possessed  of  the  house  seems  probable,  as,  by  his  will,  dated  the 
12th  May,  1646,  he  gave  the  house  in  which  he  dwelt  to  his  son, 
Thomas;  and  the  son,  by  his  will,  dated  the  loth  July,  1705,  gave 
his  residence,  which  he  describes  as  being  situate  in  or  near  West 
Street  (subject  to  a  life  interest  in  favour  of  his  wife  Judith),  to  his 
son  Isaac  Buxton;  and  Isaac,  by  his  will,  dated  the  19th  of  April, 
1732,  gave  it  to  his  son  Samuel,  at  which  time  it  was  in  the  occupation 
of  John  Buxton,  another  son  of  Isaac.  From  Samuel,  as  appears 
from  the  conveyance  of  1746,  the,  property  passed  under  his  will  to 
his  brother  Charles.  After  a  lapse  of  over  a  century-and-a-half  the 
house,  as  we  have  mentioned,  is  again  in  a  direct  lineal  descendant 
of  Charles  Buxton. 

The  Buxtons  have  been  associated  with  Coggeshall  as  owners  of 
various  properties  from  1537,  if  not  earlier,  down  to  the  present  time, 
and  several  generations  of  the  family  resided  here  in  the  sixteenth, 
seventeenth,  and  eighteenth  centuries.  They  appear  to  have  migrated 
hither  from  Colchester,  for  there  was  a  branch  of  the  family  well 
established  there  in  the  third  and  fourth  decades  of  the  sixteenth 
century;  for  instance  William  Buxton,  in  1537,  and  Robert  Buxton, 
in  1542,  were  on  the  Common  Council,  and  Thomas,  William  junior, 
John  junior,  and  Robert  junior  were  inhabitants  of  that  borough  in 
1534.*  Some  of  the  family  remained  there  until  about  the  middle  of 
the  following  century,  Robert  Buxton  being  an  alderman  and  bailiff 
of  the  borough  in  1632  and  mayor  in  1636  and  1645.  They  appear 
to  have  been  settled  for  the  most  part  in  the  parish  of  St.  Nicholas. 
In  the  fifteenth  century  a  member  of  the  family  was  associated  with 
Ipswich.  • 

The  earliest  Buxton  marriages  recorded  in  the  Coggeshall  Registers 
are  those  of  William  (1561),  Thomas  (1562),  and  Robert  (1601)  and 
the  earliest  Buxton  burial  at  Coggeshall  is  that  of  John  (1568). 
These  christian  names,  it  will  be  observed,  correspond  with  those  of 
Buxtons  settled  at  Colchester  a  generation  earlier. 


*  Benham's  Red  Paper  Book  of  CoUfusier. 

'   Robert  Buzston  was  party  with  John  Sparhauk  and  others  to  the  demise  of  a  tenement  and 
curtilages  in  Ipswich  in  1471  (Ancient  Duds  in  the  Exchequer  and  Treasury  of  the  Receipts,  3913) 


3l8  PAYCOCKE*S   HOUSE,   COGGESHALL. 

The  Buxton  family  was  connected  by  marriage  with  the  Paycockes, 
as  appears  from  the  admissions  in  the  manor  of  Great  Coggeshall/ 
in  1537,  of  Emma  Buxton  to  a  piece  of  pasture  abutting  upon 
Tye-mill- meadow  alias  Bridge  Meadow,  and  to  a  piece  of  land  with 
a  house  and  rentary  thereon,  and  to  a  garden  with  a  water  pit  caJled 
Walter  Harras;  and  from  her  acknowledgment,  for  a  customary 
freehold  tenement  with  a  garden  called  Scarletts  alias  Bullmans  in 
West  Street.  In  these  documents,  she  is  described  as  Emma,  the 
wife  of  Robert  Buxton  and  daughter  of  Robert  Paycocke.  The  last 
mentioned  property,  and  possibly  the  others,  she  had  by  virtue  of 
the  will  of  her  father,  Robert  Paycocke.  It  seems,  from  entries  in 
the  margin  of  the  Rentals  and  Surveys,  that  Charles  Belfield  sub- 
sequently became  entitled  to  these  properties  in  right  of  his  wife 
Ann,  the  daughter  of  Robert  Buxton.' 

Having  said  something  of  its  owners,  we  will  now  proceed  to  give 
a  description  of  the  house  itself. 

It  is  situate  immediately  opposite  the  vicarage  and  so  corresponds 
exactly  with  the  description  of  the  house  mentioned  by  John  Pay- 
cocke in  1505. 

The  main  portion  of  the  building  is  oblong  in  form,  being  55  feet 
in  length  by  16  feet  8  inches  in  width ;  at  each  end,  in  the  rear,  is 
an  annex  ;  that  at  the  east  end  undoubtedly  of  later  date  than  the 
main  part  of  the  house.  The  whole  of  the  edifice  is  constructed  of 
oak,  framed  and  pinned  together  with  oak  pegs.  The  principal 
posts  are  14  inches  by  12  inches  and  the  studs  are  about  8  inches  by 
5  inches ;  the  spaces  between  the  woodwork  were  filled  with  wattles 
and  clay  daubing.  The  front  part  of  the  house  was  orig^ally 
divided  into  four  compartments,  the  easternmost  16  feet  8  inches  by 
13  feet  8  inches;  the  next  16  feet  8  inches  by  11  feet;  the  third,  or 
principal  room,  or  hall,  16  feet  8  inches  by  18  feet  and  the  western- 
most 16  feet  8  inches  by  10  feet  6  inches. 

The  eastern  half  of  the  house  was,  it  seems,  somewhat  later, 
considerably  altered  by  cutting  a  passage  or  cart-way  through  the 
first  room  and  adding  the  remainder  of  that  room  to  the  second 
room.  This  is  apparent  from  the  mortice  holes  in  the  principal 
beam  and  from  the  mouldings  of  the  other  beams  and  rafters ;  those 
of  the  original  first  room  being  plain  chamfered  while  those  of  the 
original  second  room  have  bold  roll-mouldings ;  the  fourth  room  has 
similar  mouldings  to  those  in  the  second.  The  enlarged  room  was, 
seemingly,  about  the  same  time,  lined  with  oak  panelling  of  the 
linen-fold  pattern. 


^  Duchy  of  Lane.  Rentals  and  Surveys,  3/1 1. 

*  1389,  May  13,  Richard  Todd  to  Ann  B«lfeild  [Coggeskall  Marriage  Register). 


u 


o 
X 


o 

o 


PAYCOCKE  S    HOUSE,    COGGESHALL. 


319 


The  gateposts,  on  each  of  which  is  a  human  figure,  do  not  appear 
to  have  been  made  for  the  present  passage,  as  they  have  the  mortices 
for  the  cill  several  inches  above  the  road-level,  and  the  gates  them- 
selves, which  are  very  massive  and  are  adorned  with  the  linen-fold 


k»t»4imir 


tUMv.i  ^h^k^  lUaiTtfi    m   NfU^ 


pattern,  are  considerably  longer  than  the  space  between  the  lintel 
and  the  position  of  the  former  cill  of  the  doorway.  It  may  be 
mentioned  that  nowhere  are  the  initials  or  merchant's  mark  of  the 
Paycockes  to  be  seen  on  the  gateway. 


3^0  paycocke's  house,  coggeshall. 

The  hall  was  much  altered  in  comparatively  modem  times — 
probably  when  the  house  was  new-fronted.  A  partition  was  erected 
near  the  eastern  side  to  form  a  passage  and  the  carved  work  of  the 
ceiling  was  ruthlessly  cut  where  occasion  required;  the  fine  oak  stud- 
work  and  portions  of  the  carved  wall-plates  were  plastered  over ;  parts 
of  the  moulded  doorposts,  the  carved  spandrels  of  the  Tudor  heads  of 
the  doorways,  and  the  moulded  window  jambs  were  hewn  away  for  the 
convenience  of  the  deal  framings  of  the  modern  doors  and  windows ; 
and  a  handsome  carved  bracket,  which  probably  bore  a  figure  or  a 
shield,  was  destroyed,  leaving  only  faint  traces  of  the  mouldings  of 
the  bracket.  The  whole  of  the  oak-work  of  the  hall  had,  at  some 
previous  time,  been  painted  with  a  pale  blue  colour. 

The  work  of  revelation,  if  we  may  so  call  it — and  such  it  is,  rather 
than  any  attempt  at  restoration — was  entrusted  by  Mr.  Buxton  to 
Mr.  P.  M.  Beaumont,  under  whose  direction  two  rooms,  namely,  the 
hall  and  the  upper  room  of  the  eastern  annex,  were  carefully  and 
judiciously  treated. 

The  paint  on  the  oak  linenfold  panelling  of  the  room  next  the 
gateway,  has  since  been  removed  and  the  plaster  on  the  ceiling  has 
been  stripped  off,  the  latter  work  bringing  once  more  to  the  light  of 
day,  the  bold  roll-moulded  beams  and  rafters  of  the  original  second 
room  and  the  plain  chamfered  beams  and  rafters  of  the  inhabited 
portion  of  what  was  originally  the  first  room.  These  beams  and 
rafters  never  having  been  besmeared  with  paint  are  almost  black 
with  age. 

The  removal  of  the  plaster  in  the  hall,  disclosed,  in  addition  to  the 
woodwork  to  which  allusion  has  been  made,  the  fact  that  this 
apartment  was  lit  by  a  large  window  6  feet  wide  and  7  feet  6  inches 
in  height,  probably  oriel — with  quadri-beaded  jambs,  and  a  smaller 
window,  placed  high  up,  and  measuring  4  feet  in  width  by  3  feet 
I  inch  in  height  with  beaded  jambs  and  three  moulded  mullions, 
the  form  of  the  latter  being  quite  apparent  on  the  lintel,  in  that 
the  places  which  the  mullions  covered  differ  somewhat  in  colour 
from  the  rest  of  the  lintel,  which  was  exposed.  Near  the  present 
entrance  to  the  hall  from  the  street,  are  signs  on  the  studs 
and  on  the  wall-plate  that  there  was  an  inner  porch  and  a  screen 
which  formed  a  passage  between  the  windows  and  the  remainder  of 
the  room.  This  passage  led  to  the  Tudor-headed  doorway,  2  feet 
wide  by  5  feet  8  inches  high,  in  the  north-western  corner  of  the  hall. 
The  Tudor-headed  doorway  in  the  centre  of  the  east  wall  of  the  hall 
is  2  feet  8  inches  wide  by  6  feet  3  inches  high.  From  the  south  end 
of  the  east  side  of  the  hall,  which  has  since  been  filled  in  with 
studwork,  the  upper  floor  was  reached  by  a  staircase  which  occupied 


to/acf  p,32t. 


r^l 


i 


I  ^H  wr  4 


w 


L'XM 


'i 


'.i 


paycocke^s  house,  coggbshall. 


321 


tion  of  the  second  room :  this  is  apparent  from  the  opening  in 
eiling  of  that  room. 

|ie  door  from  the  hall  into  the  yard  at  the  back  bears  the  linenfold 

rn  and  was  probably  originally  at  the  front  entrance. 

ie  frieze,  55  feet  in  length,  on  the  front  of  the  house,  is,  as 

I  be  seen  from  the  illustration,  a  very  artistic  combination  of  the 

|ral  and   the  grotesque,  full  of  life  and  vigour.     The  initials 

•,  as  we  have  shown,  point  to  the  fact  that  the  date  is  not  later 

1518,  and  that  the  house  belonged  to  Thomas  Paycocke,  while 

|mark  on  the  shield  between  the  initials,  shows  him  to  have  been 

ler.     The  two  reclining  figures,  hand  in  hand,  and  apparently 

^ned,  may  represent  the  reigning   sovereign  and   his  consort. 

[long  the  other  interesting  features  of  the  frieze  are  a  human  head 

erging  from  an  open  flower,  a  naked  child  diving  into  an  arum 

Mf  and  four  adult  human  heads,  each  in  a  floral  design.     On  the 

Vwork  in  the  ceiling  of  the  hall  is  one  small  human  head  about 

1  size  of  a  walnut. 


32i  PAYCOCKE*S   HOUSE,   COGGESHALL. 

APPENDIX    A. 

The  Will  of  Thomas  Paycocke :  1518. 

T.  Thome         In  the  name  of  god  Amen.    The  iiijth  day  of  September  in  tJx 
Peyeoke.^      yere  of  our  lord  god  mccccc  xviij.  I  Thomas  Paycoke  of  Coxhaa 
with  an  hole  and  goode  memorie  sett  my  testament  and  last  will  ia 
this  wise :  ffirst  I  Recomende  my  Soule  to  god  and  to  oure  lady  seint  mary  and 
to  all  Saints,  and  my  body  to  be  buried  in  the  Chirch  of  Coxhall  afore  the  aulter 
of  Saint  Katryne.     Item  I  bequeth  to  the  high  aulter  of  Coxhall  Chirche  is 
recompence  of  tithes  and  all  oder  thyngs  forgoten  Summa  iiijH.     Item  I  bequetbe 
to  a  Tabernacle  of  the  Trenyte  at  the  high  awlter,  and  an  other  of  seint  Maiigareie 
in  seint  Katryne  He  there  as  the  greate  Lady  stonds  for  Carvyng  and  gildyngo^ 
them  Summa  c.  marcs  sterlinge.     Item  to  the  reparacdns  of  the  Chirch  and  bdb 
and  for  my  lying  in  the  Chirche  Summa  c.  nobles.     Item  I  will  and  gyflf  to  a 
Chauntry  for  to  pray  for  me  and  my  wif  my  ffader  and  moder  Johii  and  Erne  anl 
for  my  ffader  in  lawe  Thomas  Horold  of  Clir  and  for  all  my  ffrendes  Soules  that 
I  am  bound  for  the  purchas  and  Mortessyng  to  the  kyng  and  also  to  the  same 
Chauntry  vj.  poore  men  to  kep)e  the  same  masse  iij.  dayes  in  the  weke  that  is  for 
to  saye  Monday  Wedynsday  and  firidaye  to  pray  for  the  Soules  afore  Reherssed 
and  therefore  to  have  xviijd  amonge  them  euery  weke  to  fulfill  this,  and  also  euerr 
yere  c.  wodd  apece  of  them  and  my  prest  to  syng  in  Coxhall  Chirch  afore  saict 
Kateryn  awlter  Summa  vc  marcs.     Item  I  will  that  myne  executors  bestowe  vpoa 
my  buryng  daye  vij.  day  and  mounth  day  after  this  manner,  At  my  buriall  to  ha^t 
a  tryntall  of  prests  and  to  be  at  dirige  lawdis  and  comendacdns  as  many  of  then 
as  may  be  purveyed  that  daye  to  serue  the  tryntall.  and  yf  eny  lack  to  make  it 
vpp  the  vijth  daye.  And  at  the  Moufithe  daye  an  oder  tryntall  to  be  purveyed 
hoole  of  myne  executors  and  to  kepe  dirige  lawdis  and  commendacdns  as  is  afoic 
Reherssed  with  iij.  high  massis  be  note,  oon  of  the  holy  gost.  an  other  of  ouie 
lady,  and  an  other  of  Requiem,  both  buriall,  seuenth  day  and  Mounthe  dayt 
And  prests  beyng  at  this  obser nance  synging  of  thise  tryntaJles  to  haue  xiy^  euerr 
tyme  and  oder  prests  beyng  there  and  not  synging  the  tryntalle  to  haue  viij<l  and 
euery  oder  man  beyng  at  this  obseruance  iiijd  at  euery  tyme,  and  Childryn  at 
euery  tyme  ijd  wt  torches  at  the  buriall  xij.  and  vj.  at  the  vijth  day  and  xij.  at  the 
Mounthe  daye  with  xxiiijti  or  xij.  smale  Childryn  in  Rochettes  with  tapers  in 
theire  bonds  and  as  many  as  may  be  of  them  lett  them  be  my  god  childryn  and 
they  to  haue  vjs  viijd  apece  and  euery  oder  Child  iiijd  apece  and  euery  man  that 
holdith  torches  at  euery  day  he  to  have  ij .  apece  and  euery  man  woman  and  Child 
that  holdeth  upp  hound  at  eny  of  thes  iij.  days  to  haue  jd  apece,  And  alsoeuef}' 
god  chyld  besyde  vjs  viijd  apece,  and  to  the  Ryngars  for  all  iij.  dayes  xs,  and  for 
mete  drynke  and  for  twoo  Semones  of  a  doctor,  and  also  to  haue  a  dirige  at  hontf 
or  I  be  borne  to  the  Chirche  Summa  lli.     I  will  also  that  my  Lord  Abbott  and 
Convent  haue  a  brode  Cloth  and  iiijli  in  money  for  to  haue  a  dirige  and  Masse  aod 
theire  belles  Ryngyng  at  my  buriall  when  it  is  doon  at  Chirche  lykwise  the  vij'* 
day  and  mounth  day  with  iij.  tryntalls  vpon  the  same  days  yf  they  can  serue  them 
orells  when  they  can  at  more  leasur  Summa  xH.    Also  I  will  the  ffreris  of  Clare 
haue  for  twoo  tryntalle  xxs,  And  at  lent  after  my  deceste  a  kade  of  Rede  hcryi^ 
Also  I  will  the  grey  ffreris  of  Colchester  haue  for  a  tryntall  xs  and  iijs  iiijd  for 
the  Reparacons  of  theire  housse.     Also  I  will  the  ffreris  of  Maldon  haue  l(X  * 


'    P.C.C.:  14.  Ayloffe, 


PAYCOCKE  S    HOUSE,    COGGESHALL.  323 

tryntall  xs  aiid  iijs  iiijd  for  the  ReparacSns  of  theire  housse.  Also  I  will  the  ffreris 
of  Chelmsford  haue  for  a  tryntall  xs  and  iijs  iiijd  for  the  Reparacons  of  theire 
housse.  Also  I  will  the  ffreres  of  Sudbury  haue  for  a  tryntall  xs  and  iijs  iiijd  for 
the  Reparacdns  of  theire  housse.  Item  I  will  and  gyve  to  the  old  warke  in  pawlis 
And  to  powlis  pardone  vjs  viijd.  I  bequeth  to  the  Chirch  of  Stoke  naylond  xiijs  iiijd. 
Item  [I]  will  and  gyve  to  Clare  Chirch  and  Poslyngforth  Chirch  yche  of  them  xs 
Summa  xxs.  Item  I  will  and  gyve  to  owyngton  and  Belchom  chirches  to  yche  of 
them  vjs  viijd  Summa  xiijs  iiijd.  item  I  will  and  bequeth  to  Bradwell  patteswyke 
and  Marsall  to  euerych  of  them  vjs  viijd  Summa  xxs.  Item  I  bequeth  to  Fowle  wayes 
in  West  Strete  from  Harsbryg  to  pyssyng  gutter  warde  after  as  it  woU  performe  xxH. 
Item  I  bequeth  to  the  fowle  waye  bitwene  Clare  and  Oventii  xxti  li.,  and  xxti  li. 
bitwene  Ovyngton  and  potts  Belchdm  Summa  xlH.  Item  I  bequeth.  to  Belayde  on 
the  fowle  wayes  bitwene  Coxhall  and  Blackwater  where  as  moost  nede  ys  xxH. 
Item  I  beqethe  to  Anne  my  good  wif  vc  marcs  sterlinge,  And